...University of Phoenix Material Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership in Motion: Part One Learning Team Project Students are grouped into teams of three to five according to established criteria. Then, teams engage in a project that integrates collaborative and reflective practice in the following steps: • Identify a problem or need that exists in your emerging doctoral community. The identified problem or need should be intrinsic and unique to your specific cohort. Your team must provide empirical evidence of the problem or need. • Design an intervention to address the problem or need. The intervention’s design should include a systematic means of qualitatively assessing the intervention’s effect and a means of implementing changes to the intervention to ensure its long-term effectiveness in the community. In other words, build into the design explicit opportunities for praxis-oriented feedback loops and adjustments throughout the implementation process. • As a team, critically reflect on the team dynamics and processes that emerged during your teamwork. For example, what kinds of power exist in the team, and where does power reside? How does the team privilege or silence voices? Whose voices are privileged or silenced? What kinds of authority does the team use, and where does that authority reside? What tensions exist between explicit and implicit dynamics and processes? • As a team, articulate ideas for responding to and addressing issues of previously...
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...Det halve Grønland ramt af afsmeltning Efter et rekordvarmt 2010 med rekordafsmeltning af Grønlands indlandsis frygter forskerne, at selvforstærkende processer er begyndt at destabilisere de enorme ismasser Smeltevand på overfladen af indlandsisen vælter i sommermånederne ned i smeltevandsfloder under isen. Vandet er med til yderligere at underminere det frosne ismassiv, der visse steder er tre km tykt. Grønlands indlandsis tøede sidste år kraftigere end nogensinde før og afgav 510 mia. ton vand, der løb ud i havene omkring den store ø. Af: Jørgen Steen Nielsen, Information ,2. februar 2011 .Forårets tøvejr på den grønlandske indlandsis kommer nu 40 dage tidligere end for 40 år siden og varer 30 dage længere om efteråret. Det forklarer, at hele 52 pct. af indlandsisens areal sidste sommer blev ramt af afsmeltning - i alt 950.000 kvadratkilometer, hvilket er mere end nogensinde før i målingernes historie og mere end dobbelt så stort et område som tilbage i 1972. Det fremgår af nye forskningsresultater fra Grønland, som i dag præsenteres af den danske arktisk klimaforsker Sebastian H. Mernild fra Los Alamos National Laboratories på et videnskabeligt møde i Colorado under International Arctic Science Committee. »2010 var et usædvanlig varmt og tørt år i Grønland,« fortæller den danske forsker. Som andre forskere er han stærkt foruroliget over den accelererende afsmeltning af indlandsisen, ikke mindst fordi selvforstærkende mekanismer synes at være på spil. »I 2007 havde...
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...1. Describe what a greenhouse gas is and give examples of the common greenhouse gases. Why are greenhouse gases important to surface energy balance? A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect Examples of common greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, Chlorofluorocarbons, and ozone. Greenhouse gases strongly absorb the earth’s thermal infrared radiation, so they blanket the earth and reduce the cooling of the earth to space. Without these so-called greenhouse gases, the surface of the earth would be about 30 degrees Celsius cooler, it is too cold for life to exist. 2. What is shortwave radiation? What is longwave radiation? Shortwave radiation is basically radiant energy (light) in the visible, near infrared and near ultraviolet spectrum. Longwave radiation is the energy leaving the Earth as infrared radiation at low energy to Space. 3. Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide - Mauna Loa http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ Observed the plot and briefly describe the overall variation in CO2 from year 2009 to present and seasonality. What are the reasons for such a change in CO2, in your opinion, for the trend and seasonality respectively? The level of CO2 has been increasing from 2009 to 2014. The trend is a upper slope. The red indicator has illustrate the seasonality. Trend: In my...
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...Critically Evaluate the factors influencing the Global Heat Budget (40 marks) The global heat budget, also known as the atmospheric heat budget, is the balance between the incoming insolation (solar radiation), and outgoing radiation from Earth. Due to absorption, reflection and scattering throughout the atmosphere, the Earth’s surface only receives 24% of the incoming insolation. Whilst the atmosphere has a net deficit of energy, the surface has a net gain, except for the polar regions. This difference therefore results in movement of energy from the surface to the atmosphere. Several factors affect the amount of insolation and thus the heating of the atmosphere, including latitude, seasons, diurnal range, altitude, ocean currents, cloud cover, human activity, aspect, specific heat capacity and distance from the ocean. Latitude, defined as the angular distance of a place north or south of the equator, is often considered the main factor influencing the heat budget. As the latitude increases, the angle of the sun in the relative sky decreases, causing more insolation to be absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere. The curvature of the Earth results in the insolation spreading out over a larger surface area in more Northerly and Southerly latitudes than at the equator, thus lowering the amount of insolation per km2 at higher latitudes. NASA data indicates that areas around the equator absorbed around 200 W/m2 more on average than were reflected or radiated, whereas areas aroun...
