...The Integumentary System (skin) covers the whole body. It is water proof and is used for a mechanical barrier. The skin has many facets and functions. Therefore the functions are protection, temperature maintenance, and storage of nutrients, sensory receptors, excretion, and secretion. This entails the 3 main layers that are epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis or subcutaneous (superficial fascia) to regulate all functions inside the human body. There are a few ways the functions and facets turn the abnormal conditions to normal conditions in the human body by maintaining homeostasis. The facets use the best in beauty; which includes the hair and nails. The other name for nails is the accessory structures of the skin. Therefore it is what makes...
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...9.4 Water Balance The body’s internal environment of extracellular fluid must maintain a constant volume, solute content, and often temperature. Humans and other organisms require a stable aqueous environment to survive. They carry this aqueous environment inside their body, and they must continuously replenish and maintain it. Aquatic organisms must also maintain their internal environment, since the conditions of the external environment change in terms of solutes and temperature. Atlantic salmon spends part of its life cycle in both freshwater and saltwater environments. For the first few years of its life, the salmon lives in freshwater rivers and lakes, where the solute concentration is less than the concentration within its body. This concentration gradient results in the uptake of water into the salmon’s internal environment, and therefore homeostatic mechanisms must expel the excess water from the body. As the salmon matures, it abandons the freshwater environment for the salt water of the Atlantic Ocean, where the concentration of solutes is higher. In this saltwater environment, the salmon experiences a continuous loss of water from its body, which it must replenish. Because water is not as abundant on land as it is in aquatic environments, terrestrial organisms require mechanisms to conserve water and maintain a homeostatic balance of solutes within their body. OSMOSIS – define the following: During osmosis, water molecules move from a region where they are highly...
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...Excretory system Cliffs page 203-206 Textbook diagrams Study guide questions What is the function of the excretory system? Maintains homeostasis by disposing metabolic wastes and control body fluid composition Describe 2 specific examples of osmoregulation in fish. Osmoregulation: the general process by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss Salt water fishes: Gain water and salt ion through drinking seawater or from food, Excretion of salt ions from gills, Osmotic water loss through gills and other parts of body surface, Excretion of salt ions and small amounts of water in scanty urine from kidneys Fresh water fishes: Uptake of water and some ions in food, Uptake of salt ions by gills, Osmotic water gain through gills and other parts of body surface, Excretion of large amounts of water in dilute urine from kidneys There is diversity in the excretory mechanisms of living thing. Describe each and include an example. Contractile vacuoles: Flame cells Nephridia Malpighian tubules Mammalian kidney Describe the functional unit of the human kidney Nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and pressure, controls levels...
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...The Urinary System The urinary system plays a major role in maintaining the salt, water, and pH homeostasis of the blood. It carries out the process of excretion, which is the removal of metabolic waste from the body. The urinary system includes the kidneys, the ureter, the urinary bladder and the urethra. The kidneys produce the urine, the uteter transports the urine, the urinary bladder stores the urine and the urethra passes the urine outside of the body. As the bladder fills with urine, sensory impulses go to the spinal cord and to the brain. The brain can override the urge to urinate. When urination occurs, motor nerve impulses make the bladder contract and the sphincters relax. The functions of the urinary system include excretion of metabolic wastes, maintenance of water-salt balance and the secretion of hormones. The structure of the kidneys include: The renal cortex- It is the outer, granulated layer that dips down in between an inner layer called the renal medulla. The renal medulla- The renal medulla consists of cone-shaped masses called renal pyramids. The renal pelvis- A central space continuous with the ureter. The kidney is composed of over 1 million nephrons or renal tubules. The nephrons filter the blood and produce urine. Each nephron is positioned so that the urine flows into a collecting duct. Nephrons enter the same collecting ducts and the collecting ducts eventually enter the renal pelvis. There are three processes of urine formation: Glomerular...
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...Explain how the body coordinates its internal activities • Homeostasis • Principle of feedback loops For the human body to function, cells within the body have to work and function correctly. Tissues, cells and organs all have different jobs with very different functions. The cells must have an internal environment which has to be stable to suit them for them. This enables survival for example things necessary are oxygen, nutrients or the removal of waste products. This ensures the human body is healthy and is able to function. This process where the body can control this internal environment no matter what is going out in the external environment this is known as homeostasis. Homeostasis involves the stability of equilibrium within a cell or within the human body. Homeostasis is maintaining a constant environment within the body for example homeostasis is very important making sure our bodies have the correct levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and maintain a correct body temperature. Homeostasis is vital to ensure all living things survival, keeping a stable and balanced internal environment which can constantly change within and out of the cell; this is known as homeostatic regulation. Homeostasis can be recognised as a dynamic equilibrium or steady state due to within a cell every mechanism that is kept alive is a...
