REMOTELY CONTROLLED HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM’

A thesis submitted in Patial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology

by
Saurav Chandra
Anurag Sahu
Anjali Agarwal
Sachin Kushwaha
Ved Prakash Gautamm

to the
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MOTILAL NEHRU NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY allahabad May,2014

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Undertaking
We declare that the work presented in this thesis titled ”Remotely controlled
Home automation” submitted to the Computer Science and engineering depatment,Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology,Allahabad,for the awardof the Bachelor of Technology degree in Information Technology ,is our original work.We have not plagiarised orsubmitted tha same work for the award of any other degreeIn case this undertaking is found incorrect, we accept that our degree can be unconditionally withdrawn

• Saurav Chandra

May 2014,
Allahabad

• Anurag Sahu
• Anjali Agarwal
• Sachin Kushwaha
• Ved Prakash Gautamm

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Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Project Overview . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 Automation . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2 Project Aim . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3 Project Scope and Limitations
1.1.4 Benefits of Project . . . . . . .
1.2 Report Overview . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2 Project Planning
2.1 Organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Software and Hardware Requirement
2.3.1 Software Requirement . . . .
2.3.2 Hardware Requirement . . .
2.4 Embedded C . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Analysis
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3 Project Description
3.1 Microcontroller IC . . . . . . .
3.2 Relay Based Switching Circuit
3.2.1 Construction . . . . . .
3.2.2 Pinciple . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3 Working . . . . . . . . .
3.2.4 Use of Components . . .

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4 Home Automation Design

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5 Implementation
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5.1 Android Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2 Web Portal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6 Tools Used

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7 Result

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8 Conclusion

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Abstract
We are today on the verge of transition where our responsibilities are increasing and our available time is decreasing . Save Energy runs high on any
TV channel we switch and the resources we have are fast depleting . However , since the amount of energy we can save is limited by our busy schedule and other responsibilities , we often see immense- power eating appliances.
At this point in time , Home Automation[1] comes to our rescue. If those appliances could be turned off remotely sitting far away from them, could be accessed even after room was looked and the user was at someplace else.
The Home Automation consists of three vital parts:
1. The Computer server that communicates with microcontroller.
2. The relay based circuit that turns on or off depending on the input given.
3. The android application.
The Computer server that communicates with microcontroller. It consists of a computer that communicates with the ATmega16[2] IC, the microcontroller that communicates with the relay switch, turning it on or off.
The server receives request from either the phone through Wi-Fi or through internet to turn on or off a particular appliance
The relay based circuit It is a circuit with relay control that becomes open or closed depending upon the power passing through the relay. When the microcontroller passes +5V power through the relay , the coils are magnetized thus closing the circuit and allowing the passage of power. As a result ,the device is turned on. At no power, the Circuit is left open and our device is turned off.
Android Application The Android application is our attempt to make the user appliance interaction seamless and effortless. The application is highly flexible can pertain to all house or office needs or design types, and can list any number of devices in any fashion . IT shows their current state as well as allows the user to change the state of the appliance. The range is fair , limited by the Wi-Fi range.

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Chapter 1

Introduction
We are in an age where we have too much work but lesser time, quite a lot of responsibilities but an equal proportion of emergencies to leave them unattended. A major one of those unattended responsibilities is our duty towards future generations and save power. Sitting in our room with the air conditioner on , we get an urgent call, and we leave the room at once, with the appliances unattended and still running. A 1kW AC will consume 1 kWh of energy, equal to 3.6 million joules ,This magnitude of energy is approximately equal to the enrgy released by explosive of 857.14 grams of TNT. Within that one hour, around
1.05 kg of CO2 would be produced. If the same AC is left open like this for each day in a 30-day month, imagine the consequences. The energy produced would be sufficient to land a 95-tonne aircraft at typical landing speed. Additionally, it will incur an extra cost of Rs 200 at just 1 hour run per day.
All this data just for a single AC running for one hour per day in a month.
Imagine how much energy is wasted by all the home appliances combined, running for the hours in a day with no use. Sadly, our lives have been running in such a pace that it is almost impossible to keep track of running lights, regularly check for appliances running uselessly, and switch them off. At this point of environment turmoil, Wi-Fi[3] based Home automation comes to our rescue.
It offers the user complete access control of the appliances through a remote interface. In this way , even if youre already on your way to office after locking the hous , you can still check the status of your appliances and turn them on or off. 1.1
1.1.1

Project Overview
Automation

Automation is the use of control systems and information technology to control equipment, industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for the

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human intervention. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the physical requirements of work while automation greatly reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well
Automation plays an increasingly important role in the global economy and in daily experience. Engineers strive to combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities. Many roles for human in industrial process presently lie beyond the scope of automation.
Automation has a notable impact in a wide range of highly visible industries beyond manufacturing. Once ubiquitous telephone operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical process such as primary screening in electrocardiograph or radiography and laboratory analysis of human genes, blood plasmas, cells and tissues are carried out at much greater speed and accuracy by automated systems. Automated teller machines have reduce the need for bank visits to obtain cash and carry out trasactions. Ingeneral , automation has been responsible for the shift in the world economy from agrarian to industrial in the 19th century and from industrial to servies in 20th century.

