...need: * 1 teaspoon (5 cm3) laundry borax * 1 tablespoon (15 mL) white glue (e.g., Elmer's Glue-All) * food coloring (optional) * two cups * spoon * water Here's what to do: 1. In one of the cups, dissolve 1 teaspoon of laundry borax in 5 tablespoons (75 mL) of water. You will need to stir this for a while to get it to dissolve. (If a tiny bit does not dissolve, that is OK.) 2. In the other cup, combine 1 tablespoon of water and 1 tablespoon of white glue. If you wish, you may color the mixture with a couple drops of food coloring. With a clean spoon, stir the mixture thoroughly until it is uniform. 3. Put 2 teaspoons of the borax solution from the first cup into the glue mixture in the second cup. Stir the mixture. 4. As you stir the mixture, it will stiffen into a soft lump. After the lump has formed, take it from the cup and knead it in your hand for a couple minutes. The material you have made is called Gluep, and it is ready for you to examine. * Roll the Gluep into a ball and then let it rest. Does the ball maintain its shape? * Drop a Gluep ball onto a table top. What does the ball do? * Flatten the Gluep into a thin strip. Hold up the strip by one end. What happens to the strip? * Roll the Gluep into a cylinder and pull the ends slowly. What happens to the cylinder? * Roll the Gluep into a cylinder and pull the ends quickly. What happens to the cylinder? The materials we call plastics are all composed of large molecules...
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...Chemistry Extended Essay “How does pH affect the concentration of trihalomethanes formed in a sample of reservoir water when it is disinfected with chlorine or chloramine and to what extent do both chloramine and free chlorine decompose when exposed to ultraviolet light?” Abstract This investigation aims to find out how pH affects the concentration of trihalomethanes formed in a sample of reservoir water when it is disinfected with chlorine or chloramine and the extent to which both free chlorine and chloramine decompose when exposed to ultraviolet light. Headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to measure the concentration of the four main constituents of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs), namely chloroform,...
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...and fluorescene) types of spectroscopy – (principle, instrumentation and applications of atomic absortion spectroscopy, UV Visible Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy) Spectroscopy is the study of the absorption and emission of light and other radiation by matter, as related to the dependence of these processes on the wavelength of the radiation. More recently, the definition has been expanded to include the study of the interactions between particles such as electrons, protons, and ions, as well as their interaction with other particles as a function of their collision energy. Spectroscopic analysis has been crucial in the development of the most fundamental theories in physics, including quantum mechanics, the special and general theories of relativity, and quantum electrodynamics. Spectroscopy, as applied to high-energy collisions, has been a key tool in developing scientific understanding not only of the electromagnetic force but also of the strong and weak nuclear forces. The basic principle shared by all spectroscopic techniques is to shine a beam of electromagnetic radiation onto a sample, and observe how it responds to such a stimulus. The response is usually recorded as a function of radiation wavelength. A plot of the response as a function of wavelength is referred to as a spectrum. Electromagnetic radiation consists of discrete packets of energy, which call photons. A photon consists...
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...some appear brighter than others. This is because light is reflected differently from various surfaces, depending on their physical properties. Different surfaces of Earth also reflect light in different ways. The word albedo is used to describe how reflective a surface is. An ideal white body has an albedo of 100%, total reflection, and an ideal black body has 0% albedo, or total absorption. The Earth-atmosphere system has a combined albedo of about 30%, a number that is highly dependent on local surface makeup, ground cover, angle of incidence, and cloud distribution (Budikova and Hogan 2010). Figure 1 shows the range in albedo of a variety of common surfaces, ranging from about 5% for dark objects such as forests and asphalt, to as much as 90% for light objects, such as fresh snow. Because Earth’s albedo affects the amount of sunlight the planet absorbs, it has a direct effect on Earth’s energy budget and, therefore, global temperatures. Over the next few decades, effects of climate change, including decreasing areas of highly reflective snow and ice, will decrease Earth’s albedo. This will accelerate the rate of global temperature rise, creating what is known as a positive feedback loop. Snow cover reflects the majority of sunlight back into space, helping keep the planet cool. When snow is absent, much more sunlight is absorbed, leading to further warming. As 74 SCIENCE SCOPE temperatures continue to increase, more snow and sea ice melt...
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... | |d. |the solar wind flowing away from the corona. | |e. |the heating in the chromosphere. | ____ 2. In some regions of the corona, the magnetic field does not loop back to the sun, and the gas escapes unimpeded. These regions are called _______________ and are believed to be the source of the solar wind. |a. |prominences | |b. |flares | |c. |granules | |d. |auroras | |e. |coronal holes | ____ 3. Most of the light we see coming from the sun originates in the |a. |chromosphere. | |b....
