...Course : Environmental Science The primary air pollutants in China Associate Professor : XU Bin Student: Dragan Cigoja Student number: 1593686 Mentor: Lecturer WU Bing The primary air pollutants in China API Air Pollution Index China State Environment protection Agency started with daily pollution monitoring from 2008 and it was covered 86 most important cities. Its purpouse is to check daily air quality by measuring the level of six atmospheric pollutants (table 1). Air pollutant Particle pollution Formula Source Health implication PM2.5 Particular matters of 2,5 micrometers or smaller. motor vehicles, power plants, residential wood burning, forest fires, agricultural burning Bring toxic chemicals and heavy metals into the body and with them risk of cancer as well as heart and lung diseases Particular matters larger than 2,5 micrometers and smaller tha 10 micrometers in diametar. Near roads and dusty industries irritation of the eyes, nose and throat coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath,reduced lung function, irregular heartbeat, asthma attacks,heart attacks, premature death in people with heart or lung diseas. Short term exposures result with an multiplicity of harmful effects including bronchoconstriction and increased asthma symptoms. These effects are partialy important during the exercising or playing. long-term exposure to NO2 levels currently observed in Europe may decrease lung function and increase the risk of respiratory symptoms such as acute...
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...Mongolian air pollution In Mongolia’s capital, air pollution is 6-7 times higher than the most lenient World Health Organization standards. STORY HIGHLIGHTS * Mongolia’s capital Ulaanbaatar is one the world’s most polluted cities – its “harmful dust” is 6-7 times higher than the most lenient World Health Organization standards. * Luckily, the issue is drawing more attention – International organizations including the World Bank are working with the Mongolian government to find solutions. * A newly-launched project will help local residents install more energy-efficient stoves and boilers & make the urban district heating system more eco-friendly. RELATED WORLD BANK * Download Report: Air Quality Analysis of Ulaanbaatar-Improving Air Quality to Reduce Health Impacts * Project: Ulaanbaatar Clean Air Project * Blog: Mongolia's growing shantytowns - the cold and toxic ger districts MULTIMEDIA VIDEO Mongolia: Curbing Air Pollution in the Capital City Gerelchimeg lives in one of the “ger areas” of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia’s capital. Ger means nomadic tent in Mongolian – former herders who lost their domestic animals to harsh winters or who are looking for better job opportunities brought their gers to the city and settled on the close-in city outskirts, without piped water, sanitation or basic city infrastructure. Even worse, dwellers of ger areas like Gerelchimeg have to breathe the thick, toxic smog of the city – when breathing, their lungs...
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...FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION: COST AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF LARGE SCALE PROVEN PLANTS by Mr. Jean Tilly ,..Sc. Thesis, Chemical Engineering Dept. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 and Energy Laboratory Report No. MIT-EL 33-006 June 1983 - 01110 1, *II 111114111E10, 11 I ,1I IEY9 1 1 1,iiiii1mlonl -2- FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION: COST AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF LARGE - SCALE AND PROVEN PLANTS by Jean Tilly Submitted to the Department of Chemical Engineering on May 6, 1983 in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Technology and Policy ABSTRACT Flue Gas Desulfurization is a method of controlling the emission of sulfurs, which causes the acid rain. The following study is based on 26 utilities which burn coal, have a generating capacity of at least 50 Megawatts (MW) and whose Flue Gas Desulfurization devices have been operating for at least 5 years. An analysis is made of the capital and annual costs of these systems using a comparison of four main processes: lime, limestone, dual alkali and sodium carbonate scrubbing. The functional analysis, based on operability, allows a readjustment of the annual costs and a determination of the main reasons for failure. Finally four detailed case studies are analyzed and show the evolution of cost and operability along the years. Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Dan Golomb Title: Visiting Scientist -3- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT a I would like to express...
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...INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT AT KAPAR ENERGY VENTURES SDN.BHD KAPAR, SELANGOR BY CHOLAN A/L VENU (ME090139) DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL START DATE :09/03/15 END DATE :29/05/15 ABSTRACT As a third year degree student in Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Hons.), I have been assigned to undergo industrial training for 12 weeks. This industrial training is one of the vital part of my coursework whereby I will be able to graduate from the degree programme if and only if I passed this industrial training session. Therefore, I have applied to several companies and Kapar Energy Ventures Sdn. Bhd., one of the leading companies in power plant field accepted my application as an intern. I went through a lot of challenging as well as knowledgeable working experiences throughout the industrial training period. Therefore, I am writing this report based on my working experiences during the industrial training period. The main purpose of this report is to put down in writing the record of my training experiences. Apart from that this report is also written with the purpose of explaining my visiting supervisor about every task as well as aspects that have been assigned to me as my job scope throughout the entire industrial training period. I hope this report will serve as a summary or as an overall view for my industrial training period. Apart from summarizing the entire industrial training experience, this report also ...
