...Gilbert Islands, shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor and immediately started to construct an airfield on its largest island Betio. The seventy-six hour battle for Betio was the first amphibious operation against a well-fortified and defended atoll. The human loss of lives for Tarawa was shocking to the American public. The American public was not prepared for the cost involved in pressing an amphibious assault against a strongly held enemy island. The amphibious assault on the Tarawa Atoll at Betio taught the navy and the marines some vital lessons in amphibious warfare that would save thousands of lives in future campaigns. Tarawa Atoll: Lessons from Betio The United States began its Central Pacific campaign in November 1943 and named the first campaign Operation Galvanic. Operation Galvanic was the United States attack on Tarawa Atoll, which focused on the largest island of Betio. The seventy-six hour battle for Betio was the first amphibious operation against a well-fortified and defended atoll. Prior to Betio, navy, and marine amphibious operations were untested in atoll assaults. The amphibious assault on the Tarawa Atoll at Betio taught the navy and the marines some vital lessons in amphibious warfare that would save thousands of lives in future campaigns. Setting the Stage The Japanese conquered the Tarawa atoll; part of the Gilbert Islands, shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor and immediately started to construct an airfield on its largest island Betio...
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...Donate Contact Us Discover History Articles Comparing Plymouth and Jamestown Comparing Plymouth and Jamestown Written by Robert Jennings Heinsohn 1. Introduction Pilgrim families arrived in Holland in the spring of 1608 and in Plymouth in December 1620. In May 1607, 105 men arrived in Jamestown to establish the first permanent English settlement in North America. While the individuals in both settlements were English, the they were different in many important ways. To fully appreciate our Pilgrim heritage, it is important to understand the differences between Plymouth and Jamestown. This essay identifies major differences and explains how these differences affected the settlements during the first few decades of their arrival. 2. Royal Charters and Patents Sir Humphrey Gilbert c. 1539-1583 Early Efforts to Colonize North America Queen Elizabeth granted a patent (Royal Charter) to Sir Humphrey Gilbert (half brother of Sir Walter Ralegh) who led an expedition to Newfoundland in 1583 and claimed it for England. For the next thirty years he tried, but without success, to begin settlements. Eventually he was lost at sea in a storm. A Royal Charter was granted to Sir Walter Ralegh to establish a settlement on Roanoke Island in 1585, and later in 1587. Roanoke is an island in the outer banks of North Carolina in an obscure cove the Spanish could not easily discover. The 1585 venture involving 107 men lasted less than a year because food ran out and they were...
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...He was a former soldier and twenty-seven years old/. He took over by force and made a system with the men: clear and cultivate the land, then get food as payment. Many resisted his rule at first, but eventually gave in to eat. He had a friendship with Pocahontas after, as legend states, she said him from her people. After a gunpowder explosion in 1609, John Smith left the colony. Headright system: The headright system was a system introduced in 1618 by the Virginia Company. It allowed men land for payment, specifically fifty acres for him and every person that came with him. The headright system led to an increase in immigration. Indentured servants: Indentured servants were people that moved to North America serving other people. They work for a certain number of years (usually seven), and then are released. Indentured servants were usually political prisoners or debtors sent by judges. This helped clear jails and unemployment in England. Burgesses: Burgesses are representatives. The burgesses in Governor Yeardley’s council (Jamestown) made laws for the colony on July...
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...Europeans’ explored numerous part of the Americans during these years, however the discoveries which will be addressed d are the colonies of Roanoke, Jamestown, and Plymouth. The Colony of Roanoke was settled in the 1584 with a population of 100 home owners on an island 17 miles away from Croatan island. The colony was founded through a patent given to Sir Walter Raleigh by Queen Elizabeth I. The colonist built homes, a fort, meeting places, and grew crops. In the year of 1587 some sailed back to England for much needed supplies. Three years past before the supplies were able to sail to Roanoke. When arriving to the colony, Governor White and his men found the 90 men, 17 women, and 9 children who stayed behind vanished. The only thing to...
