...The environments we live in are always in a state of continuous change in a range from the microscopic level to full on changes to the land or atmosphere. Although some of this can be attributed to an environment's natural ability to change, humanity and its behaviors are believed to speed up or change the evolution and transformation of the earths natural states (Steg, 2013). The changes, both natural and man made, have more influence on us than we know. The environments we live play as much of a role shaping us as we do them and can affect many aspects in our lives. Our environments can play a role in various states of being whether it has to do with our emotions, health, and even our attitudes and behaviors can be shaped based off the enviroment we are in (Steg, 2013). Environmental cues are everything in an environment that we respond to in some way. Whether it is the sun, a tree, a building, noise, weather, each of the factors can play a role in influencing our behaviors in some way (Anderson, 2001). If the weather is too hot or too cold it can affect the way we dress, our mood, and our behaviors. One specific example is the strong correlation between heat and aggression. It is theorized that hotter weather plays a role in elevated aggressive behaviors. Although in modern times it has become a more studied theory, but the idea of heat causing more aggression has been spoken on since the 1700’s with explorers and others noting the differences in behaviors when they find...
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...place when humans experience diverse events. Classical and operant conditioning are basic learning forms by which diverse patterns of behavior are acquired when a well-defined stimuli is present in a life experience. This paper discusses how the concept of operant conditioning may be applied in educating a child. Prior to discussing the concept it deems pertinent defining “operant conditioning as a form of cognition in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences" (Feldman, 2009). The concept contrasts with classical conditioning as the later deals with biological responses to stimuli while operant conditioning relates to voluntary responses performed to generate a desired outcome. In sum, operant conditioning emphasizes the notion that organisms operate on their current environments to produce a wanted result. BF Skinner, the most influential proponent of the concept of operating conditioning wanted to confirm that human behavior changes as a result of the environment changes. In this notion, Skinner attested that operant conditioning is learning in which behavioral responses differ depending on the outcomes such behaviors produce. Consequently, humans are able to willingly control the choices of behavior to achieve certain consequences. When the consequences are positive the behaviors are repeated, or when consequences are negative behaviors are not likely to occur again. In the end, those behaviors that produce...
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...and definitive and effects on childhood development. These factors vary widely, and encompass social, economic and ecological areas, as well as the physical environment in which a child is raised, influenced by neighborhood location, home life and educational facilities. Lorraine Maxwell, associate professor of design and environmental analysis at Cornell University defines these environments as "settings where a person spends a great deal of time and establishes important relationships." (Ulrich 12) When combined, these factors directly and indirectly influence the physical and emotional development of children. Negative impacts of environment on early upbringing have been shown to affect many areas, including behavior and academic performance, social and emotional issues, as well as actual physical development of the brain. Urie Brofenbrenner defined this relationship between development and the environment in his "Proposition 1" which went on to say, "especially in its early phases, and to a great extent throughout the life course, human development takes place through processes of progressively more complex reciprocal interaction between an active, evolving biopsychological human organism and persons, objects, and symbols in its immediate environment." (Brofenbrenner 38). In this early work Brofenbrenner explains the ecological model of human development, and his Proposition 1 explains the importance of the environment in the process of early human development. The...
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...Brief History of Behaviorism Behaviorism and education examines the behavior of a student rather than the mind of a student. The base of behaviorism lies in the understanding of how students verbally or emotionally react to influences or stimuli of external forces (their environment). Behaviorists believe that learning takes place because of a response that follows on a specific stimulus. By repeating the stimuli-response (S-R) cycle, the subject, whether it is animal or human, is conditioned into repeating a response whenever the stimulus is present. Simply put, the sources of a behavior and learning are external (environmental), not internal (scientific psychological processes). Modern Behaviorist take into account that people are not born as blank slates, what they become, how they learn, and what they learn is based on environmental conditioning of outside forces, i.e. parents, teachers, culture, as well as genetic makeup. However, the result of a direct stimuli response does create a chemical response in our brains, which can change our behavior, intelligence, etc. Therefore, learning and behavior are unquestionably affected by positive and stimulating environments, but does not exclusively rely on this. Behaviors and learning are also programmed by events in our past, ideas adopted from other people in our environment, and how our chemical biology responds to this stimulus. When parents, teachers, doctors, and psychologists first began to study children and...
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...Human Behavior and the Environment Terry Miller PSY 460 June 9, 2014 Human Behavior and the Environment The environment is a recipient of the behavior of humans. This behavior can be positive, as in the case of green fuel alternatives or negative, as in the case of noise pollution. However, human behavior is not always simple when determining the source. Many points of input are present, one of them being environmental cues. “Cues are elements in the environment that convey important information or trigger an affective reaction” (Steg, 2013, p. 120). How a human responds and impacts the environment is determined by the cues and the message they convey. Environmental Cues and Behavior “Sentences, words, and visual images are environmental cues that can affect the behavior of individuals (Charles-Sire, Guéguen, Pascual, & Meineri, 2012, p. 457). The presence of environmental cues is constant and therefore shapes human behavior in positive, as well as negative ways. Social norms and laws or rules are reinforced or weakened as a result of environmental cues. For example, a fabric rail queue line at the bank is meant to control the line and spread the customers for quicker service. Some individuals adhere to this cue regardless of the abundance or lack of customers while others adhere only if no way around it is found. Cues can be as basic as signs warning to not litter or as involved as public service announcements and social media campaigns. Behavior Modification ...