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...900:2008 Certified Comp. BOILER-BASICS What is a Boiler? Boiler, also called STEAM GENERATOR, is an apparatus designed to convert a liquid to vapor. In a conventional steam power plant, a boiler consists of a furnace in which fuel is burned, surfaces to transmit heat from the combustion products to the water, and a space where steam can form and collect. A conventional boiler has a furnace that burns a fossil fuel or, in some installations, waste fuels. A nuclear reactor can also serve as a source of heat for generating steam under pressure. Boilers were built as early as the 1st century AD by Hero of Alexandria but were used only as toys. Not until the 17th century was serious consideration given to the potential of steam power for practical work. Denis Papin of France designed the first boiler with a safety valve in 1679; boilers were made of wrought iron; as the advantages of high pressure and temperature were realized, manufactures turned to steel. Modern boilers are made of alloy steel to withstand high pressures and extremely high temperatures. Most conventional steam boilers are classed as either fire-tube or water tube types. In the fire-tube type, the water surrounds the steel tubes through which hot gases from the furnace flow. The steam generated collects above the water level in a cylindrically shaped drum. A safety valve is set to allow escape of steam at pressures above normal operating pressure; this device is necessary on all boilers, because continued addition...
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...Article 2 Sustainable Plant of the Year: Frito-Lay Casa Grande Plant Attains Near Net Zero Efficiency was built into Frito-Lay’s Casa Grande plant a quarter-century ago, but the snack maker takes the facility’s energy- and water-conservation systems to a new level with near net zero. Is it feasible for food or beverage production ever to be resource neutral, consuming no more gas, electricity, water and other utilities than what it generates itself? Perhaps theoretically, but not as a practical matter. Still, placing sustainable manufacturing in the context of assuring resource availability so operational capabilities are maintained, regardless of external disruptions, is intriguing. What would a food plant with net-zero impact look like? A close proximity sprawls across 283 acres of the Sonoran desert in Arizona. Part learning lab, part sustainability showcase, the Frito-Lay facility in Casa Grande is the focus of the snack food manufacturer’s ambitious goal of creating a blueprint for sustained production in a resource-strapped tomorrow. Most of the energy-generation and water-reclamation technology in Casa Grande can be found elsewhere in the Frito-Lay production network, but never before has such a comprehensive infrastructure been created. The result is a plant that pushes the limits of what is possible in energy and water self-sufficiency. Selection of Casa Grande came after an assessment of Frito-Lay’s 37 US facilities by the US Department of Energy’s National Renewable...
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...Industrial Technologies Program, works with industry to identify plant-wide opportunities for energy savings and process efficiency. The BestPractices Steam Steering Committee provides a great deal of input and guidance into the program (see more information about the Committee on pages 1 and 2). Mr. Fred Fendt, Technical Fellow with Rohm & Haas, serves as Chair of the BestPractices Steam Steering Committee. Ms. Debbie Bloom, Senior Consultant for Nalco Company, continues as Vice-Chair. Mr. Doug Riley, Director of Global Energy of Millennium Chemicals, serves as the Executive At-Large. These individuals participate on the BestPractices Steam Steering Committee: Bob Bessette President, Council of Industrial Boiler Owners Victor Bogosian Director of Inspections, National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors Charles Cottrell Director of Technical Services, North American Insulation Manufacturers Association Beverly France President, Industrial Interactions Robert Griffin Industrial Energy Consultant, Enbridge Gas Distribution Glenn Hahn Service Manager – Energy Services Group, Spirax...
