...The biggest foreboding danger of all facing humans is the loss of the global honeybee population. The consequence of a dying bee population impacts man at the highest levels on our food chain, posing an enormously grave threat to human survival. Since no other single animal species plays a more significant role in producing the fruits and vegetables that humans commonly take for granted yet require near daily to stay alive. Since 2006 beekeepers have been noticing their honeybee populations have been dying off at increasingly rapid rates. Subsequently researchers have been scrambling to come up with an accurate explanation and an effective strategy to save the bees and in turn save us homo sapiens from extinction. Recent harsh winters that stay freezing cold well into spring have been instrumental in decimating the honeybee population by up to 70%. In the last half decade alone 30% of the national bee population has disappeared and nearly a third of all bee colonies in the U.S. have perished. Though the rate of bee depopulation is growing each year, 42% more last year than the year before, even at the current annual rate the estimated monetary loss is a colossal 30 billion dollars a year. With such an enormous loss in revenue, last month’s USDA announcement of just a three million dollar investment in farmer aid in comparison to the formidable challenge seems like a paltry drop...
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...was renamed after the abrupt and disturbing vanishing of Western honeybee colonies here in North America, yet the same occurrence was noticed in Europe in areas such as France and the Netherlands (Wikipedia, 2014). The shortage in honeybees and their natural pollination services has led to an increase in farmers having to rent pollination services to service their crops. There are many factors to blame for the shortage of honey bees, for example, pesticides and insecticides such as neonicotinoids, malnutrition, pathogens, genetic factors, immunodeficiencies, loss of habitats, and declining beekeeping practices, antibiotics, and miticides. Some other causes of CCD are contamination, parasite loads in bees and brood, nutritional fitness of adult bees, stress levels, and a total lack of genetic diversity (Sutphin, 2014). The focus for this particular case study will be on neonicotinoids, antibiotics, and they were developed because at the time, they showed less of a toxic effect on humans and crops, as compared to organophosphate and carbonate insecticides. The mysterious, yet abrupt disappearance of honey bees from the beehive is known as colony collapse disorder or CCD. The disorder used to be known as disappearing disease, May disease, and even fall dwindle disease yet was given its current name, Colony Collapse Disorder, late in 2006. It was renamed after the abrupt and disturbing vanishing of Western honeybee colonies here in North America, yet the same occurrence was noticed...
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...Using Instrumental Insemination to Fight Colony Collapse of Honey Bees What Is Colony Collapse • Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a European honey bee colony abruptly disappear. • While such disappearances have occurred throughout the history of apiculture, and were known by various names o Disappearing disease o Spring dwindle o May disease o Autumn collapse o and fall dwindle disease), • The syndrome was renamed colony collapse disorder in late 2006 in conjunction with a drastic rise in the number of disappearances of western honey bee colonies in North America. • Colony collapse disorder is significant economically because many agricultural crops worldwide are pollinated by European honey bees. • According to the Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the worth of global crops with honeybee’s pollination was estimated to be close to $200 billion in 2005. Honey Bee and Colony Design • In each colony the three different types of bees each have the same basic structure. • Worker Bees are sterile females responsible for maintaining the health and sanitation of the hive. • Clean and maintain cells and hive – Remove dead – Dispatch and/or expel excess drones after breeding – Fan the beehive to regulate temperature ...
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...This happened ,because inserting foreign gene in an existing DNA sample might damage the parental DNA by interference with gene expression ( Smith 15). However a different analytic study and data were collected on European honeybee, Apis mellifera, which is an important pollinator to a lot of plants in Europe ( Fairbrother, et al. 3 ). In 2006 a report was made about thousands of bees being lost and colonies are collapsing, therefore scientists wanted to take a closer look to analyse the problem.Scientists suggested a range of causes to this loss of bees to name a few, pesticides, genetically modified plants, habitat fragmentation as was studied in the monarch butterflies, and introduced diseases or predators( Fairbrother, et al 4). After the analysis it was found that Neonicotinoid insecticides are the primary cause of their death, which are a neurotoxic drugs that lead to paralysis and death of insects for crops protection( Fairbrother, et al 5). The biological mechanism behind it is that acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), blocking the neural receptors and causing paralysis and death to insects. The secondary cause of death was GM food, which is engineered...