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...Some Puritans became known as Separatist to avoid this confliction with the Church of England E. King James I harassed the separatists away from his land II. The Pilgrims End their Pilgrimage at Plymouth A. Pilgrims fled from Holland and came back B. Pilgrims negotiated with the Virginia company to let them sail on the Mayflower 1. Most of them were Pilgrims and not separatist 2. They settled in Plymouth C. In 1620-1621 just forty four of them survived D. In 1621 the Pilgrims celebrated the first Thanksgiving E. William Bradford was elected governor of Plymouth thirty times F. In 1691Plymouth merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony III. Building the Bay Colony A. Only Adult males who were apart of the Puritan congregations could vote B. Religious leaders held a lot of power for entry into the Church C. John Cotton fled to Massachusetts due to the consequences he would have faced for criticizing the Church of England D. Laws were made to avoid earthly pleasures...
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...The Plantation Sugar – The New Age The sole cash crop that crushed the exportation of cotton and tobacco and reigned in the Caribbean for the next two hundred (200) years was sugar. Dutch colonists in Brazil were the 1st to grow sugar extensively. They then taught the English, in Barbados, ways of cultivation and manufacture in 1644 and soon “sugar was king”. By 1650, Barbados was the primary sugar-producer and was known as “the brightest jewel in the crown of King Charles II”. Other French colonies soon followed Barbados. The Sugar Revolution Definition Sugar Revolution – drastic change from producing a variety of crops to sugar cane ONLY. Implications of the Sugar Revolution/ Changes brought about by the Sugar Revolution: a) New Methods of producing sugar – The English and French began inventing new and better ways of processing sugar cane. b) The Labour Force – Planting and processing sugar cane required extensive labour force. The planters wanted work to be done using the cheapest labour force, which in the end, would mean greater profits for them when the sugar was sold. Thus, an increasing number of African slaves were used. c) Increase in the price of Land: Great sugar plantations developed by buying the small plots of land that were used to cultivate tobacco. As sugar became more profitable, the demand for land increased, which caused the price of land to increase. d) Change in governance – As the English French and Dutch colonies...
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...was located in the midst of a chiefdom of about 14,000 Algonquian-speaking Indians ruled by the powerful leader Powhatan. Relations with the Powhatan Indians were tenuous, although trading opportunities were established. An unfamiliar climate, as well as brackish water supply and lack of food, conditions possibly aggravated by a prolonged drought, led to disease and death. Many of the original colonists were upper-class Englishmen, and the colony lacked sufficient laborers and skilled farmers. The first two English women arrived at Jamestown in 1608, and more came in subsequent years. Men outnumbered women, however, for most of the 17th century. Captain John Smith became the colony’s leader in September 1608 – the fourth in a succession of council presidents – and established a “no work, no food” policy. Smith had been instrumental in trading with the Powhatan...
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...Hagenoorde: German emperor beats earl Egbert II 1187 - Crusaders enter Tiberias 1187 - Battle of Horns of Hattin; Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, destroys Jerusalem's crusader army. 1250 - Louis IX of France is captured by Baibars' Mamluk army at the Battle of Fariskur while he is in Egypt conducting the Seventh Crusade; he later has to ransom himself. 1428 - Treaty of Delft between Jacoba of Bavaria & Philip the Good of Burgundy 1608 - Samuel de Champlain founds city of Quebec 1630 - Emperor Ferdinand II opens German Parliament 1661 - Portugal gives Tangier & Bombay to English King Charles II 1720 - Sweden & Denmark sign peace treaty 1754 - George Washington surrenders to French, Fort Necessity (7 Years' War) 1767 - Pitcairn Island is discovered by Midshipman Robert Pitcairn on an expeditionary voyage commanded by Philip Carteret. 1767 - Norway's oldest newspaper still in print, Adresseavisen, is founded (first edition published this date). 1775 - Washington takes command of Continental Army at Cambridge, Mass 1778 - British forces massacre 360 men, women & children in Wyoming, Pa 1778 - Prussia declares war on Austria 1806 - Michael Keens exhibits 1st cultivated strawberry First US President George WashingtonFirst US President George Washington 1814 - Americans capture Fort Erie, Canada (War of 1812) 1816 - French frigate "Medusa" runs aground off Cap Blanc. Gross incompetence kills 150 in calm seas 1819 - 1st savings bank in US (Bank of Savings in NYC) opens...
