...Don’t blame geography for growth patterns There is a well-known economic growth debate whether geography affects growth patterns directly or merely through an indirect channel affecting the choice of economic policy and institutions. The view that geography is at the center of the story in shaping the rhythms of economic development dates back to Montesquieu and has been recently revived by Jared Diamond in his book “Guns, germs and steel: The fates of human societies.” This perspective was applied to explain long term patterns of economic growth by Jeffrey Sachs, who argues that growth is related to geographic variables like climate, disease ecology and distance from the coast (Sachs 2003). On the other hand, economists like Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson, and Engerman and Sokoloff argue against simple geographic hypothesis and illustrate that geography can only affect patterns of growth through the choice of institutions that influence economic performance. Looking at the current situation, one can observe tremendous differences in living standards between developed and developing countries. There is a variety of explanations why economic performances have diverged so extremely. However, the two main candidates to explain the causes of the big divergence are geography and institutions. The geography hypothesis emphasizes nature forces and geography as the main factors determining economic performance. Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson (2002), however refute this hypothesis...
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...Introduction Understanding of the economic growth process and it connection to institutions is highly important for explaining why certain countries are less developed than the other ones. Economic growth is defined as “An increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared from one period of time to another. Economic growth can be measured in nominal terms, which include inflation, or in real terms, which are adjusted for inflation. For comparing one country's economic growth to another, GDP or GNP per capita should be used as these take into account population differences between countries. (http://www.investopedia.com/). The role of institutions in economic growth was first proposed in writings of Adam Smith in 1776. Later in 1993 Douglass North received a Nobel Prize for his work on connection between institutions and economic growth. By studying history, analyzing data and statistics we can see that high quality institution have positive effect on economic growth and therefore on income in a long and short runs. In order to prove it we are going to find out what economic institutions are, why they are matte, what are the reasons behind different institutions in different countries and finally support it with historical facts. 1 Links between economic growth and economic institution What are institutions? The term “Economic institutions” can be defined in mach different way and have multiple meanings. On the one hand North (1990, p...
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...population passed the six billion mark. By the year 2080, the world population estimated around 10,000,000,000 people around the world. Latest official estimates of the current global population by mid-2011, estimated at 6,928,198,253 people around the world (Rosenberg, World Population - The Current World Population, 2011). From the 7 billion populations in the world, they certainly have a different background, such as country, language, race, culture, religion, customs etc. People as a human being cannot live alone without others people. They must communicate with each other. Language is the way of communication. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to show to the people how to communicate with each other in different background especially in Global Business Communication. The expectation is the readers will learn how to using and understand the way people communicate, base on every aspect of their background. Business definition itself is a commercial activity engaged in as a means of livelihood or profit, or an entity which engages in such activities (WebFinance, 2012). In this paper, there will be the research and analyzing personal behavior and attitudes in a country and the relationship with others country. The countries that will be research and analyze are: Indonesia-Malaysia, Indonesia-China, Indonesia Singapore. Chapter II: Research The research divided into three groups: Indonesia-Malaysia, Indonesia-China, Indonesia-Singapore. Because those countries located in the...
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...2012-2013 Decolonization and Independence Lesson Plan Dates: Essential and Guiding Questions: 1. Why is it important to develop an appreciation of other cultures? 2. How does religion impact the development of cultures? 3. How has the process of “modernization” affected Africa? 4. How has conflict affected Africa? 5. How do the cultures of sub-Saharan Africa impact the global community? 6. What are the core beliefs of Animism? 7. How have Animist beliefs affected sub-Saharan Africa? 8. What events, figures, and processes impacted Africa from imperialism through independence? 9. What issues currently affect Africa? 10. What internal conflicts have shaped the development of Africa? 11. What factors influence Africa’s position in the global community? Textbook Pages: * Nationalism in Africa: pgs 828-830 * Independence in Africa: pgs 986-995 Lesson: Day One: 1. Quiet Question: Type Two Prompt---You are to choose ONE political cartoon from the following six to examine and respond to. Reflection Questions: a) What is the cartoonist’s point about imperialism? How do you know this? b) Provide a minimum of THREE different examples or reasons from your imperialism notes that support the cartoonist’s point. Caption: “Thus colonize the English” 2. Pair-Share: Turn to your partner and share your political cartoon analysis. Make notes next to the different cartoons. Then with your partner, answer this...
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...COLONIALISM IN AFRICA How does the legacy of colonialism affect contemporary African international relations? If questioned today about Africa in general the first reactions I would have are poor governance, poverty, conflict, economic instability and hunger. These are the major characteristics that dominate most of the states within the continent as a whole. The question would be has it always been this way? Different debates and differences have been focused on the colonial legacy for post-colonial Africa and the nature of colonialism. Various characterizations and conceptions tend to differ considerably among the international relations and African scholars. Between 1800 and 1900, majority of the European powers colonized the African continent. Colonialism, a political-economic occurrence whereby the various European nations exploited, took over, explored and settled down in great parts of the world still has a far reaching impact on the African continent. The colonialists; prolonged their ways of living beyond their domestic borders, economically exploited their colonies natural resources and this was done in order to strengthen and develop the colonies of the West and lastly created new markets. The African continent was indirectly impacted on the social, political, economic and cultural way of living. The colonial legacy is the inheritance of the state that belonged to the colonial administration from this administration by post-colonial rulers in...