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...Module 1 – Discussion and Debate The endocrine system is comprised of organs, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones vital to homeostasis. There are two major coordination communication types of body function endocrine and neural. The endocrine coordination communication type involves the chemical signaling and releases hormones into the extracellular fluid. While the neural coordination communication involves both the chemical as well as the electrical signaling between neurons and target cells. Endocrine communication is comprised of chemical signaling being release as the hormones are into the extracellular fluid. From that point hormones are diffused into the blood and may travel to distant body parts where they provoke a response in the target cells. Further, the endocrine glands have no duct as they secrete hormones. Many organs have primary functions to secret hormones such as the heart, kidneys, and stomach (OpenStax, 2013). This is how the endocrine glands works in conjunction with other systems to maintain homeostasis....
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...School of Nursing, Midwifery and Interprofessional Studies. With reference to acid-base balance explore the role of the respiratory system in maintaining blood pH? ‘We live and die at the cellular level’ (Reid, 2011). Homeostasis is crucial for normal cellular function. Acid-base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis and refers to the balance between the production and elimination of H+ hydrogen ions (pH) within the body fluids (William, Simpkins, 2001, p.236). Metabolic reactions within the cells often produce a huge excess of H+. Lack of any mechanism for its excretion would lead H+ levels in body fluids rise quickly to the lethal levels (Tortora, Grabowski 2006, p.1001); therefore the homeostasis of the right H+ levels is crucial for our survival. In a healthy person several systems work interdependently on maintaining blood’s pH (Sheldon, 2001, p.23): buffer, renal and respiratory systems. In this essay I will concentrate on the pH of the blood in relation to the acid-base balance and the role that respiratory system has in maintaining it. Blood pH is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7.4 is considered neutral in the systemic arterial blood within its narrow range of around 7.35 and 7.45. When the pH is greater than 7.45 the blood is considered to be alkalotic and when the pH is lower than 7.35 then the blood is considered acidotic (Sheldon, 2001, p.23). Fig. 1: Diagram of blood pH scale: (JupiterIonizer, 2004) The acidity or alkalinity...
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...organs in order to live. Although there is little information about how this mysterious creature excretes its waste, there is documentation on the organs and structures within the specimen. However, the excretory system of a blobfish is said to look and resemble a regular fish, except with no swim bladder, one intestine and no scales or skeletal structure. The image on the right is a labelled diagram of the human excretory system with a diagram of a kidney. The image below is a labelled diagram of the excretory system of a blobfish. Where do they differ from each other? A human excretory system is much more complex than it seems. This system is responsible for excreting wastes from our body which are produced by homeostasis. Homeostasis is a tendency for any living organism to maintain a balance within its parameters so it can live (eg. keeping appropriate body temperature- 37 degrees). There is many ways a human can excrete waste, such as urinating, sweating, excreting feces, respiration etc. In order for us to excrete waste, we first must consume energy in the form of food or water. For urination, food is mechanically broken down, then at the liver, amino acids are broken down into urea. This substance then travels to the kidneys where it takes the urea and other filtered wastes (like water) out of the bloodstream and transports it through the ureters. The ureters are long, thin, muscle fiber tubes which then allow the urea to travel to the bladder which can...
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...salt excretion takes place in both the gills and the lumen of the Grindylows. A Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter brings Cl- and K+ into the cell using Na+ electrochemical gradient. Cl- then exits through the apical membrane via an anion channel by its electrochemical gradient, created by the Na+/K+ ATPase, into the lumen or the external water. At the same time K+ leaves through the basolateral K+ channel. The Na+ that enters the cell with K+/Cl- leaves in exchange for K+ via the Na+/K+ ATPase. As the Cl- is sent outside the cell it creates a small electrical potential between extra cellular fluid and seawater. The potential difference drives the outward movement of Na+ between the cells thus excreting the salt in the body. The glomerulus of the kidney reabsorbs macromolecules such as...
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...Diabetes Simulation (DKA) Fall 2015 Preparation Questions 1. Describe the pathophysiologic changes in DKA. In DKA, insulin deficiency causes the body to metabolize amino acids and triglycerides for energy instead of glucose. This leads to the production of ketones which are acidic and cause metabolic acidosis. Hyperglycemia in DKA causes osmotic diuresis in kiidneys and ketones, water, Na, and K are excreted. 2. What are the commonly seen blood glucose levels? 70-130 is for normal non DKA, In DKA levels are 250-600+. 3. What fluid and electrolyte disturbances commonly occur and why? Hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency causes an osmotic diuresis that leads to marked urinary losses of water and electrolytes. Urinary excretion of ketones causes additional losses of Na and K. If serum K is not monitored and replaced as needed, life-threatening hypokalemia may develop. 4. What acid-base disturbances commonly occur and why? Insulin deficiency causes the body to metabolize amino acids and triglycerides for energy instead of glucose. This leads to the production of ketones which are acidic and cause metabolic acidosis. 5. Describe the medical management and nursing management of a patient in DKA. Hydration – fluid replacement initially rapid 0.9% NS to restore fluid balance Insulin – rapid or short acting insulin IV to bring blood glucose below 250. Electrolytes – Na deficiency treated with 0.9% NS. Once fluid balance restored may switch to lactated ringers...
