...Meaning of alcohol in five different societies: Native Americans, Maori, Chinese, French and Russian This essay was conducted in order to look over whether the meaning of ‘alcohol’ differs across various cultures. The essay will compare how tribal people conceptualise the definition of this substance and how it is explained by contemporary societies in developing and developed countries, and also in the post-Soviet country. Contemporary or postmodern period is known as the latter 20th and the 21st century (Johnson, 2001). This paper will provide examples of indigenous societies from North America and New Zealand, and also societies from China, France and Russia. The essay will briefly review the way their attitude to alcohol changed since earlier times. It seems that in practice relation with alcohol is usually understood by drinking alcoholic liquids. The behavioural consequences of drinking depend as much as on a people’s idea of alcohol does to a person as on the physiological processes that can result from alcohol abuse. It would be advisable to say that alcohol as a ‘drink’ played an important role in almost all societies’ cultures since Neolithic times. Alcohol helped to drive the globalisation of trade since 17th century (Hames, 2012). The role of this substance was usually described in relation to religious experiences or by enhancing the enjoyment of life. Historically, alcoholic beverages also were widely used as sources of antiseptic nutrients in medicine. In modern...
Words: 3356 - Pages: 14
...t 9-803-069 REV: JANUARY 8, 2003 ROGER HALLOWELL DAVID BOWEN op yo CARIN-ISABEL KNOOP Four Seasons Goes to Paris: “53 Properties, 24 Countries, 1 Philosophy” Europe is different from North America, and Paris is very different. I did not say difficult. I said different. — A senior Four Seasons manager In 2002, Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts was arguably the world’s leading operator of luxury hotels, managing 53 properties in 24 countries and delivering what observers called “consistently exceptional service.” For Four Seasons, that meant providing high-quality, truly personalized service to enable guests to maximize the value of their time, however the guest defined doing so. No tC In 1999, Four Seasons opened the Four Seasons Hotel George V Paris (hereafter, “F. S. George V”), its first French property, by renovating and operating the Hotel George V, a historic Parisian landmark. Doing so was, according to John Young, executive vice president, human resources, “one of our great challenges and triumphs.” Young mused on what Four Seasons had learned from opening a hotel in France, wondering what lessons would be applicable to other openings given the firm’s growth plans, which suggested that new opportunities would be largely outside North America. (Exhibit 1 illustrates property locations in 2002.) Performance Do Four Seasons generally operated (as opposed to owned) midsized luxury hotels and resorts. From 1996 through 2000 (inclusive)...
Words: 11020 - Pages: 45
...America, and Paris is very different. I did not say difficult. I said diffeient. —A senior Four Seasons manager Executive Summary Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts opened its first French property in 1999. This article presents that opening as a case study to illustrate a perspective on how a company with a strong and highly successful organizational culture might approach a new national culture when that cuhure is both distinct and intense, as is the case in France. Managers can henefit from the case by understanding this approach to organizational and national culture, which the authors believe represents a useful framework for global management. The article begins with a discussion of the linkage between corporate cuifure and competitive advantage for service organizafions. It then describes the corporate support structure and the philosophy that Four Seasons developed over two decades to support its international expansion and to manage the type of challenges its French property posed. Finally, it describes how the firm went about transforming that property into one of its crown jewels. The Linkage Between Service Culture and Competitive Advantage The enduring success of service organizations such as Southwest Airlines, The Walt Disney Company, Wal-Mart, and USAA (among others) is frequently attributed in no small degree to their corporate cultures. These companies have built and maintained organizational cultures in which everyone is focused on delivering...
Words: 13427 - Pages: 54
...France (officially the French Republic) is a country located in Western Europe. Here are some fun facts about France. * The most popular sports in France are football (soccer), rugby league and rugby union. Handball and basketball are also popular in many parts of France. * Well known sporting events held annually in France are the Tour de France (the best known road bicycle race in the world) and the French Open (one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments) * French literature is very popular and well known. Charles Perrault was one of France’s most influential children’s writers. He wrote books such as Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty and Puss in Boots. * The French healthcare system was ranked number one in the world back in 1997. Average life expectancy in France is currently 79.73 years. * 54% of French people identify themselves as being Christians, while 31% of people stated that they were not religious. Islam, Buddhism and Judaism are all practised by a minority (just over 1%) of the population * It is estimated that there are between 200,000 and 1 million illegal immigrants in France * France has an estimated population of 64.5 million, making it the 19th largest country (in terms of population) in the world. * France is the most popular tourist destination in the world. Nearly 82 million people traveled to France for holidays in 2007. Spain was the second most popular tourist destination with 58.5 million visitors. * In 2004, only 68...