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...[pic] Direct Instruction Lesson Plan – November 10, 2010 |Lesson Planning Information | |Teacher Candidate Name: Brenda Baker-Mitchell |Date: Nov 10, 2010 | |Mentor Teacher Name: | |JIU Professor Name: Dr. Alana James |JIU Course Name and Session: EDU 500 | |Grade: 9-12 | |Content Area (e.g., reading, writing, math, science, social studies, arts, etc.): Social Studies/US History – “The Removal of the Cherokee Indians” | |(DIRECT INSTRUCTION) | |Group Size: 25 | |Pre-Lesson Planning | |ACEI | ...
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...Chapter 1 - Geography Matters: Definitions: * Human geography the study of the spatial organization of human activity and of people’s relationships with their environments * Cartography: the body of practical and theoretical knowledge about making distinctive visual representations of Earth’s surface in the form of maps * Map projection: a systematic rendering on a flat surface of the geographic coordinates of the features found on Earth’s surface * Ethnocentrism: the attitude that a persona’s own race and culture are superior to those of others * Imperialism: the extension of the power of a nation through direct/indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories * Masculinism: the assumption that the world is and should be shaped mainly by men for men * environmental determinism: a doctrine holding that human activities are controlled by the environment * globalization: the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental political and cultural change * ecumene: the total habitable area of a country. Sine it depends on the prevailing technology, the available ecumene varies over time. Canada’s ecumene is so much less than its total area. * Geodemographic research: investigation using census data and commercial data (i.e. sales data and property records) about populations of small districts to create profiles of those populations for market research ...
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...annotations to guide further exploration of the article’s ideas and applications Reprint R0108K TOOL KIT Distance Still Matters The Hard Reality of Global Expansion The Idea in Brief Why did U.S. media giant Star TV lose $500 million trying to deliver TV programming to Asia? Like many companies, it was so dazzled by the foreign market’s immensity that it ignored the difficulties of pioneering new territories. For example, it assumed—wrongly—that Asian viewers wanted English-language programming. How to avoid this fate—and select the right targets for your firm’s global expansion? Look beyond a country’s sales potential (as expressed by national wealth or propensity to consume)—and analyze the probable impact of distance. But don’t focus only on distance’s geographical dimension. Consider three other dimensions as well: cultural factors (religion, race, social norms, language); administrative factors (colony-colonizer links, currencies, trading arrangements); and economic factors (income, distribution-channel quality). The more two countries differ across these dimensions, the riskier the target foreign market. By contrast, similarities along these dimensions suggest great potential. Common currency, for example, boosts trade more than 300%. Also, types of distance affect industries...
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...annotations to guide further exploration of the article’s ideas and applications Reprint R0108K TOOL KIT Distance Still Matters The Hard Reality of Global Expansion The Idea in Brief Why did U.S. media giant Star TV lose $500 million trying to deliver TV programming to Asia? Like many companies, it was so dazzled by the foreign market’s immensity that it ignored the difficulties of pioneering new territories. For example, it assumed—wrongly—that Asian viewers wanted English-language programming. How to avoid this fate—and select the right targets for your firm’s global expansion? Look beyond a country’s sales potential (as expressed by national wealth or propensity to consume)—and analyze the probable impact of distance. But don’t focus only on distance’s geographical dimension. Consider three other dimensions as well: cultural factors (religion, race, social norms, language); administrative factors (colony-colonizer links, currencies, trading arrangements); and economic factors (income, distribution-channel quality). The more two countries differ across these dimensions, the riskier the target foreign market. By contrast, similarities along these dimensions suggest great potential. Common currency, for example, boosts trade more than 300%. Also, types of distance affect industries...
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...BDO 271 | Assignment: ANTZ | Bianca L Fraser | 1. Discuss the Organisational structure as illustrated in the movie by referring to the Ants Colony structure and the Insectopia structure. This description should include all the major elements regarding organisational structure and the application of the theory by means of examples as found in the movie. An organisational structure is “the way in which a job tasks are formally divided, grouped, and coordinated.” (A.Judge, what is an organizational structure, 2013) The film Antz illustrates to us how this concept is used by dividing the ant colony into their specific groups. Six elements are addressed when looking at an organisational structure which include; Work specialisation Work specialisation is the division of labour, where an organisation’s tasks are subdivided into distinct jobs, each completed by a separate individual. In the first five minutes of the film we see images of the little lava ants being given their individual working status, worker ants taking their place in the lines of production, and soldier ants training for battle. (A.Judge, what is an organizational structure, 2013) Departmentalization Departmentalization comes into being when jobs in the organisation are grouped together. Jobs can be divided into groups in different ways, functions performed is one of the more popular ways of doing this. In the film there are two major functions to be performed; the function of the worker ants digging...
