...get enough sleep. Motivation relates to the factors that direct and energize behavior. It explains variations in behavior as well as why people do what they do. It also explains why people behave in certain ways in order to reach a certain goal. One approach to motivation is the incentive approach. According to this theory, people are motivated due to the desire to obtain valued external goals. In my case, my incentive would be to get good grades. I realize that if I got more sleep or spent more quality time on my homework, the result would be that I would receive better grades. However, I do not possess this motivation. I continue to poorly manage my time even though I know that it will negatively affect my grades as well as my overall emotional and physical well being. Sleep deprivation has many negative complications. The usual range of sleep that people get is five to eleven hours a night, and the average amount is eight hours. I only sleep for about five hours every night, which is the lowest number in the average range. Sleep is essential for learning and processing, and...
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...between two variables * Causation * Is something causing something else * Gestalt Theory * Good figure psychology * How we experience the world * Sensation + Perception = More than the sum of its parts * Psychoanalysis * Sigmund Freud * Most of your feelings come from a hidden place in the mind (unconscious) * Behaviorism * Focus on observable behavior only * John B. Watson (Little Albert) * Variables * Dependent Variable * Variable in experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment * Independent Variable * Variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter * Psychiatrist * Medical Doctor * Can prescribe medication * Psychologist * Professional with an academic degree & specialized training in one or more areas of psychology * Cannot prescribe medications (except in 2 states) * Psychiatrist Social Worker * A social worker with training in therapy methods who focuses on environmental conditions that have an impact on mental disorders * Cannot prescribe medication * Placebo Effect * Phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study influence behavior * Think they are given a real pill so they say they feel the symptoms of the pill Chapter 2 * Central Nervous System ...
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...Behavioral Theory of Addiction Contrasted With Moral and Disease Theories Theory and Practice in Addiction Counseling The behavioral model of addiction emphasizes conditioning as the primary reason for substance abuse. The individual chooses whether or not to engage in substance-using behavior depending on what they get out of the experience, relative to other options they have. If the substances are more rewarding than other activities within the person’s environment, then the behavior will continue. If this situation reverses, then extinction of the behavior is expected due to lack of reinforcement. Although social and economic context are recognized as factors in substance use, they are not primary causes of the behavior, nor is the presence of a comorbid psychological or medical condition. Interventions are based on the idea that an addicted person wants or expects certain results from substance use, and also wants certain outcomes in other areas of life. These objectives, wants, or needs are referred to as rewards, or reinforcers, in behavioral conditioning. The individual sets the economy of reward by weighing the relative value-cost of engaging in substance using behaviors. Immediacy of consequences, whether positive or negative reinforcement, or actual punishment, is a factor in this internal economy. If punishment for the behavior becomes stronger than the perceived benefits of continuing it, then there is economy of reward to motivate change, or discontinuation...
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...harmful to the body. It is when stress happens too often and last for an extended amount of time that the body reacts negatively from the stress. Stress has been linked to cause illness and can have damaging affects on our relationships with others. There are ways to manage stress and keep it under control, not allowing it to have a negative impact on us. Work-related stress is a normal form of stress when taking on too much at one time. It can also be associated with fear of being laid off, overtime, pressures to perform at a certain level and pressure to work at optimum levels (Segal, 2012). It is the excessive stress that interferes with productivity and a person’s physical and emotional health. It is important that you have the ability to recognize stress and deal with it accordingly so it does not have the possibility to render you powerless when approached with difficult situations. The fact is everyone will endure stress at sometime in their life in their work environment an at home. You may not be able to get rid of it completely but there are ways in which you can effectively lower it by using stress management tactics, but first you must identify where the stress is coming from. When stress is not dealt with properly it contributes too many issues. Symptoms of stress affect the body, thoughts, feelings...