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...Chapter 1: The End and Beginning Prologue Facing the young girl and her little sister, the armored knight raised his sword. To have mercy was to take away a life in a single strike. Struck by the sunlight, the sword glistened high up in the air. The girl shut her eyes and bit down on her lower lip. Her expression showed that she never wished for this situation. She was simply accepting it since there was nothing she could do. If the girl had power of some sort, she would have used it on the man before her eyes and ran away. But— the girl had no such power. Thus there existed only one conclusion. The girl would surely perish here. The sword struck down — —Yet she did not feel any pain. The girl opened her tightly shut eyes. The first thing that the girl saw in her world was the sword that had stopped in its path downward. The next thing that entered her sight was its wielder. He had stopped in motion as though he were encased in ice. The knight’s attention was no longer on the girl. The completely defenseless state of the knight clearly revealed the shock that surged inside him. As though led by the knight’s gaze, the girl also turned her face toward the same direction. Then— she saw despair. There was darkness. Pure darkness as thin as paper, yet of an unfathomable depth. It had emerged from the ground in an ovoid shape with its lower section cut. A scene that evoked mystique with indescribable apprehension. A...
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...climate stress. Urban areas drastically alter the natural landscape of the environments they replace and along with that, feed back loops that maintain local climate and ecosystems. The common identifiers of urban and suburban areas such as large buildings, blacktop surfaces, and roof tops not only directly affect the surfaces they replaced and the ecosystems the land supported, but also the stable climate that the land supported. Natural surfaces such as meadows and forests help to maintain local climates by performing multiple environmental services. When replaced by ubiquitous urban surfaces such as vast blacktop parking lots and roads the local evapotranspiration and albedo are reduced and heat-trapping environments are created (Buyantuyev and Jianguo, 2010). The high concentration of impervious low albedo surfaces in urban areas means that heat is more concentrated in those areas compared to their surrounding natural land. This phenomenon occurs in many urban settings and is known as the Urban Heat Island effect (UHI). Since the Chinese government began its reform process in 1978, Shanghai, China has been constantly expanding and urbanizing. Past studies of the historical UHI in Shanghai have shown that the intensity of the UHI has increased from year to year along with increasing urban energy use and area of paved road and decreasing area of cropland (Zhang et al., 2010). In a study of the human health consequences of the UHI in Shanghai, Zhang et al. found that there...
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...Describe and explain the characteristics of the British climate (40) The purpose of this essay is to describe, with specific reference to highland and lowland regions, the British climate. also an explanation of how air masses, latitude, continentally, and ocean currents can interact to determine the British climate before reaching a conclusion as to the ultimate determining factor. The climate or average weather conditions in Britain for a protracted period of time can be classified as ‘Temperature Maritime’. This is the climate typical of the west coasts at middle latitudes of most continents, and generally features warm summers and cool winters, with a relatively narrow annual temperature range. In 2014, the UK mean temperature for summer was 14.8°C and in the winter the mean temperature was 5.2°C. In the UK, the average rainfall in the lowlands is a lot lower than the average rainfall in the highlands. the overall total rainfall for 2014 was 1300mm, 113% of the 1981-2010 average. Highland Britain, lies north of Tees-exe line, is usually colder, in both winter and summer than lowland Britain Manchester is located in highland Britain and is much colder than Brighton, which is located in lowland Britain. The mean maximum temperature in summer between 1981 and 2010 in the UK’s lowlands was 20°C, and the minimum mean temperature was 11°C. In the highlands however, the mean maximum temperature was 15°C and the mean minimum temperature was 8-9°C. in the summer, it was...
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...Outline for Climate Change Introduction: Why does climate change matter? Biochemically speaking, why is temperature so important? Temperature is critical to biochemical reactions, because it determines the effectiveness of the enzymes controlling the reactions. What is an ectotherm? ectotherms, organisms whose body temperature depends on the surrounding environment. What is the connection between performance and temperature in ectotherms? For these organisms, how fast they grow,1 how quickly they move,2,3 and almost everything else about their behavior and functioning is affected by external temperatures. What is the Goldilocks principle? And to what can it be applied when it comes to temperature? Goldilocks principle when the temperature is just right, enzyme activity is maximized. It is the optimum temperature, where an enzyme or things work at its best. Can be applied to enzymes, performance, population growth rates. How does temperature relate to species richness? As temperature increases the species richness (the number of species in a given area) increases So, what’s the big deal? many biological processes exhibit the same basic hump-shaped relationship with temperature, in which temperatures that are too low or too high impair or sometimes even terminate critical biological processes.1This is why climate change is the focus of so much scientific research. Part 1: Detecting climate change What is the difference between weather and climate? How is this...