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...for the food or ecosystem aspect, but for jobs for hundreds of thousands of people. The bee population is dropping too fast and humans are partially to blame for that. A third of all honeybee colonies were wiped out in the U.S. in 2007 due to the colony collapse disorder (Benjamin, Alison). The disorder is still not fully understood, but many people think that things like pesticide use on farms is one of a few main reasons why this disorder started. Pesticide that are used on farms, meant to kill pests can harm the honey bees needed for pollination (NRDC). While global warming may not be believed by everyone, studies show that “global warming has caused flowers to bloom earlier or later than usual, when the pollinators come out of hibernation, the flowers that provide the food they need to start the season have already bloomed” (NRDC). When this happens the bees are unable to get the food they need to survive the beginning of the season which causes some of them to die due to starvation. The final cause for the colony collapse disorder is habitat loss, “which is brought about by development, abandoned farms, growing crops without leaving habitat for wildlife, and growing gardens with flowers that are not friendly to pollinators” (NRDC). The colony collapse disorder is a big problem for the loss of bee population, while we cannot be completely at fault, it seems as if human errors are a main cause for the massive decline in the honey bee population in the last fifteen years. Without...
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...Honey bee lost on agriculture & humans Introduction Most individuals consider all bees nuisance that are only needed during the spring and summer for floral abundance. But in reality they are an important part for proteins (nuts), fruits, and veggies that make it onto your table year around. They are our pollinators. A relatively new condition known as colony collapse disorder or CCD is causing bee inhabitants to plummet. In CCD honey bee colonies inexplicably lose their workers. This has resulted in a loss of 50% to 90% of colonies in beekeeping across the United States. Causes This is not only affecting the US with 40% loss in commercial honey bees since 2006, but also in the Europe with the loss of commercial honey bees by 25% since...
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...INTRODUCTION Our ecosystem shows interaction between different organisms. Every living organism has a vital role in functioning of ecosystem. Three most common participants in the ecosystem are Plants, Insects and Birds. The common birds that are found in my locality are cuckoo, common house sparrow, parrot, eagle, owl and blue rock pigeon. The common plants that are found in our area are tamarind, gulmohar, papaya, tulsi, neem, banyan, and banana. The common insects that are found are earthworms, caterpillars, butterflies, housefly, dragon flies, ants, cockroach, mosquitoes, grasshopper, ladybug, honeybee and spiders. Grass is eaten by insects which are in turn eaten by birds. This represents a food chain. Plants provide a home for birds and insects provide food for birds. In other words birds are associated with plants and feed on insects - insects feed on plants and are preyed upon by birds. Apart from these two way associations there also exists an intriguing three way association among birds, plants and insects. PLANTS Plants are one of five big groups (kingdoms) of living things. Plants include familiar types such as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The scientific study of plants is known as botany. A plant needs sunlight, carbon dioxide, minerals and water to make food. A green substance in plants called chlorophyll traps the energy from the Sun needed to make food. Chlorophyll is mostly found in leaves. Following are the...
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...Honey bees are the primary pollinator for most of these crops and the bees are negatively impacted by these pesticides. Most of the pesticides used are toxic to the honey and when bees pollinate the plants the buildup of toxins that the pesticides contain will lead to the bees death. With the use of pesticides and insecticides primary the class of insecticides known as neonicotinoids the honeybee population has dramatically decreasing due to the toxic chemicals used. According to Grossman, “Neonicotinoids are one of the world’s most widely used insecticide. Using these pesticide is one of the major culprit to why the honey bee population is dying”(1). Elizabeth Grossman also shares, “Neonicotinoids are one of the leading suspected colony collapse disorder”(1). Colony collapse disorder is “a syndrome characterized by worker bees abandoning their hives […] and eventually kill honeybees it may pose an emerging threat to North American apiculture” (core et al. 1). With the pesticides possibly being one of the many reasons why the bee population is suffering the usage of pesticides that are toxic to bees should not be allowed to be used...
