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How to Be a Good Parent

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Submitted By ozieal
Words 1045
Pages 5
1. Pengenalan
 Wacana berasal daripada retorik klasik, yang merupakan teknik atau seni pujukan secara lisan, atau seni berbicara.
 Istilah wacana dipelopori dan dipopularkan oleh Zellig Harris (1952) di Amerika
Syarikat.
 Di Malaysia, perhatian kepada wacana dirintis pada pertengahan 1960-an oleh Yunus
Maris, dan mendapat perhatian yang semakin besar bermula pada tahun 1980-an.

2. Pengertian Wacana
 = Unit bahasa yang melebihi batas ayat, sama ada ayat, sejumlah ayat, ceraian, bab, buku, siri buku, dan sebagainya yang menampakkan kesatuan dan hubungan antara buah fikiran dan perkembangan fikiran (akliah).

 = Satuan bahasa yang terlengkap, tertinggi dan terbesar dalam hierarki gramatikal (susunan tatabahasa), seperti dalam bentuk karangan yang utuh, paragraf, ayat atau perkataan yang mengemukakan amanat yang lengkap; tidak hanya terbatas kepada satuan kalimat (ayat), tetapi melibatkan satuan-satuan yang lebih besar.

Kesimpulan: Wacana merupakan unit bahasa yang lebih tinggi atau besar daripada ayat, atau bentuk yang lebih daripada satu ayat, yang memperlihatkan kesatuan, hubungan, perkaitan atau pertalian maklumat secara berurutan, sama ada dikemukakan secara lisan atau bertulis.

3. Fungsi Wacana
 Penggunaan bahasa dalam konteks atau situasi yang sebenar.
 Mewujudkan hubungan dan perkembangan fikiran yang berurutan dan lengkap; menjadikan sesuatu pengucapan atau penulisan itu utuh.
 Memudahkan pemahaman, kerana idea lengkap, berhubung kait. dan dihubungkan dengan teratur.

4. Ciri Wacana
4.1 Mempunyai keutuhan: adanya kohesi dan koheren
(a) Memperlihatkan kohesi / tautan
Kohesi/Tautan = satuan yang menunjukkan hubungan erat atau keserasian hubungan antara unsur linguistik dengan unsur linguistik yang lain dalam sesuatu wacana.
Saya dan keluarga pulang ke kampung. Dalam perjalanan, hujan turun dengan lebatnya. Keadaan itu menyebabkan kami tiba lewat di sana.
(b) Terdapatnya koheren / runtutan
Koheren/Runtutan = kesinambungan idea dalam sesuatu wacana.
 Susunan teratur
 Isi/maklumat disampaikan dengan kemas dan rapi
 Makna jelas dan difahami

Guruh semakin kuat. Dentumannya seperti hendak merobohkan pondok buruk itu. Hujan juga kian menggila. Kami tidak dapat ke mana-mana.

4.2 Ciri lain:
(a) Mempunyai tujuan.
Tujuan akan menentukan jenis ayat yang digunakan, sama ada ayat tanya, ayat suruhan, dan sebagainya.
(b) Wujud hubungan penutur-pendengar / penulis-pembaca.
(c) Mengandungi maklumat:
(i) Maklumat baharu.
= Maklumat yang belum ada dalam ayat atau bahagian sebelumnya.
(ii) Maklumat tidak bertentangan.

5. Penanda Wacana
Penanda wacana = perangkai ayat dengan ayat, dan perenggan dengan perenggan, yang menunjukkan wujudnya kesinambungan idea dengan ayat yang sebelumnya.
Saya dan keluarga pulang ke kampung. Dalam perjalanan, hujan turun dengan lebatnya. Keadaan itu menyebabkan kami tiba lewat di sana.
Guruh semakin kuat. Dentumannya seperti hendak merobohkan pondok buruk itu. Hujan juga kian menggila. Kami tidak dapat ke mana-mana.

5.1 Penanda Penghubung
= Untuk menjalinkan kata dengan kata, frasa dengan frasa, klausa dengan klausa, dan ayat dengan ayat.
Jenis /
Fungsi
Penghubung Perkataan Contoh
Tambahan
 Akhirnya
 Begitu juga
 Dalam pada itu
 Di samping itu
 Kemudian
 Lagi pula
 Pertama
 Sehubungan dengan hal itu
 Sehubungan dengan itu
 Selain itu
 Tambahan lagi
 Tambahan pula
Tentangan
 Akan tetapi
 Biarpun
 Biarpun begitu
 Meskipun
 Namun begitu
 Namun demikian
 Sebaliknya
 Sebernarnya
 Sungguhpun
 Walau bagaimanapun  Walaupun
 Walaupun begitu
 Walaupun demikian Musabab
 Maka
 Jadi
 Akibatnya
 Lantaran itu
 Oleh sebab itu
 Oleh itu
 Oleh hal demikian
 Dengan demikian
 Namun demikian
Kesimpulan
 Akhirnya
 Dengan kata lain
 Jadi
 Kesimpulannya
 Pendek kata
 Pendeknya
 Ringkasnya
 Secara ringkasnya
Tempoh
 Akhirnya
 Kemudian
 Pada waktu itu
 Selanjutnya
 Selepas itu
 Seterusnya
5.2 Penanda Rujukan
= Hubungan antara kata dengan benda yang dirujuk.
 Kata rujukan terdiri daripada:
 Kata ganti nama diri orang: dia, mereka, kami, kita, baginda, beliau
 Kata ganti nama tunjuk: itu, ini, tersebut
 Tiga orang pelajar memenangi pertandingan roket air. Mereka akan mewakili daerah.
 Jalan di depan rumahnya sudah lama rosak. Jalan itu belum dibaiki.
5.3 Penanda Penggantian
= Penggantian suatu unsur dengan unsur yang lain dalam wacana yang sama
 Nageri Terengganu menghantar seratus orang atlet dalam persaingan
Sukma kali ini. Mereka termasuklah pelumba basikal, pelari, pemain hoki dan petinju.