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...UNIT 1 EDEXCEL GEOGRAPHY MAY 2010 QUESTION 8 a) Suggest why some groups and communities view the melting of Greenland’s ice sheet as an opportunity rather than a threat. (10) Some groups and communities view the melting of Greenland’s ice sheet as an opportunity rather than a threat because the melting ice creates some commercial advantages for the Arctic region; the Northern Sea Route, North of Canada, is the quickest way of travelling from Europe to the Pacific and Asia. This also increases the tourism opportunities because 30% of Inuit earn income from sculpture and printmaking for tourists, as the tourist ships are able to transport to the northern Canada. As the rapidly melting ice offers commercial opportunities in shipping, tourism and oil and gas extraction, the world’s largest economies are struggling but as well as trying to achieve and get hold of the region within the Arctic. A region in the Arctic thought to be contain 30% of the world’s undiscovered gas and 13%% of undiscovered oil. In addition, more oil can be used by groups of Inuit for essentials like the uses of fossil fuels. In Alaska, due to the new drilling activity, it creates new job opportunities and incomes for the local economy, which means more Inuit, get the job opportunities like this. Furthermore, there are currently four more mining operation being setting up and soon, it will provide jobs for natives in Greenland. In 2007, the Northwest Passage between Canada and Arctic melted enough to...
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...by temperature and color into seven different classes. The classes are as followed, O: 30,000 - 60,000 K(elvin) (Blue stars) B: 10,000 - 30,000 K (Blue-white stars) A: 7,500 - 10,000 K (White stars) F: 6,000 - 7,500 K (Yellow-white stars) G: 5,000 - 6,000 K (Yellow stars or in our case, our sun) K: 3,500 - 5,000 K (Yellow-orange stars) M: 3,500 K (Red stars) Section One, Part Five Earth has an energy budget, but not like the one that you or your family has. Earth's energy budget is how much energy reaches earth from the sun. What controls this "budget" is the earths albedo. The albedo refers to how much light and heat is reflected by the atmosphere, clouds, yourself, soil. Everything has an albedo. The earths total albedo is 0.3%. If the albedo happened to go up to say 0.5%, the earth would reflect more light and heat so the earth would cool down and may even result in an ice age. If we had a lower albedo 0.3% we would heat up so much we could maybe even burn. Section Two, Part One Just over 4 billion years ago, our earth was just a speck in a planetary nebula. The sun was formed in the center of the nebula(Refer for two section 1, part one) hydrogen and helium and other light elements are caught in the path of solar wins, and hauled away. Left behind are the heavy, Rocky materials. These materials smashed informed together, creating earth score. Have your materials are sucked to the center whilst feel later materials for the crust. Section Two, Part Two Mercury, Venus...
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...Ice Ages Glaciations are long lasting periods during which temperatures around the entire earth down considerably resulting in the expansion of the continental ice of the polar ice caps and glaciers. "In periods of glaciation are more severe conditions and others a little more temperate glacial and interglacial periods called periods respectively." There have been several periods of glaciation throughout the life of our planet Earth, The Huronian (2400-2100 thousand years), Cryogenic (850-635 ty), the Andean-Saharan Africa (450-420 ty) Karoo (360-260 ty) and Quaternary (2.58 ty-present). Within each of those years of glaciation may have subdivisions depending on the geographical scope and the time of glaciation. The Huronian glaciation glaciation is the oldest known and most lasting. The second glaciation known as Cryogenic was considered the most severe and is believed to date produced more than one SNOWBALL EARTH in the balloon terraque froze completely. It is known as SNOWBALL EARTH to a series of global glaciations where oceans and continents were covered by thick ice sheets reaching temperatures of -50 degrees Celsius. His impact was so strong that he thinks that life was about to disappear from the planet. It is believed that periods of intense cold were obstacles to the evolution of multicellular life. The oldest known embryos appear a million years after completion of the global glaciation. It is assumed that the ice and the cold prevented the...