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...Weather • Article 2: Ice Sheets and Glaciers • Article 3: Sea Level • Article 4: Agriculture • Article 5: Plants and Animals V. Theory4: The impact of global warming on humanity 22 • Article 1: Extreme storm affects health and infrastructure • Article 2: Heat wave increase death and illness • Article 3: Water and food supplies threatened • Article 4: Drinkable water become increasingly contaminated • Article 5: Large numbers of environmental refugee VI. Theory5: EFFORTS TO CONTROL GLOBAL WARMING 23 • Article 1: Carbone Capture • Article 2: Energie Sources • Article 3: koyoto • Article 4: Programs in the United States • Article 5: Montreal protocol CONCLUSION 27 Bibliography 28 Abstract: Throughout its long history, earth has warmed and cooled time, and again. Climate has changed when the plant received more or less sunlight due to stubble shifts in its orbit, as the atmosphere or surface changed or when the sun energy varied. However, in the past century, another force started to influence earth climate: humanity. How can we be certain that human released greenhouse gases are causing the warming? How much will the earth warm? How will the earth respond?...
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...Study Guide and Reinforcement Student Edition ips.msscience.com Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240 ISBN 0-07-867338-0 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 09 08 07 06 05 04 Table of Contents Chapter 1: The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Chapter 2: Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Chapter 3: Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . .9 Chapter 4: States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Chapter 5: Matter—Properties and Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Chapter 6: Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds. . . . . . . . . . .21 Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Chapter 8: Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Chapter 9: Carbon Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Chapter 10: Motion and Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Chapter 11: Force and Newton’s Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...Global Warming: Eye Opening Facts that it is Refutably upon Us Terrie M. Hornbeck Buena Vista University Author Note Prepared for: Laura Brahn’s Globalism Seminar Abstract In recent years, scientists noticed that the average temperature of the Earth was increasing and looked for causes for the change. It is clear that the Earth has had changes in its average temperature many times in the geologic past before humans were present (Enger & Smith, 2013). Therefore, scientists initially tried to determine if the warming was a natural phenomenon or the result of human activity. Several gases such as carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and nitrous oxide are known as greenhouse gases because they let sunlight enter the atmosphere but slow the loss of heat from the Earth’s surface. Evidence of past climate change going back as far as 160,000 years indicates a close correlation between the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and global temperatures. Computer simulations of climate indicate that global temperatures will rise as atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases increase, and there are many others effects predicted by an increase in temperature. Since these predictions are based on computer models of climate, some scientists criticized them as being inaccurate and constructed from sketchy data. Because major disagreements arose over the significance of global warming, the United Nations Environment Programme established an Intergovernmental...
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...ultimately harming the earth and future generations, a problem the government is making a priority and taking action on. In her article “Car Emissions are EPA’s Problems,” Emma Marris explains how the Supreme Court ruled that the Environmental Protection Agency must regulate the carbon dioxide produced from cars and trucks in the United States. She goes on to say that, “[t]he climatic changes caused by the Global Warming are due to greenhouse gases and the responsibility of EPA is to regulate pollutants under the Clean Air Act” (Marris). This article provides support and evidence to show the serious effect car emission has on the earth. It is evident that car emission is the leading cause of global warming, a problem that can be addressed through being responsible. Although global warming is a highly disputed topic, certain pieces of hard evidence make the problem difficult to ignore. In 2000, more than three hundred NASA scientists published a report: NASA scientists directly correlate global warming with the cooling stratosphere and the depletion of the ozone. Global warming does not necessarily mean only warmer temperatures. The stratosphere is sensitive to temperature and the atmosphere tends to migrate due to variations. Areas with an active stratosphere will experience warmer temperatures as areas with an inactive stratosphere will be cooler. The world on a whole, US being only 2%, has experienced nine of the hottest years ever in just the last ten years (2000). Every morsel...
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...frequency number of waves per second (Hz) d. period how long a wave lasts when it arrives at a fixed point (measured in seconds) 3. What are radio waves? An electromagnetic wave of a frequency used for long distant communication. 4. Explain the difference between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave, and give examples of each. In a longitudinal wave, the vibration travels in the same direction that wave travels. Examples of longitudinal waves include: Sound, p-waves (earthquakes) In a transverse wave, the vibration direction is perpendicular to direction that wave travels. Examples include: Light/electromagnetic, (radio, microwave, xray, etc.), water waves, swaves (earthquakes). The major difference between longitudinal and transverse waves is their direction. Longitudinal waves move left to right while transverse waves move up and down. 5. Compare and contrast: light waves vs. sound waves Light waves are transverse and sound waves are longitudinal. Light waves can travel through a vacuum but sound waves cannot. Speed of light is nearly 300 million m/s while sound has a speed of about 340 m/s. 6. What changes the pitch of sound? The frequency of vibration. Faster vibration would cause a higher pitch while slower vibration would cause a lower pitch. 7. Explain how different factors affect the speed of sound? Speed of sound depends on factors such as altitude, humidity, and temperature because sound waves need molecules to collide in...