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...American Political Science Review Vol. 106, No. 2 May 2012 doi:10.1017/S0003055412000093 The Missionary Roots of Liberal Democracy ROBERT D. WOODBERRY National University of Singapore T his article demonstrates historically and statistically that conversionary Protestants (CPs) heavily influenced the rise and spread of stable democracy around the world. It argues that CPs were a crucial catalyst initiating the development and spread of religious liberty, mass education, mass printing, newspapers, voluntary organizations, and colonial reforms, thereby creating the conditions that made stable democracy more likely. Statistically, the historic prevalence of Protestant missionaries explains about half the variation in democracy in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Oceania and removes the impact of most variables that dominate current statistical research about democracy. The association between Protestant missions and democracy is consistent in different continents and subsamples, and it is robust to more than 50 controls and to instrumental variable analyses. ocial scientists tend to ignore religion in the processes of post-Enlightenment modernization. In individual cases and events, the role of religious actors is clear—especially in the primary documents. Yet in broad histories and comparative analyses, religious groups are pushed to the periphery, only to pop out like a jack-in-the-box from time to time to surprise and scare people and then shrink...
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...population overgrowth, devaluing of property, and increased crime rate. Legal as well as illegal immigrants encounter problems to some extent. The questions of who belongs? Who stays? And who goes? Are often widely debated topics by citizens of the United States? It has also been a focal topic in presidential debates. Others made reference to the DREAM Act by claiming that the political parties fail to address the heart of the immigration problem. Immigration has impacted the United States socially, economically, and politically. Like Global migration, interregional migration also creates issues, in the United States. Introduction The topic of immigration can be broken down into many different categories, to deal with different aspects that affect people. Many Americans are of the opinion that America is for Americans and immigrants are not welcome. History teaches us that the Indians were the first set of people to live on this wonderful land. This means that all the other groups are descendants of immigrants. It is known that America was built by immigrants, which means this...
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...Global Business Today 6e by Charles W.L. Hill McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 National Differences in Political Economy Introduction Question: What is the political economy of a country? A country’s political economy refers to its political, economic, and legal systems These systems are interdependent, and interact and influence each other A country’s political system has major implications for the practice of international business 2-3 Political Systems A political system is the system of government in a nation Political systems can be assessed in terms of the degree to which they emphasize collectivism as opposed to individualism in terms of the degree to which they are democratic or totalitarian 2-4 Classroom Performance System The political, economic and legal systems of a country are called a) Political systems b) Economic systems c) Legal systems d) Political economy 2-5 Collectivism and Individualism Collectivism refers to a system that stresses the primacy of collective goals over individual goals Collectivism can be traced to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato Today, socialists support collectivism When collectivism is emphasized, the needs of the society as whole are generally viewed as being more important than individual freedoms 2-6 Collectivism and Individualism Socialism Modern socialists trace their roots to Karl Marx who advocated state...
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...Controversy of Immigration Growing up as an American citizen, one never truly realizes how much freedom and opportunity they posses in comparison to other significantly under privileged countries. Many other countries around the world are not progressively advancing as quickly as the United States is. Our country has a growing population of immigrants, both legal and illegal. There is much controversy on whether or not immigrants should be allowed to live in the United States. My personal opinion is that immigrants play a crucial role in our country’s very existence and are necessary for the development of our society. Immigrants have not only had an impact on us in present times, but they have affected our past substantially and will indefinitely affect our future. Immigrants founded the country of the United States of America. Europeans came to the states and began setting up colonies, political systems, and other customs and traditions. Given they were not the first inhabitants of the new world, they were the ones who ultimately influenced how we live now. If you put things in perspective, life, as we know it today would be entirely different. America is the melting pot for a wide variety of races, cultures, religion, beliefs, etc. The fact that the United States contains so much diversity has allowed the country as a whole to progress so much faster than other countries. Most of the money that is made in the United States is due to immigrants and the cultures they brought...
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...South Carolina Social Studies Academic Standards Mick Zais, Ph.D. State Superintendent of Education South Carolina Department of Education Columbia, South Carolina State Board Approved Document – August 18, 2011 Contents Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iii Introduction .....................................................................................................................................1 Social Studies Standards Page Format .............................................................................................5 Grade-Level Standards for Social Studies Grades K–3 Kindergarten. Foundations of Social Studies: Children as Citizens ...............................................7 Grade 1. Foundations of Social Studies: Families........................................................................12 Grade 2. Foundations of Social Studies: Communities ................................................................17 Grade 3. South Carolina Studies ..................................................................................................22 Grades 4–5 Grade 4. United States Studies to 1865 ........................................................................................29 Grade 5. United States Studies: 1865 to the Present ....................................................................36 Grades 6–8 Grade 6. Early Cultures to 1600...
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