Words: 10404 - Pages: 42
...Empire (Phillippines) ideal of progress civilization get better and better civilized uncivilized Louisiana Purchase 1904 idea of amusement zone in fair control by the same corporation social practice etc. People want to be not just educated but also make it fun Midway was kind of confused area. Music Hall, Saloon, real urban place high aspiration low quality Louisiana 1889 PARIS 3 out 4 Chicago world fAIR WORLD COLUMBIAN EXHIBITION 1889 Saint Louis world fair in 1889 nationalism how did it start. PHILLIPINE RESERVATION World Fair Chicago Columbian Exposition...
Words: 3148 - Pages: 13
...Exam 2: Chapter 28-32 Atlantic revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Latin America) Rise of nationalism Industrialization Global transitions: the americas, the ottoman empire, Romanov Russia, Qin China, Japan. Global empires. Atlantic Revolutions: In the early modern period (1450-1750. Period of early European exploration and contact. It caused the establishment of european commercial empires. Primary tributary, it focused on trade, and some settler comics. This caused there to be “nation-states”, in tern proto-industrialization in europe (innovation) Europe started into three major processes: Revolution, (and nationalism) Industrialization Imperialism Lastly the Rise of the “nation-state” Age of Enlightenment (1650-1780’s) There were plenty of forward thinkers. Each was moving toward science as the new way of thinking. They used the application of universal laws of the natural world to social world. They valued ration over revelation. The government was as a contract. The ideas of Freedom, equality and sovereignty were held as the highest. The belief was to move forward in progress. French Revolution (1789-1799) The aim was to abolish the monarchy that was in france, it ultimately failed. It was far more radical than the American, but still failed. Mostly because they had no idea how to run a government. Whereas the Americans had some knowledge about their own rule. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) Declared himself emperor and attempted to bring...
Words: 3255 - Pages: 14
...The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science http://ann.sagepub.com/ Capital, Consumption, Communication, and Citizenship: The Social Positioning of Taste and Civic Culture in the United States Lewis Friedland, Dhavan V. Shah, Nam-Jin Lee, Mark A. Rademacher, Lucy Atkinson and Thomas Hove The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 2007 611: 31 DOI: 10.1177/0002716206298694 The online version of this article can be found at: http://ann.sagepub.com/content/611/1/31 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: American Academy of Political and Social Science Additional services and information for The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science can be found at: Email Alerts: http://ann.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://ann.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://ann.sagepub.com/content/611/1/31.refs.html >> Version of Record - Apr 30, 2007 What is This? Downloaded from ann.sagepub.com at NATIONAL UNIV SINGAPORE on October 14, 2011 Capital, Consumption, Communication, and Citizenship: The Social Positioning of Taste and Civic Culture in the United States By LEWIS FRIEDLAND, DHAVAN V. SHAH, NAM-JIN LEE, MARK A. RADEMACHER, LUCY ATKINSON, and THOMAS HOVE In this article, the authors analyze the field of cultural consumption in the United States. Using...
Words: 5004 - Pages: 21
...“She was shrewd, chic and on the cutting edge. The clothes she created changed the way women looked and how they looked at themselves.” By INGRID SISCHY Coco Chanel wasn't just ahead of her time. She was ahead of herself. If one looks at the work of contemporary fashion designers as different from one another as Tom Ford, Helmut Lang, Miuccia Prada, Jil Sander and Donatella Versace, one sees that many of their strategies echo what Chanel once did. The way, 75 years ago, she mixed up the vocabulary of male and female clothes and created fashion that offered the wearer a feeling of hidden luxury rather than ostentation are just two examples of how her taste and sense of style overlap with today's fashion. Gabrielle Bonheur "Coco" Chanel (19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) was a pioneering French fashion designer whose modernist philosophy, menswear-inspired fashions, and pursuit of expensive simplicity made her an important figure in 20th-century fashion. She was the founder of the famous fashion brand Chanel. Her extraordinary influence on fashion was such that she was the only person in the field to be named on TIME Magazine's 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Chanel was born on 19 August 1883 in the small city of Saumur, Maine-et-Loire, France. She was the second daughter of traveling salesman Albert Chanel and Jeanne Devolle. Coco was born in a peasant village. Her birth was recorded the following day. Two employees of the hospice went to city...