Home Automation
Home automation may designate an emerging practice of increased automation of household appliances and features in residential dwellings, particularly through electronic means that allow for things impracticable, overly expensive or simply not possible in recent decades. Home automation includes all that a building automation provides like climate controls, door and window controls, and in additional control of multimedia home theatres, pet feeding, plant watering and so on. But there exists a difference in that home automation emphasizes more on comforts through ergonomics and ease of operation

1.1.2

Project Aim

The aim of this project is to design and construct a home automation system that will remotely switch on or off any household appliance connected to it, using a microcontroller.

1.1.3

Project Scope and Limitations

The project work is complete on its own in remotely and automatically switching on and off of any electric appliance not limited to household appliances, and send the present state of the appliances. It does not implement control of multiple appliances or automatic detection of faults in the controlled appliance.

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1.1.4

Benefits of Project

• Adds Safety through Appliance and Lighting Control
• Development of smart home[6]
• Temperature controlled speed of fan
• Home security system
• Voice controlled home automation

1.2

Report Overview

This report has been divided into 7 chapters following an introduction, project description, home automation design, implementation and conclusion structure.
The present chapter is the introduction which deals with the motivation of the project. The next chapter (Project description) forms the theory block which is necessary. After that next chapter home automation design consists of the model prototype of our home automation design. After that implementation consists of brief information about how project design and working of the project. It also consist the pseudo code and flow chart of the code of our design.
Our approach to theory is to explain the design of project and the software only in as much details as we think is necessary, i.e. what is necessary to understand in order to implement the system and working of the model. The final chapter is the conclusion, which summarizes the project and discusses the degree of success we had in achieving the goals set.

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Chapter 2

Project Planning
This chapter will discuss the planning required for the project, including the organization, the methodology used, the hardware and software required in the project. 2.1

Organisation

The project involved basically two people: the student and the supervisor.
Project development was controlled by students, while the supervisor provided guidance and supervised the work in order to ensure that the project is progressing adequately. The communication method used was mainly mobile phones, as well as scheduled meetings, which occurred usually once a week.

2.2

Methodologies

The objective of the project was to produce a piece of software that could achieve the goals we had proposed, thus the methodology chosen had to be specific to software development. Due to initial uncertain nature of our project, meaning that we could not be sure that how far it can go, we chose an Evolutionary Model of software development which is a modification to classic waterfall model
The classic waterfall model consists of sequential software development process with a series of stages Feasibility study, Requirement analysis and specification,
Design, Coding and Unit Testing, Integration and System Testing and Maintenance. The problem with this model is that all the steps must go in succession to another. While in our project we can not be sure that all things are going correctly. Thus if any error is discovered at later stage it would imply returning to corresponding stage and start over again.
On the other hand, in the incremental development process we can go to any prior stage to correct errors and add features to the development process. The stages of development are same as the classic waterfall model, with the difference

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that they are carried out much faster, as each iteration focusses on individual part of the project.

2.3
2.3.1

Software and Hardware Requirement Analysis
Software Requirement

• Tera Term
• Proteus Design Suite
• Code Vision AVR
• VSPE
• Android
About TeraTerm
TeraTerm (rarely TeraTerm) is an open-source, free, software implemented, terminal emulator (communications) program. It emulates different types of computer terminals, from DEC VT100 to DEC VT382. It supports telnet, SSH 1 and 2 and serial port connections. It also has a built-in macro scripting language
(supporting Oniguruma regular expressions) and a few other useful plugins

.

figure 2.1
About Proteus Design Suite
Proteus is software for microprocessor simulation, schematic capture, and printed circuit board (PCB) design. It is developed by Labcenter Electronics. One of the main features of Proteus is the Virtual System Modelling (VSM) that combines

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mixed mode SPICE circuit simulation, animated components and microprocessor models to facilitate co-simulation of complete microcontroller based designs.

figure 2.2
About CodeVisionAVR
CodeVision AVR is an Integrated Development Environment for programming the Atmel AVR Series of Microchips. CodeVisionAVR features an Automatic
Program Generator (CodeWizardAVR) for the new XMEGA devices. Fully dockable windows that allow flexible customization of users workspace. This is a redesigned split file pane editor allows viewing/editing two files at the same time. 10

figure 2.3
About VSPE Virtual Serial Port Emulator
Serial port emulation is useful especially when there is a lack of available physical serial ports. Communication between software and/or devices which would otherwise require extra physical connections, can be benefited by using a virtual
COM Port emulator. Virtual serial ports lets you send or receive data over a TCP/IP port using any serial communication program. Using serial port emulation one can split a real COM port between a number of virtual serial ports. This makes it possible to supply data from a single serial device to a number of different applications.