5.4 Penanda Leksikal
= Pengulangan unsur bahasa, termasuklah kata, sinonimnya, dan kolokasi.
(a) Pengulangan kata
• Ponteng semacam sudah menjadi darah dagingnya. Setiap minggu dia pasti akan ponteng dua hari. Memang luar biasa kalau dia tidak ponteng. (b) Pengulangan sinonim
• Dia memandang kami seketika. Selepas itu, dia menoleh ke arah seberang jalan. Kami hairan melihat gelagatnya.
(c) Pengulangan kolokasi
• Pencerobohan hutan mengakibatkan habitat hidupan liar musnah.
Kera, rusa, babi dan burung terpaksa berpindah ke kawasan lain.
5.5 Penanda Elipsis (Pengguguran)
= Penghilangan atau peniadaan kata atau frasa yang disebut sebelumnya.
• Pak Johari bangun, lalu ( Ø ) bergerak ke belakang rumah. Panggilan
Mak Gayah tidak dihiraukan ( Ø ).
• Mereka membeli alas meja, ( Ø ) kain langsir, ( Ø ) permaidani, dan juga ( Ø ) kertas dinding untuk mengindahkan rumah sewa itu.

Hubungan Wacana dari Aspek Semantik
= Hubungan dari aspek kesepaduan makna, dilihat antara bahagian wacana, keseluruhan wacana, situasi wacana, dan unsur paralinguistik yang terdapat dalam wacana. (a) Hubungan sebab dan akibat.
• Wanita itu selalu memarahi anaknya. Anaknya lari dari rumah.
• Dia terpelecok ketika melalui tebing itu. Buku lali kakinya cedera.
• Pemain itu tidak bersemangat. Dia kalah dengan teruknya.
(b) Hubungan sebab dan hasil.
• Budak itu sangat rajin. Dia dapat menjawab semua soalan dengan baik.
• Ayah sentiasa berjimat-cermat. Sekarang dia dapat membeli rumah.
• Atlet itu memecut dengan lajunya. Dengan itu dia dapat memotong atlet lain dan memenangi perlumbaan itu.
(c) Hubungan sebab dan tujuan.
• Kami tidak datang esok. Kami mahu membantu ibu.
• Rosli berlalu lebih awal. Dia takut akan ketinggalan bas.
• Emak menghalau kucing itu. Dia tidak mahu kucing itu mencuri ikannya.
(d) Hubungan latar dengan kesimpulan
• Tiang itu sukar untuk dipotong. Tiang itu dibuat daripada kayu cengal.
• Sungguh bersih kawasan itu. Rupa-rupanya sentiasa dijaga oleh ibunya.
• Enak sekali masakan itu. Rupa-rupanya kuih itu buah tangan chef terkenal.
(e) Hubungan syarat dan hasil
• Kita perlu menyelesaikan hal ini dengan cepat. Dengan itu kita dapat menyelamatkan keluarga kamu.
• Kamu harus bekerja keras. Tentu kamu akan berjaya
• Kita wajib menjaga kebersihan diri. Dengan itu kita akan sentiasa sihat.
(f) Hubungan perbandingan
• Budak itu memang bijak. Kakaknya lebih bijak.
• Kamu sungguh kaya. Namun, kamu tidaklah sekaya mentua kamu.
• Pegawai itu amat cekap. Dia lebih cekap daripada pegawai sebelumnya.

(g) Hubungan memperkuat isi
• Jiran itu sangat baik hati. Dia sanggup melunaskan hutang kami, dan menjaga anak kami.
• Anak yatim itu sangat lapar. Dia menghabiskan semua hidangan, malahan minta ditambahkan.
• Kemalangan tadi sangat dahsyat. Kedua-dua kenderaan remuk sama sekali, manakala semua penumpang terbunuh.
(h) Hubungan aditif

• Saya sudah menyiapkan kerja saya. Saya sangat penat. Saya perlu tidur sekarang. • Kita telah menunggu waktu ini begitu lama. Mari kita nikmatinya sekarang.

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