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...lifehistory traits as regards temperature and the environment shows that the species possesses such plasticity and genetic variability that this could give rise to the selection of development cycles suited to new environmental conditions. Although we do not know the precise impact of potential environmental changes on honey bees as a result of climate change, there is a large body of data at our disposal indicating that environmental changes have a direct influence on honey bee development. In this article, the authors examine the potential impact of climate change on honey bee behaviour, physiology and distribution, as well as on the evolution of the honey bee’s interaction with diseases. Conservation measures will be needed to prevent the loss of this rich genetic diversity of honey...
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...FF FF F or Peor Pe or Peor Pe or Pe ople, Naople, Na ople, Naople, Na ople, Na tt tt t ure, and ure, and ure, and ure, and ure, and tt tt t he Ehe E he Ehe E he E cc cc c oo oo o nn nn n oo oo o mm mm m yy yy y 1. AGRICULTURE TAKES A BIG BITE: THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF THE GLOBAL FOOD SYSTEM After air and water, food is the most essential resource people require to sustain themselves. These resources are provided by the layer of interconnected life that covers our planet: the biosphere. Yet the way the food system provides food often severely damages the health of the biosphere through soil and aquifer depletion, deforestation, aggressive use of agrochemicals, fishery collapses, and the loss of biodiversity in crops, livestock, and wild species. The global food system has become such a dominant force shaping the surface of this planet and its ecosystems that we can no longer achieve sustainability without revamping the food system. At the same time sustainable food systems provide great hope for building a sustainable future—a future in which all can lead satisfying lives within the means of the biosphere. In this brief, we use Ecological Footprint analysis to document the current food system’s demand on the biosphere. Ecological Footprint accounts track the area of biologically productive land and water needed to produce the resources consumed by a given population and to absorb its waste. The Ecological Footprint...
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...Drones Today LAS-432 Tech, Society, and Culture Fernando Barreto Koop Ferwerda Victor Saffings DeVry University Professor Rollo Table of Contents Thesis statement 2 Introduction 2 Brief Description of the Technology 3 Clarification of characteristics; drones vs. robot 4 Comparison between Drone and Robot: 5 Figure 1.1 5 Historical Development 6 Evolution of drone technology 7 Current exploits of drone technology 8 Future applications 10 Political and Legal Influences 11 Review/ Explanation of current federal law 13 Economic Questions and Considerations 14 Figure 2.1 15 Psychological Considerations and Sociological Effects 18 Cultural Context 20 Implications on the Environments 23 Drone Patrol Rivers for Pollution 24 “How Quad-rotors are Heroes in Times of Disaster” 24 Moral and Ethical Implications 25 “Air Force Bug-bot Nano Drone Technology” 25 Humanoids: Future is Today 26 Conclusion 27 References 28 Thesis statement The innovation of the drone has opened up an assortment of possibilities that will aid humanity in progressing towards a safe and secure environment. Resistance has been established by the global community due to how this technology was first exploited by the military. Our aim is to acknowledge this advancement as progress and research crucial evidence that supports the future implications on exploiting UAV technology. Introduction Drones are semi-autonomous flying vehicles that can be remote...
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...CONTENT Exercise 1. 2 Exercise 2. 5 Exercise 3. 8 Exercise 4. 11 Exercise 5. 15 Exercise 6. 18 Exercise 7. 21 Exercise 8. 25 Exercise 9. 28 Exercise 10. 31 Exercise 11. 34 Exercise 12. 37 Exercise 13. 40 Exercise 14. 43 Exercise 15. 46 Exercise 16. 49 Exercise 17. 53 Exercise 18. 57 Exercise 19. 61 Exercise 20. 65 Exercise 21. 68 Exercise 22. 72 Exercise 23. 76 Exercise 24. 80 说明： 题目来源： Exercise 1-24：所有题目都来自官方真题 其中： Exercise 1-14：我们将OG和PP2中的题目编排为前14个Exercise, 每个Exercise都是按照GRE考试中阅读部分的出题习惯编排，即每个Exercise 10个题目，形式为（1长+2短+1逻辑 or 4短+1逻辑）。 Exercise 15-24：我们将近年来考试中出现的文章和老GRE中极为接近现行出题风格的文章编排为后10个Exercise，每个Exercise 13个题目左右，形式为（1长+1短+2逻辑）。 练习方法： 建议大家第一遍做能够限时练习，按照考试的要求每个Exercise的大致难度和应该用的时间都标在了前面。没做完6个exercise可以做一个回顾总结，将文章反复做一遍，总结单词，长难句，文章的出题规律，句子之间的关系。 答案显示方法： 如果你打印出来练习：参考答案见P 页 如果你在电脑上练习：windows 系统：Ctrl+Shift+8；Mac系统：Command+8 Exercise 1. 20min While most scholarship on women’s employment in the United States recognizes that the Second World War (1939–1945) dramatically changed the role of women in the workforce, these studies also acknowledge that few women remained in manufacturing jobs once men returned from the war. But in agriculture, unlike other industries where women were viewed as temporary workers, women’s employment did not end with the war. Instead, the expansion of agriculture and a steady decrease in the number of male farmworkers combined to cause the industry to hire more women in the postwar years...