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...Narcolepsy Parasomnias CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Dreams as Interpreted Brain Activity Dream Contents CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 5.3 Theories of Dreams 5 Learning Objectives States of Consciousness 5.1 5.2 Define consciousness. Describe how consciousness relates to psychology. Describe the changes in brain wave activity that occur during the different stages of sleep. Understand why sleep deprivation is harmful. Understand why deep sleep is important. Understand why REM sleep is important. Describe some common sleep disorders. 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Describe the two main theories of dreams. Explain the two theories of hypnosis. Discuss the effects and benefits of meditation. List and describe the four categories of psychoactive drugs. Describe the effects of psychoactive drugs on the nervous system. 5.4 Hypnosis Critical Thinking About Hypnosis Theories of Hypnosis Altered State of Consciousness Role Playing Divided Consciousness 5.6 Drug Use Mechanism of Action of Psychoactive Drugs Depressants Alcohol Narcotics/Opiates Summary of Multiple Influences on Consciousness CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 5.6 Effects of Psychoactive Drugs CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 5.4 Theories of Stimulants Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine Methamphetamine Hypnosis 5.5 Meditation Meditation Defined Effects and Benefits of Meditation Hallucinogens LSD Marijuana Ecstasy CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 5.5 Effects and Benefits of Meditation...
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...STRESS MANAGEMENT CHAPTER OBJECTIVES: TO UNDERSTAND • The role of Stress in Employee Health • Extreme forms of Stress Reactions • Causes and symptoms of Stress • Organizational Effects of Stress • Actions that may Prevent or Reduce Stress • Different Counseling Functions • Three types of Counseling and Their Usefulness Coping with Stress People have many sources of stress: school, jobs, relationships, money (the lack of it), etc. Perhaps there is no more important topic than how one can handle or cope with stress. This module hopes to offer some practical advice on how to understand and manage one's stress. Some important questions to ask yourself prior to starting this unit are: • What are the main stresses in my life right now? • Are these stresses caused by people or things? • How have you attempted to manage these stresses? By avoiding them? By confronting them? • Using substances? • Have you ever given any thought to developing several, positive methods for stress management that could be effectively and safely used when the need arises? What is Stress? Stress is commonplace in the lives of college students. Learning to deal with stress means learning to understand what stress is, identifying common sources, and then practicing some method of stress reduction on a regular basis. Everyone has some method(s) for dealing with stress. Sometimes the methods we use for dealing with stress are productive: meditation, exercise, and listening...
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...[pic] FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE CONTENT: FOCUS QUESTION 1- HOW DOES TRAINING AFFECT PERFORMANCE • Energy systems • Types of training and training methods • Principles of training • Physiological adaptations in response to training FOCUS QUESTION 2- HOW CAN PSYCHOLOGY AFFECT PERFORMANCE • Motivation • Anxiety and Arousal • Psychological strategies to enhance motivation and manage anxiety FOCUS QUESTION 3- HOW CAN NUTRITION AND RECOVERY STRATEGIES AFFECT PERFORMANCE • Nutritional considerations • Supplementation • Recovery strategies FOCUS QUESTION 4- HOW DOES THE ACQUISITION OF SKILL AFFECT PERFORMANCE • Stages of skill acquisition • Characteristics of a learner • The learning environment • Assessment of skill and performance FOCUS QUESTION 1- HOW DOES TRAINING AFFECT PERFORMANCE • Energy systems: All energy is provided in the muscles in the form of the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Chemical reactions in the body cause ATP to break down and release energy to the muscles for work. The chemical reactions are a result of a combination of oxygen we breathe and the breakdown of food, mainly carbohydrates and fats. The structure and breakdown of ATP: The ATP molecule has three phosphate molecules attached to it by high energy chemical bonds. One phosphate splits from the molecule and energy is released. The remaining compound is adenosine diphosphate...
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...The effects of childhood abuse on its victims are penetrating. These effects can be emotional, social, and spiritual. The impact of the abuse depends on the victim and circumstances of the abuse. According to Glaser (2000), besides the psychological effects of childhood abuse, which cause much self defeating behavior in adulthood, there are other more serious, life altering effects. Studies show that many victims of child abuse grow up to be drug addicts and most drug addicts have had an abusive childhood (Umeno, Morita, Ikeda, Koda, & Abe, 2009). It has now been discovered that there is a biochemical reason that this happens. Scientific findings show that being a victim of child abuse can contribute to addiction in adulthood because the abuse can cause profound and possibly irreversible damage to the structure, function and chemistry of the brain. Kaufman, Plotsky, Nemeroff and Charney (2000) claim that because child abuse occurs during a crucial period of brain development, neurobiology reveals that trauma such as physical, emotional and sexual abuse has a substantial impact on the brain. It has also been discovered that the more severe the abuse, the more impact there is on brain function (Bremner, 2005). It has been found that abused children have abnormal brain wave patterns. Child abuse victims suffer damage to important brain structures like the cortex, which is related to rational thinking. Panzer (2008) describes that some of the most dramatic damage is...