Words: 2797 - Pages: 12
...Chanel ------------------------------------------------- World War II In 1939, at the beginning of World War II, Chanel closed her shops, maintaining her apartment situated above the couture house at 31 rue Cambon. She claimed that it was not a time for fashion.[18] Three thousand female employees lost their jobs.[39] The advent of war had given Chanel the opportunity to retaliate against those workers who, lobbying for fair wages and work hours, had closed down her business operation during the general labor strike in France in 1936. In closing her couture house, Chanel made a definitive statement of her political views. Her violent loathing of Jews, inculcated by her convent years and sharpened by her association with society elites had solidified her beliefs. She shared with most of her circle the conviction that Jews were a Bolshevik threat to Europe.[39] During the German occupation Chanel resided at the Hotel Ritz, which was also noteworthy for being the preferred place of residence for upper echelon German military staff. Her romantic liaison with Hans Günther von Dincklage, a German officer who had been an operative in military intelligence since 1920,[40] facilitated her arrangement to reside at the Ritz.[41] World War II, specifically the Nazi seizure of all Jewish-owned property and business enterprises, provided Chanel with the opportunity to gain the full monetary fortune generated by "Parfums Chanel" and its most profitable product, Chanel No. 5. The directors...
Words: 2345 - Pages: 10
...decades. Where did the retailer struggle? Where did it do well? Can location characteristics explain the differences in Walmart performance 2. Walmart entered in some countries through acquisitions and in some countries through greenfield investment. What entry mode do you think was best? Did location characteristics drive the mode of entry? Why? 3. In 2013, Walmart decided to enter the Indian market in a joint-venture with Bharti Enterprises. Based on your analysis of Walmart’s global expansion up to that point, do you think it was a good idea to go to India? To select joint-venture as the mode of entry? 4. In general, what do you think is the best way to enter a new market: acquisition, joint venture, or greenfield investment? What are the location characteristics that affect this decision? What are the firm characteristics that affect this decision? What industry characteristics affect this decision? Zara – Fast Fashion Please assume you are a competent consultant of a very famous consulting company, such as Boston Consulting Company (BCG), McKenzie, or Monitor. And you are assigned to diagnose/evaluate the current strategy and to give recommendation(s) for the future growth of ZARA (or Inditex). You should submit your report to your boss on the day of the discussion. 1. Describe the characteristics of the industry in which ZARA compete. 2. What are the value(s) that ZARA? 3. What are the core features of the ZARA business model? And how do they...
Words: 5922 - Pages: 24
...decades. Where did the retailer struggle? Where did it do well? Can location characteristics explain the differences in Walmart performance 2. Walmart entered in some countries through acquisitions and in some countries through greenfield investment. What entry mode do you think was best? Did location characteristics drive the mode of entry? Why? 3. In 2013, Walmart decided to enter the Indian market in a joint-venture with Bharti Enterprises. Based on your analysis of Walmart’s global expansion up to that point, do you think it was a good idea to go to India? To select joint-venture as the mode of entry? 4. In general, what do you think is the best way to enter a new market: acquisition, joint venture, or greenfield investment? What are the location characteristics that affect this decision? What are the firm characteristics that affect this decision? What industry characteristics affect this decision? Zara – Fast Fashion Please assume you are a competent consultant of a very famous consulting company, such as Boston Consulting Company (BCG), McKenzie, or Monitor. And you are assigned to diagnose/evaluate the current strategy and to give recommendation(s) for the future growth of ZARA (or Inditex). You should submit your report to your boss on the day of the discussion. 1. Describe the characteristics of the industry in which ZARA compete. 2. What are the value(s) that ZARA? 3. What are the core features of the ZARA business model? And how do they...