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...Aqualisa Quartz Subject: How to best market the new Aqualisa Quartz line of showers Problem: Aqualisa has created a superior new shower line that seems to be perfect for the needs of customers but the sales are far below expectations. Customers do not have brand awareness of Aqualisa, plumbers are wary of innovation and salesmen are unsure of how to positively market a product without negatively reflecting on other products in their company. Background of the situation: In the United Kingdom only about 60% of homes have showers due to the unique issues of bathroom remodels in Victorian era homes. Homes with plumbing from this period are gravity fed, with a separate boiler; this meant poor water pressure and temperature fluctuations. Three types of shower solutions were installed in UK bathrooms. * Electric Showers use water from cold water supply. Electrical heating elements in the shower raise the temperature of the water. This type of shower did not address the flow problem. These are a budget solution and very bulky. * Mixer Shower valves; either Manual or Thermostatic. Both mix hot and cold water to create the desired temperature of the water; these require a lot of excavation of the wall during the installation. To help the water pressure additional booster pump was used. These are a high end, attractive, but costly solution. * Integral power showers are compact with thermostatic mixer valve and a booster pump. They require mounting of a box in the wall...
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...By Jazmine Bennett Jarett Diamond Gary Fischer Kerby Smithson A project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Natural Resources and Environment) School of Natural Resources and Environment University of Michigan April 2010 Project Advisor: Scott Noesen Disclaimer Unless otherwise explicitly stated, the views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the University of Michigan, the School of Natural Resources and the Environment, the Arbor Brewing Company, or any entity other than the members of the Green Brewery Project student team. This document contains many forward-looking statements, including predictions of project costs, payback periods, performance characteristics, incentive award amounts, etc. Such statements are the results of careful analysis by the team, using the best information available at the time, and based on certain expectations and assumptions which are identified wherever possible. A variety of factors could cause the actual results to differ from predicted outcomes. Advice from qualified professionals should be sought to complement the advice contained herein. The Green Brewery Project | Disclaimer i Acknowledgements The Green Brewery Project could not have been a success without the help of many people and organizations. First we would like to thank Matt and Rene Greff and all of the Corner Brewery Staff for allowing us to do this project and being cooperative...
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...7. PROJECT MANAGEMENT Syllabus Definition and scope of project, Technical design, Financing, Contracting, Implementation and performance monitoring. Implementation plan for top management, Planning Budget, Procurement Procedures, Construction, Measurement & Verification. 7.1 Introduction Project management is concerned with the overall planning and co-ordination of a project from conception to completion aimed at meeting the stated requirements and ensuring completion on time, within cost and to required quality standards. Project management is normally reserved for focused, non-repetitive, time-limited activities with some degree of risk and that are beyond the usual scope of operational activities for which the organization is responsible. 7.2 Steps in Project Management The various steps in a project management are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.2.1 Project Definition and Scope Technical Design Financing Contracting Implementation Performance Monitoring Project Definition and Scope What is a Project? “A project is a one-shot, time-limited, goal-directed, major undertaking, requiring the commitment of varied skills and resources”. A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service. A project is temporary in that there is a defined start (the decision to proceed) and a defined end (the achievement of the goals and objectives). Ongoing business or maintenance operations are not projects. Energy conservation projects and process improvement...
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...is to supply the production line with chilled water. The current chiller plant is electric driven. | Summer | Winter | | Weekday | Weekend | Weekday | Weekend | | Day | Night | Day | Night | Day | Night | Day | Night | Electricity consumption (kWh) | 2,205,072 | 836,654 | 309,605 | 126,821 | 2,194,749 | 813,301 | 343,068 | 137,186 | Fuel consumption (kWh) | 3,024,635 | 1,245,438 | - | - | 3,618,453 | 1,489,951 | - | - | Table 1 - Electricity and Gas consumption over a calendar year Table 2 below illustrates possible cogeneration schemes. As heating (hot water) is only required during production hours, the CHP plant will be installed in primary position, with a conventional boiler meeting electricity demand during off production hours. It would not be economically viable to install a larger CHP plant to meet the entire electricity needs of the production line, as all the heat generated during off production hours would be wasted. | Estimated savings...
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...used to cool the plant and the company has to have a permit to release the water back into the environment. The water may contain lead and arsenic and will have to be managed. Wisconsin Power & Light’s just settled a lawsuit that ended up with WP&L paying out 2.45 million for alleged violations of air pollution laws. WP&L agreed to pay out 8.5 million for environmental projects and that will include 5 million to solar power investments, 2 million to boast power from wind and hydropower plants. This is to be over the next 5 years. WP&L did not install the proper environment control equipment and that is the reason for the suit. The big thing is paying 1.2 billion to keep the big plant up and running with installing the needed pollution control items. Wisconsin is discontinuing about 17% of their coal burning fleet and that is about 1500 Megawatts of power and two plants are the Nelson Dewey plant in Cassville and two of the three boilers in Sheboygan, 590 megawatts of coal will be retired, or the equivalent of one large modern coal plant. Coal is roughly 49% of our electrical producing product. With wind and solar and hydro combined is roughly 7.5% External costs of coal mining and power generation include the following:[3] Reduction in life expectancy (particulates, sulfur dioxide, ozone, heavy metals, benzene, radionuclides, etc.) Respiratory hospital admissions (particulates, ozone, sulfur dioxide) Congestive heart failure (particulates and carbon monoxide) Non-fatal...