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...Factors influencing the Study Habits of Second Year Education Students of Wesleyan University-Philippines An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the College of Education Wesleyan University-Philippines In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Elementary Education Jennilyn Nicolas Cheska Mae F. Edrad Francheska F. Pacolor CHAPTER 1 Introduction Rationale Wesleyan University-Philippines (WU-P), College of Education (COEd) is aiming for a higher standard of learning that shall focus on well motivated students capable with competing with those of highly Industrialized Countries. Student were facilitating different techniques and habits of studying to have better memory retention of the lesson they were taking up in different kinds of subject. This method they are utilizing helps them to pass the examination, quizzes and School activities with high grades. *In education, it involves study habits and this is the ways that you study; the habits that you have formed during your school years. Study habits can be good ones, or bad ones. Good study habits include being organized, keeping good notes, reading your textbook, listening in class, and working every day. Bad study habits include skipping class, not doing your work, watching TV or playing video games instead of studying, and losing your work. Each Student has their unique technique of studying. One technique may not work for one...
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...solutions that individuals and organizations can take to alleviate the negative impact of stress, or it can be surpassed. But, employees must need to learn first to recognize the symptoms that indicates they are feeling stressed out and employees need to be aware at the effects that stress had on their employees’ health as well as on company profits. The pressures of modern lives, coupled with the demands of a job can lead to emotional imbalances that are collectively labeled stress. Not all stress is unpleasant. To be alive means to respond to achievement and the excitement of the challenge. In fact, evidence indicates that people need amount of stimulation, and that monotony can bring on some of the same problems as over work. Both good and bad events can cause stress in an adult’s daily life. Generally, stress is a part of everyone’s life. If we can learn to control it, then we will probably have a better chance at succeeding. II. BODY OF THE LETTER A. DEFINITION OF STRESS STRESS is our body’s physical and emotional reaction to circumstance or events that frighten, irritate, confuse, endanger, or excite us...
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...36628 Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 120 / Wednesday, June 22, 2011 / Rules and Regulations C. Consumers’ Lack of Knowledge of the Health Risks D. Larger, Graphic Warnings Communicate More Effectively E. Need To Refresh Required Warnings III. FDA’s Selection of Color Graphic Images A. Methodology for Selecting Images B. FDA’s Research Study 1. Study Design 2. Use of FDA’s Study Results in Selection of Images 3. Comments on FDA’s Research Study C. Comments to the Docket 1. Comments Submitting Research on FDA’s Proposed Required Warnings 2. Other Comments D. Selected Images 1. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes are addictive’’ 2. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke can harm your children’’ 3. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause fatal lung disease’’ 4. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause cancer’’ 5. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause strokes and heart disease’’ 6. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking during pregnancy can harm your baby’’ 7. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking can kill you’’ 8. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke causes fatal lung disease in nonsmokers’’ 9. ‘‘WARNING: Quitting smoking now greatly reduces serious risks to your health’’ 10. Image for Advertisements With a Small Surface Area E. Non-Selected Images 1. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes are addictive’’ 2. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke can harm your children’’ 3. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause fatal lung disease’’ 4. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause cancer’’ 5. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause strokes and heart disease’’ 6. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking during pregnancy can harm your baby’’ 7. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking can kill you’’ 8....