Words: 5922 - Pages: 24
...BUSINESS STRATEGY BUSINESS STRATEGY Industry of French Luxury perfumes Industry of French Luxury perfumes ------------------------------------------------- Table of contents Executive Summary 3 I. Industry Overview 4 II. PESTEL Analysis 9 1. Economical& Social 9 2. Legal 12 III. PORTER 14 1. Rivalry among existing competitors 14 2. Threat of new entrants 14 3. Threat of substitute products or services 15 4. Bargaining power of suppliers 15 5. Bargaining power of buyers 15 IV. Individual Part – DIOR 16 1. Company Background 17 2. SWOT Analysis 19 3. Company Analysis 20 4. Competencies and resources of the firm 22 5. Conclusion and Recommendations 24 V. Individual Part - CHANEL 27 1. Company Background 28 2. Financial aspect 31 1. SWOT of the company 32 3. Company Analysis 33 4. Competencies and ressources 34 5. Conclusions and Recommendations 35 VI. Individual Part – Yves-Saint-Laurent 37 1. Company Background 38 2. SWOT Analysis 41 3. External Environmental factor 42 4. Competences and resources of the firm 42 5. Recommendations 43 VII. Bibliography 45 IX. Appendices 47 1. PESTEL 48 2. Survey 51 3. Results 52 ------------------------------------------------- Executive Summary The 19th century perfumery industry knew a revolution. The occurrence of modern chemistry with organic chemistry, which permit to create new synthetic molecules with the same olfactory quality...
Words: 11078 - Pages: 45
... Introduction * What you are going to be reporting on (Company, challenge, PESTLE, SWOT, 5 Forces, CVF – MUST have an explanation of what it is) The Organisation The industry – supermarkets, news, journals * Market Share – who controls the market * Current news? * PESTLE – table and a SUMMARY! * Competitors – 5 forces table + competitor table Organisation - Tesco * Background * Statistics * etc * SWOT Challenge * Define it * In relation to company Recommendations * CVF – where should Tesco be Conclusions TESCO AND GLOBALISATION This Essay would contain information on Tesco as an industry and organisation. It would also analyse Tesco using the four models; PESTLE, SWOT, Porter’s 5 forces and the competitive value framework (CVF). An in-depth look into the term globalisation, its advantage and importance as well a the global challenge Tesco is currently facing, its competitor and how they have reacted to globalisation and recommendations on how to handle their global challenge this paper would contain. Jack Cohen first formed Tesco. This happened in the year 1919 when he first opened up a stall in the East end of London. Tesco started out as a very small business and it did so on the platform of sole proprietorship however today, Tesco is one of the world's largest retailers with a clear, proven growth strategy. It has over 492,000 employees and about 5,300 stores across...
Words: 3488 - Pages: 14
...outfit to put on where everything needs to make sense or match, it just needs to appeal to the viewer, and depending on the viewer’s mood at the time, the art pieces can be very different. The first art piece I selected was from the Museum of Modern Art; The Sleeping Gypsy, 1897 by Henri Rousseau. (Rousseau) I liked this oil on canvas painting for its simplicity and calmness. Henri Rousseau, a toll collector by trade, was a French Post-impressionist self-taught painter; even though he was never properly trained his natural born talent was admired by other artist including more famed avant-garde artists like Pablo Picasso and Vasily Kandinsky. His type of art “derived from the style and subject matter of popular print culture”. (Rousseau) Rousseau described the painting of the gypsy as wandering Negress who played the mandolin. She was so tired that she fell into a a deep sleep under the moonlight. The lion was drawn in by her scent but did not attack her probably because of how peaceful she looked sleeping, and not threatening her demeaner. I loved the use of color that Rousseau used in this painting because it represented calmness. Rousseau used simple lines and sharp color distinctions that showed dimension and depth. The night sky is...
Words: 1458 - Pages: 6
...McDonald’s is a symbol of American power and hegemony just like Coca Cola and Nike which its operations is all around the world. And how McDonald’s could successfully entering global markets ? the key components is its standardization in all McDonald’s outlets in the world known as QSC&V (Quality, Service, Cleanliness, Value). You can see and feel the same burger quality, same fast service, cleanliness of restroom and the same price in all McDonald’s outlets in every country. McDonald’s also made a strong relationship with supplier because this is another key success, every supplier which supply all McDonald’s products have to comply with McDonald’s standard or specification. McDonald’s also give reward for every supplier that achieve its specification process. And the most important thing that made McDonald’s globally success in entering every country is Plan to Win Strategy, this strategy actually bring McDonald’s products to become more relevant to local and regional preferences. In France, McDonald’s referred as McDo and every products in France is environmental friendly and based on local resources. Menu also different, its have P’tit Plaisir (mini snack foods), Little Mozza (tomato and mozzarella salad), Croques Monsieurs (Grilled Ham and Cheese) etc. In the US McDonald’s is food to go orders but in France is dine in because people in France usually like to dine in and spend time with their friends or family. In Germany there is McCafe which know become world-wide product...
Words: 2336 - Pages: 10