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...Chap1 Comparing Apples and Oranges The concept of “apples and oranges” relates to the consistency of anything that is compared with something else. Whenever you make a comparison in sentence, you have to make sure the things you compare are , in fact, comparable. Than ①主语比较 1. Because the Earth’s crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake in the eastern United States will typically devastate an area 100 times greater than will a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in the West.(D-P35-9) 2.Local residents claim that San Antonio, Texas, has more good Mexican American restaurants than does any other city in the United States. (D-p78-14) 3.The guiding principles of the tax plan released by the Treasury Department could have even greater significance for the economy than do the particulars of the plan. (C-p8-6) 4. Because natural gas is composed mostly of methane, a simple hydrocarbon, vehicles powered by natural gas emit less of certain pollutants than those burning gasoline or diesel fuel. (C-p8-16) 5. The United States government employs a much larger proportion of women in trade negotiations than does any other government. (C-p22-8) 6. The pay of senior executives increased in 1990 by a larger percentage than did the wages of other salaried workers. (C-p67-5) 7. A newly developed jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load...
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...1000 Real GMAT Sentence Correction Questions 1. 1 A “calendar stick” carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them on systematic astronomical observation. (A) that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them (B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them (C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them (D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based (E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based 2. A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump into the Great Lakes. (A) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump (B) reduced the phosphate amount that municipalities had been dumping (C) reduces the phosphate amount municipalities have been allowed to dump (D) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump (E) reduces the amount of phosphates allowed for dumping by municipalities 3. A collection of 38 poems by Phillis Wheatley, a slave, was published in the 1770’s, the first book by a Black woman and it was only the second published by an American woman. (A) it was only the second published by...
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...500 extraordinary islands G R E E N L A N D Beaufort Sea Baffin Bay vi Da i tra sS t a nm De it Stra rk Hudson Bay Gulf of Alaska Vancouver Portland C A N A D A Calgary Winnipeg Newfoundland Quebec Minneapolis UNITED STATES San Francisco Los Angeles San Diego Phoenix Dallas Ottawa Montreal ChicagoDetroitToronto Boston New York OF AMERICA Philadelphia Washington DC St. Louis Atlanta New Orleans Houston Monterrey NORTH AT L A N T I C OCEAN MEXICO Guadalajara Mexico City Gulf of Mexico Miami Havana CUBA GUATEMALA HONDURAS b e a n Sea EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA Managua BAHAMAS DOMINICAN REPUBLIC JAMAICA San Juan HAITI BELIZE C a r PUERTO RICO ib TRINIDAD & Caracas N TOBAGO A COSTA RICA IA M PANAMA VENEZUELA UYANRINA H GU C U G Medellín A PAC I F I C OCEAN Galapagos Islands COLOMBIA ECUADOR Bogotá Cali S FR EN Belém Recife Lima BR A Z I L PERU La Paz Brasélia Salvador Belo Horizonte Rio de Janeiro ~ Sao Paulo BOLIVIA PARAGUAY CHILE Cordoba Santiago Pôrto Alegre URUGUAY Montevideo Buenos Aires ARGENTINA FALKLAND/MALVINAS ISLANDS South Georgia extraordinary islands 1st Edition 500 By Julie Duchaine, Holly Hughes, Alexis Lipsitz Flippin, and Sylvie Murphy Contents Chapter 1 Beachcomber Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Aquatic Playgrounds 2 Island Hopping the Turks & Caicos: Barefoot Luxury 12 Life’s a Beach 14 Unvarnished & Unspoiled 21 Sailing...
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