figure 2.4
About Android Open Source Project
Android is a Linux-based operating system designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Initially developed by Android, Inc., which Google backed financially and later bought in 2005,
Android was unveiled in 2007 along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance: a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. The first Androidpowered phone was sold in October 2008.[2]
Android is open source and Google releases the code under the Apache License.
This open source code and permissive licensing allows the software to be freely modified and distributed by device manufacturers, wireless carriers and enthusiast developers. Additionally, Android has a large community of developers writing applications (”apps”) that extend the functionality of devices, written primarily in a customized version of the Java programming language. In October 2012, there were approximately 700,000 apps available for Android, and

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the estimated number of applications downloaded from Google Play, Android’s primary app store, was 25 billion.
These factors have allowed Android to become the world’s most widely used smartphone platform, overtaking Symbian in the fourth quarter of 2010, and the software of choice for technology companies who require a low-cost, customizable, lightweight operating system for high tech devices without developing one from scratch. As a result, despite being primarily designed for phones and tablets, it has seen additional applications on televisions, games consoles, digital cameras and other electronics. Android’s open nature has further encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open source code as a foundation for community-driven projects, which add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices which were officially released running other
OS .

2.3.2

Hardware Requirement

• Atmega 16 microcontroller
• USB to Serial Convertor
• LCD
• Windows 7 or higher based Computer
• Max232 circuit
• Android Mobile
About Atmega
The ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega16 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. 12

Pin Description

figure 2.3:Atmega16 Pin Diagram
VCC

Digital Voltage Supply

GND

Ground.

Port A (PA7-PA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter.
Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

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Port B (PB7-PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pullup resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port C (PC7-PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs.
Port D (PD7..PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pullup resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
RESET Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.
XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2

Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.

AVCC AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter.
It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the
ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.
AREF

2.4

AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter

Embedded C

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C Programming language by the C Standards committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C programming requires nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to support
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exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations.

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Chapter 3

Project Description
The project uses an android phone, a laptop (computer), a microcontroller, and a switching circuit. The android phone is used to run the designed application to control the appliance. The Laptop acts as a server, communicating the commands to the microcontroller, which in turn, switches the relay, turning on or off the desired appliance. Additionally, the request to turn a device on/off can also be given through web interface, which communicates with the server
Laptop directly.

3.1

Microcontroller IC

The microcontroller IC is actually the ATmega16 IC having 16 kb of flash memory. This device receives the serial request from the laptop, interprets it and transfers the request to the corresponding relay switching circuit. This device is programmed in C programming language using Eclipse Galileo. Upon receiving the request from the server, the USART interrupt service routine is called, request is read and interpreted in this service routine, and the program moves back to initial state, ready to receive further requests.

3.2

Relay Based Switching Circuit

This is the actual circuit that is operated upon by the microcontroller IC, giving remote access to appliances turning them on and off. The circuit diagram and its explicit working details are given below:

3.2.1

Construction

The base of the transistor(BC 547) is connected to one pin of the microcontroller through a 4.7K resistor(R1).The emitter is connected to ground and a bypass resistor(R2) of value 47K is connected in between base and emitter terminals of the transistor. The collector is connected to +12V DC supply(provided by
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adapter) via the coils of the relay(P1,P3). A diode is connected in reverse bias across the relay coils. A +220V AC supply is applied across one pin of relay(P2) and the other pin of relay is connected to ground(P5) via our load(device to be turned on). Pin P4 is left unconnected because initially when the relay is off the pin P2 and P4 are shorted.

3.2.2

Pinciple

The circuit works on the principle of switching operation of the transistor. The transistor operates in the saturation and the cut-off region for this operation.
Thus, it works on two points on the load line of the V-I characteristics. When base current is zero, it acts as open switch (cut-off) and when base current acquires a threshold value it acts as closed switch (saturation).

3.2.3

Working

When a particular pin of microcontroller goes high, a +5V is applied on the base of the transistor. This induces the flow of base current thereby driving the transistor from cut-off into saturation and it acts as closed switch. Thus a +12V
Dc voltage is applied across the relay coils which triggers (turns on) the relay and in turn the relay circuit gets closed and the pins P2 and P5 are shorted thereby applying the +220V AC supply across the device and the device turns on. 3.2.4

Use of Components

Limiting Resistor (R1) This resistor is used to limit the value of base current to a threshold value required to trigger the switching operation of the transistor 17

Bypass Resistor (R2) It is used to bypass the excess current (flowing through the base) to ground in order to protect the transistor from overcurrent
Reverse biased Diode (D1) It is used to protect the transistor from transient currents which may arise due to the relay coils which being electromagnetic may saturate and in turn drive a flow of reverse current through the transistor and may damage it. The diode being reverse biased prevents the coils from being discharged in reverse direction.