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...companies only offer deals to their customers, while others are open to all. For more information go to www.which.co.uk/insulate. OsRaM Tested 14 WInTeR fueL PayMenT Winter comforts Best Buys and advice to save money and keep your home warm O sc Re ty www.which.co.uk ili 28 Which? November 2012 800 LuMens and abOve 1 Ikea Sparsam 15W 301.494.53 £10 15 820 cFL 3 2.10 28 HHHH OsRaM Duluxstar 21W £3 21 650 cFL 3 1.84 0 HHHH HHHH 3 OsRaM Dulux Superstar 30W £11 30 2,000 cFL 4.19 49 £4 £6 20 1,200 cFL 20 1,160 cFL 2.73 2.79 68 60 HHHHH HHHH HHHH HHHH HHHH HHH LuMens and WaTTs Lumens (lm) indicate how bright the bulb is, and watts tell you how much power it uses. An old 40W incandescent bulb would produce approximately 200-500lm, and a 100W incandescent somewhere between 900-1,300lm. HHHHH HHHHH 78% 2 4 Ikea Sparsam 20W 201.981.42 5 PHILIPs T65 Softone 600 TO 800 LuMens £29 12 650 LED 1.84 0 HHHH £2.50 12 715...
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...By: Suzanne Robertson SN: 300210816 By: Suzanne Robertson SN: 300210816 Energy Conservation and Management in an Energy Obsessed World Contents Executive Summary 3 Introduction 4 Energy Alternatives 4 Biomass Energy 5 Wind Energy 6 Solar Energy 6 Technology 7 Energy Efficient Lighting 7 Intelligent thermostats 8 Sub Metering 8 Ozone Laundering Systems 8 Implementing Programs 9 Economics of Energy Conservation 9 NYSERDA 10 Rebates 10 Low interest loans 12 Global energy conservation 12 The ‘Price’ of Energy 12 Developing world 13 Conclusion 13 Executive Summary Energy conservation and management is a vital part of any corporation, especially one that depends as highly on the consumption of energy as hospitality does. Conserving energy for these corporations doesn’t only improve their bottom line but also helps to ensure that they are doing their part and are attending to their corporate social responsibility. Within the hospitality industry there are many different ways that a manager can choose to improve the management and conservation of energy. Ensuring that all of the machinery on the property is up to date, well maintained and the most energy efficient model available is a good start to reducing the energy consumed on the property. However, there are other things that can be done as well. For instance, instead of just upgrading the machinery they could replace it entirely with energy conserving technology alternatives. They also have the options...
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...Contents Introduction 3 Process Flow 4 1. Raw material 5 2. Washing 5 3. Slicing 6 4. Diffusion/Extraction 6 5. Carbonation 8 6. Filtration 10 7. Evaporators 10 8. Crystallization 12 9. Centrifugals 13 10. Dryer 13 11. Screen 14 Process plant drawing (include P&ID) 15 Washing 15 Slicing 15 Diffusion 16 Carbonation and filtering 16 Evaporation 17 Crystallization 18 Process Plant Drawing 19 Suitable Controller 20 Ultra-high Speed Processing 21 Sensor Control Function 21 Built-in Network Function 22 Built-in Modbus/TCP Slave (Server) Function (when using F3SP7) 22 Multiple CPUs 22 Program Reusability 23 Efficient System Maintenance 23 Open Network 23 Suitable Sensor 24 Level Sensor 24 Flow Sensor 25 RTD 27 PH Sensor 29 Comparison and reasons of choosing the sensors 30 Suitable Tank /Valve /Pipe Sizing 31 Tank & Storage 31 Pipe 40 Suitable Valves and Actuators 41 Pneumatic actuator 41 Electric actuator 44 Valve 48 Estimation cost 49 Constrains 50 Conclusions 51 Reference 52 Introduction Sugar is only one type of sweetener. The other types of caloric sweeteners include corn syrup, honey and other edible syrups like sorghum. In the United States, the most frequently consumed sweeteners are sugar and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Sugar, or sucrose, is a carbohydrate that occurs naturally in every fruit and vegetable. It is the major product...
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