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...The Snowball Earth Hypothesis [pic] FIRST NAME, LAST NAME ID# Course number Contents Introduction 3 Synoptic Description of the Snowball Earth Hypothesis 3 Causes of the Snowball Earth 5 Occurrence of the Snowball Effect 6 Impacts of the Snowball Effect 8 Personal Suggestions 9 Conclusion 10 Works Cited 12 Introduction Massive changes in the earth’s climate are of particular note to environmental studies as they bear the potential to affect life greatly. Such geological and climatological changes are associated with the different ages that the earth has lived through, as well as the extinction and generation of various life forms. The Snowball Earth Hypothesis represents a concept explaining a possible climate and geological change in a past age in which the earth was entirely covered with ice. It explains contemporary observations about rock type distribution such as equatorial sedimentary deposits considered being from glacial origin (Cowen 50-51). This study analyzes the Hypothesis, providing a synoptic distribution, cause explanation, occurrence, and impact, before presenting a personal suggestion based on reflection on the evidence analyzed. Synoptic Description of the Snowball Earth Hypothesis The Snowball Earth Hypothesis focusses on the unparalleled climatic fluctuations that occurred during the Neoproterozoic time, positing that a global ice cover characterized this period. The hypothesis posits that the earth completely...
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...CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GLOBAL HEAT BUDGET - 40 MARKS The global heat budget is the balance between incoming insolation, and outgoing radiation from Earth. There are many factors that influence this heat budget, some of which are more important than others. In this essay I am going to describe and explain each factor involved. Insolation is the incoming energy from the sun in shortwave ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The distribution of insolation over the Earth’s surface is complicated; however there are patterns to be seen. Insolation has numerous aspects to it that each affects it in turn, which are divided into three categories of long term, short term and local. Quite possibly the most important aspect is latitude, a long term factor. The effect of latitude on the heat budget can be seen all over the globe, but the most striking examples are that the annual amount of insolation in the Arctic region, located 66° north of the equator, is 75 W/m2 however it is 275 W/m2 in Egypt, located 26° north of the equator. Latitude holds such a large effect on insolation because a variation in latitude means variations in the altitude of the sun. Altitude of the sun affects insolation because as the angle of the sun in the sky decreases and becomes more oblique, the land area to be heated up by the rays and the depth of atmosphere they must travel through increase. Therefore the amount of insolation lost through absorption, scattering and reflection increases....
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...8.3 the Sun Powers Earth`S Climate System 8.3 The Sun Powers Earth`s Climate System Homework - Thursday 09/06/12 pg. 329 #1-6 1. Explain how the ocean interacts with the Sun’s radiation. The ocean interacts with the Sun’s radiation by reflecting and absorbing the Sun’s radiation. I think the ocean absorbs the radiation because depending on the season the area by the mass of water is about 1°C or 2°C difference in temperature proving the ocean does absorb the Sun’s radiation. Although it absorbs heat I also thing the ocean has a medium albedo. The ocean is light coloured/clear, and is a different form of ice which has the highest albedo. Therefore the ocean interacts with the Sun’s radiation by reflecting and absorbing the heat energy. 2. The amount of energy Earth absorbs is equal to the amount of energy it radiates. Why is this important? Explain your answer. It’s important that the amount of energy Earth absorbs is equal to the amount of energy it radiates because on Earth we need to keep the temperature at a sustainable temperature, meaning the Earth can’t be too hot or too cold. For there to be a sustainable environment the Earth needs to maintain a healthy temperature for human life, and other life. By equally absorbing and reflecting the radiation from the Sun Earth is able to support life, this is very important. 3. The Sun shines continuously on Earth. Explain why Earth does not keep warming up. Even though the Sun shines continuously on Earth...
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...An important ecosystem service provided by forests is the ability to counter-act the effects of global warming. Carbon dioxide, a contributing factor to global warming, is taken up by the plants and vegetation contained in forests through photosynthesis and the resulting carbon is stored in both living and dead plant biomass. This process, known as carbon sequestration, greatly reduces the potential for global climate change (IPCC 2001). Forest cover also affects the albedo, that is, the proportion of incident solar radiation that is reflected by the earths surface. The dense green coloured canopy of tropical forests have a low albedo when compared with grasslands or deforested areas. This allows for more incident solar radiation to be absorbed and cooler air termperatures (O’Brien 1996). Perhaps the most important ecosystem service provided by forests, which is a basic requirement for life, is the supply of clean water. Forests facilitate the storage of clean water through filtering precipitation through the tree canopy. This, in effect, slows the rate at which precipitation collects at the ground surface allowing it to remain unsaturated. It is estimated that over 2/3 of the clean water supply is United States is contained within stream water, which was filtered through forests, with a direct value exceeding $27 billion per year (Snail 2009). This clean water can be captured and stored in watersheds that in turn, can be used for variety of purposes including agriculture,...
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