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...exit the body or even having problems with natural homeostasis within the body. Chronic glomerulonephritis is said to be the third leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) which is reported to be about 10% of patients that are on dialysis. As much as 40% of patients that suffer from chronic glomerulonephritis and are on dialysis have been reported to be from Japan and other Asian countries although Japanese data bases state otherwise and that only 28% of patients are on dialysis. The reason for the flagging rate is yet to be known. Concurrent with the decline in chronic glomerulonephritis in these countries is an increase in diabetic nephropathy in up to 40% of patients on...
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...This is mechanism which keeps the total body cholesterol under control. During this process apolipoprotein APOA1 (pre-βHDL) eliminates the cholesterol and send to liver for excretion. New studies show that lymphatic vessels play an essential role in reverse cholesterol transport mechanism4. This mechanism can be further studied, and new line of therapeutic drugs can be created which reduces ASCAD Reference 1) Milasan, A., Dallaire, F., Mayer, G., & Martel, C. (2016). Effects of LDL Receptor Modulation on Lymphatic Function. Scientific Reports, 6(1). doi:10.1038/srep27862 2) Mishra, S., Somvanshi, P. R., & Venkatesh, K. V. (2014). Control of cholesterol homeostasis by entero-hepatic bile transport – the role of feedback mechanisms. RSC Adv.,4(103), 58964-58975. doi:10.1039/c4ra09397f 3) Rashid, S. et al. Decreased plasma cholesterol and hypersensitivity to statins in mice lacking Pcsk9. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 5374–5379, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0501652102...
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...capsule. Excretory systems regulate solute movement between internal fluids and the external environment. The kidney, the excretory organs of vertebrates is the mammal’s principal organ of excretion and osmoregulation. Osmoregulation regulates solute concentrations and balances the gain and loss of water. Thus, regulation of the osmotic concentrations of blood plasma by the kidneys ensures the osmotic regulation of all other body fluids. Excretion gets rid of many toxic metabolic waste products, particularly the nitrogenous compound urea. The mammalian excretory system centers on paired kidneys, which are also the principal site of water balance and salt regulation. Nephron is the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney approximately one million of nephrons can found in human kidney. Nephrons perform the function osmoregulation and excretion by filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion. Pressure-filtering of body fluids involve only filtration of most small molecules from blood plasma to form an ultrafiltrate of plasma. Selectively reabsorption by reclaiming valuable solutes like most of the water and other molecules from the ultrafiltrate and leaving behind waste material will be excreted. Secretion of hydrogen ion into the urine helps to maintain the acid-base balance. Excretion is to remove the metabolic waste products and unwanted chemicals or substances into the filtrate. Approximately 99% of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed into the system in the nephron and...
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...respiration and excretion. 1. What must I know and be able to do at the end of the third bimestrial? ¬ Ch. 1 Bones, Muscles, and the Skin 1. Identify the functions of the skeletal system, the muscular system and the skin. 1. Compare and contrast movable and unmovable joints, and types of muscles. 1. Explain how skin protects the body from disease. ¬ Ch. 2 Food and Digestion 1 Identify the importance of each type of nutrient. 2 Explain the relationship between diet and health. 3 Identify the organs of the digestive system and what takes place in each. ¬ Ch. 3 Circulation 1 Compare and contrast arteries, veins and capillaries. 2 Identify the functions of the pulmonary and systemic circulation system. 3 Identify the parts and functions of blood, and give examples of diseases. 4 Describe the functions of the lymphatic system, and explain how lymph organs help fight infections. ➢ Ch.4 Respiration and Excretion 1. Describe functions of the respiratory system and what happens during gas exchange and breathing. 2. Identify the structures that air passes through as it travels to the lungs, harmful chemicals contained in tobacco smoke, and the structures and functions of the excretory system. 3. Explain how tobacco smoke affects a person’s health over time and how excretion contributes...
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...It coordinates body activities like growth, development, and metabolism via secreting hormones. The two types are lipid- or water-soluble. The former permeates the plasma membrane and binds to their target receptors within cells, whereas the latter must bind to receptors in the plasma membrane. It occurs when there is insufficient production of insulin via pancreatic beta cells. For example, providing insulin is the pharmacologic intervention. The hormones (calcitonin and parathyroid) are responsible to regulate calcium homeostasis in a negative feedback cycle. A decreased level of calcium stimulates secretion of parathormone which promotes resorption of bone via osteoclasts and increased absorption of calcium in the gut. Whereas an elevated...
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