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...Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980. scientists are more than 90% certain that it is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gasses produced by human activities. A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect.The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. The causes of increasing greenhouse gases are: Burning fossil fuels, thus releasing into the atmosphere carbon that has been safely stored for millions of years by burning coal, oil and natural gas for transport and electricity. An enormous demand for electricity. The growing population of the earth all want cars, refrigerators, air-conditioning and a double garage. Most electricity is generated by burning coal. A constant and growing demand for red meat. Cattle belch out methane, a toxic greenhouse gas, much more dangerous than carbon dioxide. More and more forests and bushland, which absorb carbon dioxide from the air, are being cut down so more cattle can graze. A reduction in the planet's ability to remove...
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...How is the scientific method used to solve problems? Scientific method used to solve problems by keen observations, rational analysis, and experimentation. Observation: Closely observe the physical world around you. How is the scientific method used to solve problems? Scientific method used to solve problems by keen observations, rational analysis, and experimentation. Observation: Closely observe the physical world around you. Question: Recognize a question or a problem. Hypothesis: An educated guess or a reasonable explanation. When the hypothesis can be tested by experiment, it qualifies as a scientific hypothesis Prediction: Consequences that can be observed if the hypothesis is correct. The consequences should be absent if the hypothesis is not correct. Conclusion: Formulate the simplest general rule that organizes the hypothesis, predicted effects, and experimental findings. What is the principle of falsifiability? For a hypothesis to be considered scientific it must be testable?it must, in principle, be capable of being proven wrong. Fact: A phenomenon about which competent observers can agree. Theory: A synthesis of a large body of information that encompasses well-tested hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural world. Law: A general hypothesis or statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted. Also known as a principle. Evidence: which...
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...For millions of years the changes in Earth’s climate have been driven by forces of nature. Although, for the last century and a half, Earth’s average temperature has been rising faster than any time in the past 10 thousand years. “We’re on a track to 700 parts-per-million of carbon dioxide on the planet, we haven’t seen that for 50 million years”(1). The signs are everywhere: droughts in the American southwest, rising seas in Louisiana, tropical diseases spreading north, and extremes of weather from Florida to France. There are people that still say “global warming need not concern us” and “if it is happening at all, it is a natural trend there is not much we can do about it.” However, there is now hard evidence, which shows that the warming is not only real, it’s accelerating. The warming is altering the climate’s most basic chacteristics like rainfall, days of sunshine, and nighttime temperatures. These changes are damaging the environment and agricultural production, threatening wild species into extinction, and putting at risk human lifestyle, health, and cities near the sea. It starts with the warming. In the Artic, reports of heat waves and droughts seem far away. Over the last 100 years, the world has seen a 1 degree Fahrenheit rise in its average temperature (2). However, in Alaska and Canada, winter temperatures have increased by as much as 5-7 degrees Fahrenheit in the past 50 years (2). Global warming is already having a noticeable impact on the Artic. In...
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...and prepared by Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, which bears sole responsibility for their contents. Copymaster. Permission granted to make unlimited copies for use in any one school building. For educational use only. Not for commercial use or resale. US: www.wardsci.com Canada: www.wardsci.ca ©2012, Ward’s Natural Science All Rights Reserved 250-7455 v.7/12 AP® Investigation #5: Cell Processes: Photosynthesis –STUDENT GUIDE Kit # 36W7405 Background OBJEcTIVES ‹ Design a plan for collecting data to show that all biological systems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions. ‹ Use models to predict and justify that changes in the subcomponents of a biological polymer affect the functionality of the molecule. ‹ Analyze data to identify how molecular interactions affect structure and function. Growth and reproduction are heavily energy-dependent processes that have driven organisms to evolve strategies, structures, and processes that enable them to capture, utilize, and store free energy. Free energy is available in the environment in a multitude of forms, and...
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...large consumption. The reason why we disregard other resources consumption, like water consumption, is that this hotel has installed facilities as their infrastructures for water use efficiency. The reason why the ballroom (which is mainly for accepting customers, holding banquets and arranging meeting and other versatile functions) is our target objective is that the ballroom has a high utilization rate compared with such like bedrooms and entertainment areas etc. Another reason is that the ballroom takes up the largest space among the single area in the hotel and the solar panels are going to be installed on the roof of the ballroom. As the electricity consumption varies from season to season in that during summers and winters, the peaks of consumption will occur, especially in the summer because the AC systems, including all refrigerating facilities, keep working for 24 hours. Meanwhile, considering different alternatives that may be used as the energy resource for the hotel, solar panels are suggested after these factors have been taken into consideration that the high utilization rate of the solar panel, no transportation fees for resources supply, low installation cost and last but not the lease, the efficiency and durability of both facilities and energy. These panels...
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