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Chapter 4

Home Automation Design
This chapter will discuss about the design of home automation system. Our design consist a light bulb, a motion sensor and a fan. The bulb and the fan are connected through a relay based circuit to microcontroller and the motion sensor is directly connected with microcontroller. All devices are remotely controlled by PC which is connected through the port to microcontroller. LCD screen used to display the current status of home appliances. Motion sensor used for counting number of people inside the home.

figure 4.1:Home Automation Design Model

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Chapter 5

Implementation
We have used embedded C language for implementation of the home automation design described above on CodeVision AVR. The program consists of two main interrupts, namely External Interrupt0 and External Interrupt1 and a main function. The interrupts used for motion sensor which is used for counting the number of people inside the home. Interrupt0 is used for number of people entered inside the home and interrupt1 is used for number of people exited from the home. The program is designed such that if no one is at home then all home appliances automatically switched off.
For designed purpose we have used Proteus Design Suite. The design consist a simple home automation design having a motion sensor for counting number of people inside home, a speed controlled fan ,a light bulb, a LCD for displaying status of home appliances. a microcontroller ic for controlling devices a port for connection purpose.
For input purpose we have used tera term which is virtually connected by VSPE.
The signal have given on tera term terminal, according to the given signal status of home appliances changes. The signal given by tera term are
For fan speed control 0 Switch off the fan
1 - For low speed
2 - For medium speed
3 - For high speed
For light
O - Switch on the light
F - Switch off the light
For Output purpose we have used LCD which is virtually designed on Proteus design suite.

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Home appliances can be controlled in two ways-

5.1

Android Application

An Android Application is used to control the home appliances. It contains an easy to use interface to control devices like fan,bulb,TV etc. This application can be installed in any Android

5.2

Web Portal

A very simple to use Web Portal can be used to control the home appliances. It contains a user friendly interface to switch on/off any device. This web portal can be used from any remote location using Wi-Fi,Internet or LAN.

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figure 5.3:circuit

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Chapter 6

Tools Used
The following open source software have been used in the making of this project:
1. Eclipse Galileo and Eclipse Helios open source editors developed by Eclipse
Foundation
2. Apache Web Server developed by Apache Software
3. Xampp Server Configuration Application developed by Apache Friends
4. Android open source project developed by Google
5. Connectify Hotspot free version developed by Connectify
6. Python open source programming language developed by Python Software
Foundation
7. PHP/HTML/CSS
The following hardware have been used and implemented in the project: BRiCS embedded kit assembled by Simplifix Automation and Solution Pvt Ltd
1. ATmega 16 designed by Atmel
2. USB to USART converter
3. MAX-232
4. 6V Relay, diode, resistors
5. X86/x64 PC with Linux/Windows OS

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Chapter 7

Result
As we switch on a button from the PL Automation app or the Admin Panel, the following actions take place:
1. Apache/MySQL web server is implemented
2. Android Application and Admin Panel is developed and configured to communicate with the web server
3. Serial communication from Laptop to microcontroller is achieved with negligible error
4. ATmega IC toggles the respective relay, thereby switching the appliance in the desired fashion
5. The LED corresponding to the given appliance starts to glow
6. The current modified status of the appliance is transmitted back to the
Mobile Application and Admin Panel via the Laptop Server
Additionally, on revoking the access through the Admin Panel, we notice that the mobile device can no longer control the appliance, thereby proving the security and safety of the system.

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Chapter 8

Conclusion
Through the effective and thorough implementation of Home Automation System, we can safely deduce the following:
With little power consumption, the devices can be successfully controlled remotely The additional power consumption is only of the server, which can be reduced by choosing a lighter server like a mobile device. In return, the appliances are controlled from a considerable distance, marking a significant utilization of energy.
The system can be easily incorporated with all kinds of home and office designs The android application as well as the Admin panel can be easily twisted and edited to present the layout of any house or office block, and as such, the system can be easily integrated with all kinds of architectural designs. The switching circuit is fool proof and consumes little power of its own The transistor[12] is used in combination with the relay, so that the overall circuit does not consume excess power as a relay alone would have consumed, and the efficiency and power saving motive of the project is fulfilled. The larger the system for which it is implemented, the more the power savings.
The system is fully secure and safe giving complete freedom and power to the user The Admin Panel providing total control to the user to add/remove devices entitles the user to easily change to a new mobile phone and remove the old one from the device list. The Panel is password protected with options to change the password, ensuring no one but the user has access to it.

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