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...Before the colonies like Rhode Island and Pennsylvania, “the only push factor from the North was the lack of religious tolerance” (Martin 45). Hansen and Taylor, on the other hand, believe that the North would have become more populated even if the permissive colonies weren’t established (Hansen “Atlantic Migration” 47; Hansen “Immigrant” 15; Taylor 180). In their opinion, most people weren’t emigrating Europe for religious reasons but instead economic or social reasons. Therefore, the stable economy, similar climate, and minimal population of undesirables were the pull factors that attracted immigrants to New England instead of the Chesapeake colonies (Hansen “Immigrant” 16; Taylor...
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...Introduction This report will examine the world economy in general these issues. In this way, people can learn basic information about the world economy. Also global economy can be seen as the economy of global society and national economies – as economies of local societies, making the global one. It can be evaluated in various kinds of ways. It is inseparable from the geography and ecology of Earth, and is therefore something of a misnomer, since, while definitions and representations of the "world economy" vary widely, they must at a minimum exclude any consideration of resources or value based outside of the Earth. This report would talk about several definition would used during the world economy. Finding 1. Free trade Free trade is the interchange of goods and services (but not of capital or labor) unhindered by high tariffs, nontariff barriers (such as quotas), and onerous or unilateral requirements or processes (businessdictionary, 2015). The North American Free Trade Agreement is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America. U.S. exports to Canada and Mexico support more than three million American jobs and U.S. trade with NAFTA partners has unlocked opportunity for millions of Americans by supporting Made-in-America jobs and exports(businessdictionary, 2015). As the U.S.’ two largest export markets, Canada and Mexico buy more Made-in-America goods and services than any...
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...The Diamond of Sustainable Growth A Historical Framework for the study of political economy and economic development George David Smith, Richard Sylla, Robert E. Wright( NYU Stern School of Business For most of its existence, humanity neither enjoyed nor understood economic growth, or society’s capacity for creating wealth. Prior to the 18th century, the aggregate incomes of particular societies may have increased a little for short periods in a few places, but most of the time incomes hovered not far above the subsistence level. Powerful leaders and ruling classes could accumulate vast wealth, but this was normally achieved through the redistribution of incomes from the weak to the powerful, and certainly not through the creation of wealth as we know it today. Going back centuries, to paraphrase the 17th-century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, human life was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short. Peace and good weather were more likely to summon forth children more than prosperity. Whenever war, pestilence, and drought returned -- and they always did -- people died in droves. To many observers, humanity appeared doomed to spend eternity wet, cold, hungry, and grief-stricken. In the late 18th century, the English proto-economist Thomas Robert Malthus warned that the mass of humanity, quite aside from the foregoing perils, was doomed to a life at the margins of starvation, as surges of population growth would inevitably outstrip the finite sources...
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...Ship Design and Construction Written by an International Group of Authorities Thomas Lamb, Editor Volume II Y OF NA IET VA C O L CHITECT AR S & RINE E NG MA I The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers 601 Pavonia Avenue • Jersey City, NJ • 07306 THE ERS S NE • Published in 2004 by Copyright © 2004 The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. ISBN 0-939773-41-4 The opinions or assertions of the authors herein are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of SNAME. It is understood and agreed that nothing expressed herein is intended or shall be construed to give any person, firm, or corporation any right, remedy, or claim against SNAME or any of its officers or members. Design by Andrew MacBride. Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books. Contents Acknowledgments ix xv Author Biographies for Volume II Chapter 27 Multipurpose Cargo Ships 27.1 Description 27-1 27.4 References 27-35 Horst Linde, Berlin University of Technology, Faculty of Transport Technology, Institute of Land and Sea Transport, Germany 27.2 Design Issues 27-28 27.3 Ship Characteristics 27-35 Chapter 28 Reefer Ships Allan M. Friis, The Technical University of Denmark, Denmark 28.3 Design Issues 28-26 28.1 Description 28-1 28.2 System Design 28-8 28.4 Ship Characteristics 28-27 Chapter 29 Oil Tankers Michael Osborne, Shell International Trading and Shipping, UK, and R. Keith Michel, Herbert Engineering...