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... social anthropology, marketing and economics. It attempts to understand the decision-making processes of buyers, both individually and in groups such as how emotions affect buying behavior. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics and behavioral variables in an attempt to understand people's wants. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from groups such as family, friends, sports, reference groups, and society in general. Customer behavior study is based on consumer buying behavior, with the customer playing the three distinct roles of user, payer and buyer. Research has shown that consumer behavior is difficult to predict, even for experts in the field. Marketing is an influential asset for customer behavior analysis as it has a keen interest in the re-discovery of the true meaning of marketing through the re-affirmation of the importance of the customer or buyer. A greater importance is also placed on consumer retention, customer relationship management, personalization, customization and one-to-one marketing. Social functions can be categorized into social choice and welfare functions. * Significance of Consumer Behavior: Consumer behavior is a significant theory for marketers who intend to improve their marketing strategies. For understanding the consumer behavior marketer try to know how consumer feels, how they think. Consumer behavior plays a vital role in the success of a product. Marketers largely depend upon...
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...Personality Disorders Overview In order to understand disorders of personality is it necessary to have a clear understanding of what personality actually means. Every single person in the world has a unique personality different than everyone else. Our personalities are thought of as the way we act, think, believe, and feel that makes us different from each other (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2011). Personalities vary from person to person, and we all exhibit an intense, life long, pattern of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings known as traits. Personality traits are said to be stable throughout our life’s and the situations we are faced with in life. Personality traits can range from happy and outgoing to miserable, lonely, unstable, and unreliable. When personality becomes disruptive, and interferes with life in areas of social and occupational functions they are said to be a personality disorder (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2011). Persons with personality disorders have difficulty in their identities, pursuits in life, and relationships. Important to add at this point is the most common theories of personality disorders. One theory of personality is known as the five factor model (the Big 5). This theory uses five dimensions or factors with negative and positive opposites on a continuum to explain personality disorders from functional to dysfunctional. The Big 5 factors are negative emotionally, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (Nolen-Hoeksema...
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...biological clock known as circadian rhythm. Our sleep also follows a repeating cycle. Awakening people during REM sleep yields predictable “dreamlike” reports that are mostly of ordinary events. Freud’s view that dreams can be traced back to erotic wishes is giving way to newer theories, for example, that dreams help us process information and fix it in memory or that dreams erupt from neural activity. Studies of hypnosis indicate that, although hypnotic procedures may facilitate recall, the hypnotist’s beliefs frequently work their way into subjects’ recollections. Hypnosis can be at least temporarily therapeutic and has the potential of bringing significant pain relief. Hypnosis may be an extension both of normal principles of social influence and of everyday splits in consciousness. Psychoactive drugs also alter consciousness. Depressants act by depressing neural functioning. Although their effects are pleasurable, they impair memory and self-awareness and may have other physical consequences. Stimulants act at the synapses by influencing the brain’s neurotransmitters. Their effects depend on dosage and the user’s personality and expectations. Hallucinogens can distort judgment of time and can alter sensations and perceptions. A number of those who survive a brush with death later recall visionary experiences. Some scientists point out that such near-death experiences closely parallel reports of hallucinations. CHAPTER GUIDE ➤ Exercise: Fact or Falsehood? Consciousness...
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...1. INTRODUCTION OF STARBUCKS COFFEE The company, Starbucks Coffee was initially incorporated in the year 1971 by 3 entrepreneurs in Seattle where the business of the company is mainly selling whole bean coffee. Throughout the years of 1990s, Starbucks Coffee under the leadership of Howard Schultz, the company had expanded and growth rapidly with several efforts done. Starbucks coffee started its global expansion from year 1996 opening its first store outside of North America in Japan. Opening globally made Starbucks Coffee Company to record total net revenues of USD 9.8 billion for its business sales and operation. One of the Starbucks Coffee Company globally expansion market is Malaysia Food and Beverages Industry. Starbucks Coffee Company expanded to Malaysia in year 1998. The mode of entry of Starbucks Coffee Company to Malaysia expanding and operating its business through the mode of licensing. Berjaya Corporation Berhad is the company that obtained the license to operate Starbucks Coffee Company locally. Berjaya Starbucks Company Sdn. Bhd. Is formed and jointly owned by Starbucks Coffee International and Berjaya Corporation Berhad. Starbucks Coffee Malaysia opened its first store on 17th December, 1998 at KL Plaza Bintang, Kuala Lumpur. The business of Starbucks Coffee Malaysia basically are selling of espresso and coffee beverages, non-espresso and coffee beverages, coffee-related accessories and equipment, gift and merchandise, souvenirs, pastries and confessions...
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