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...Gulliver’s Travels Jonathan Swift I/ Introduction A. Writer: Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift is the greatest satirist in the history of English literature. He was the contemporary of Steele, Addison, Defoe and other English enlightens of the early period; however he stood apart from them. The greatest satirist in the history of English of the bourgeois life came to the negation of the bourgeois society. Swift's art had a great effect on the further development of English and European literature. The main features of his artistic method, such as hyperbole, grotesque, generalization, irony, were widely used by the English novelist, the dramatists, by the French writers, by the Russian writers and others. Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin, Ireland, on November 30, 1667. He studied theology at Trinity College at the age of fourteen and graduated in 1688. He became the secretary of Sir William Temple, an English politician and member of the Whig party, at the age of 21. At Moor Park, Sir William’s estate, Swift made friend with Hester Johnson, the daughter of one of Temple’s servants. His letters to her, written in 1710 – 1713, were later published in the form of a book under the title of Journal to Stella, the name he poetically called Hester. In 1692, Swift took his Master of Arts Degree at Oxford University. In 1694, he had begun to write satires on the political and religious corruption surrounding him, working on A Tale of a Tub, which supports the position of the Anglican...
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...Candice Payne English 102 Research paper on carnival Mardi gras Just the name Mardi gras conjures up images of drunken, bead-wearing revelers dancing through the streets of New Orleans. But how, and when, did this huge mid-winter party get started? Here's a look at the history of Mardi gras throughout the ages and across the nations. Herman states, Historians tell us that the ancient Romans probably kicked off the Mardi gras celebrations. (pg. 115)Their mid-February festival known as Lupercalia honored the god Lupercus, alternately known as the god of fertility and the god of agriculture and pastoral shepherds. In either case, his party definitely had Mardi Gras-like qualities, including days of feasting and drinking. And a little enjoying the "pleasures of the flesh", probably, too -- in fact, the term Carnival, often synonymous with Mardi gras, is derived from the Latin expression meaning "farewell to the flesh." Like most of the ancient Roman and Greek festivals, Lupercalia was adopted and adapted by the Church as a way of subtly converting the local pagans to Christianity. The carnival-like celebration of Lupercalia thus morphed into a last "fling" before the beginning of the Lenten period. Lent refers to the 40 days of pertinence and purification celebrated between Ash Wednesday and Easter Sunday. During Lent, the religiously faithful refrain from a number of indulgences of the "flesh", including eating meat. (pg. 220) What began as a Roman-based...
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...Christopher Cockerell invent? Hovercraft 3. In Bingo, what number is referred to as ‘Doctor’s Orders’? - 9 4. What is the Mexican food Gazpacho? - Cold soup 5. How many toes does a dog have? - 18 6. What canal is located behind Croke Park's Canal End? - Royal Canal 7. Which Beatle's first girlfriend was Thelma Pickles? - John Lennon 8. What is the capitol city of Libya? - Tripoli 9. Name the stock-market trader who sent Barings Bank into bankruptcy. - Nick Leeson 10. Name the French blue cheese made from ewe's milk - Roquefort 11. What was the first phrase recorded by Thomas Edison on his phonograph? - Mary had a little lamb 12. Who trained the 2013 Aintree Grand National winner Auroras Encore? - Sue Smith 13. What life-saving device did Sir Humphry Davy invent? - Miner's safety lamp, the Davy Lamp 14. Lord Admiral Horatio Nelson lost his right arm during which battle? - Santa Cruz de Tenerife 15. Who would use a trudgeon? - A swimmer 16. Which soup is a delicacy in Chinese cuisine made from the salivary excretions of the swiftlet? - Bird’s Nest Soup 17. Which geographical area is part of both Chile and Argentina? - Tierra del Fuego 18. Name the two main ingredients of pasta. - flour and water 19. Who wrote the poem beginning with the words "Because I could not stop for death..." - Emily Dickinson 20. Who said, "The medium is the message"? - Marshall McLuhan 21. Patrick Viera received 8 red cards in his English Premier...
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