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...Shaping a person’s behavior does not take one or two attempts. It takes a consistency of applicable methods that would give the longing results that a person desires. Operant conditioning is the prudent method to use to reach such goals. B. F. Skinner, the behaviorist that came up with the operant conditioning theory, began the innovative experiments that led to the detection of the effects of positive and negative reinforcements. These two methods are effective tools that alter behavior in any home, school, or social environment that a person could manifest unpredictable behavior. The schedule of reinforcement is also a vital component of the learning process, which maintains positive behavior and a constant rate of response. The theory of operant conditioning Operant conditioning is an acclimatizing method of learning in which an individual’s behavior modifies by the use of positive or negative reinforcement. Therefore, the individual’s behavior changes in use, regularity, and strength. Operant conditioning came to be notable from classical conditioning; entails the conditioning of reflex behaviors, which stimulates by the manifestations of precursor conditions. The difference between the two is that classical conditioning does not uphold its method by the use of reinforcement. Alternatively, operant conditioning uses reinforcement to modify voluntary behavior. American psychologist Burrhus Frederic Skinner, mostly known by B. F. Skinner, was the first to revolutionize...
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...When one person starts to compare the behavior of his generation to the next we might say that he is already growing old. Why? Because of the fact that there is a distinction of one’s generation to the next. The distinguishing characteristic may be better or worse, but as can be observed today adolescents have gone into a track which is in a less favorable demeanor. Thanks to Burrhus Frederic Skinner, popularly known as B.F. Skinner for obvious reason, the master of in human behavior, a teacher as well as parents can now have an idea as to the know how’s in shaping human behavior. Shaping human behavior means leading a certain individual towards performing repeatedly a certain conduct bit by bit. Bit by bit since you cannot expect a lazy person to do his assignment habitually just by saying so. You can’t look forward seeing a chain smoker quit smoking overnight. Nor an alcoholic to stop drinking in just a blink of an eye. Everything is taken slowly but as they say surely. In which a person’s behavior can be applied. To make a person display evidently a certain attitude it must be performed repeatedly and deeply rooted within the humans’ heart and mind. It may not be performed quickly but is done in a slow pace within reoccurring exposures. To do this it is certain to use Skinners ideology. Taming a lion is never easy but taming a minacious child was never easier. It takes a lot of patience and hardship to lead one into the right track. Skinners theory is a lot of help. We all...
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...Human computer interaction (HCI) is investigated how human being interacted well with computer via the design and implementation of interactive computing. When designing HCI, it needs to consider the physical and metal nature of human being. Besides that, the factor of physical, cognitive and affective should be considered based on human’s characteristics when designing the interfaces. The physical factor can be defined as human interact with computer with the help of physical things such as keyboard, printer, microphone, mouse, touchscreen, etc. In the other way, physical factor is based on human senses which are hearing, seeing and touching. For example, Speech and voice recognition is based on sound concept, haptic devices is emerged from advanced in virtual reality and touch. The cognitive factor is arranging the way of selection for users which allow users easy to use such as menu, option, and list boxes. The selection must be arranging in the way of logically, and alphabetically. Besides that, keyboards shortcut had be created for expert users in order they can efficiently using the software. The...
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...relatively lasting change in behavior that is the result of experience. It may also be defined as a relatively enduring or permanent change of behavior that results from previous experience with certain stimuli and responses. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is also called instrumental conditioning, is a kind of learning in which an animal or human performs some behavior, and the following consequence (reward or punishment) increases or decreases the chance that an animal or human will again perform that same behavior. The law of effect states that behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened. Shaping is a procedure in which an experimenter successively reinforcers behaviors that lead up to or approximately the desired behavior. Note: There is an important difference between a reward and a reinforcer in operant conditioning. • A reward is something, which has value to the person giving the reward, but may not necessarily be of value to the person receiving the reward. • A reinforcer is something, which benefits the person receiving it, and so results in an increase of a certain type of behavior. Skinner identified three types of responses or operants that can follow behavior. Neutral operants: Responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforces are any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows. There are two...
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...than cars that run on gas. Even though recycling service is just as available as trash service, not everyone takes advantage of it. If people know the negative effects their behavior has on the environment, why isn’t everyone doing more to be proactive and conscience about their impact on the environment? Psychologist have developed many theories to explain why behaviors do not change and how behaviors can be influenced and changed. This paper seeks to examine human behaviors and how they can be changed to create better views of being environmentally conscience. ENVIRONMENTAL CUES Environmental “cues are elements in the environment that convey important information or trigger an affective reaction (Book).” In other words, cues are an action or occurrence that can affect and change human behavior. For example, in America street signs that are red typically indicate an action needs to stop or caution needs to be taken. When the traffic light is red, that is a cue for all traffic to stop in a certain direction. Environmental cues are an important part of human behavior. Cues make determining behavior easier. When sitting at a red light everyone knows that it is not their turn to drive. If the cue it not followed or ignored there can be negative impacts, like car accidents. Because cues have a significant impact on human behavior, when considering options to improve the...
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...Julie and Deborah. A crib Skinner designed for his daughter Deborah and named the air bed or the Skinner tender that was intended to help his wife ease some of the parenting duties such as waking in the middle of the night to add blankets to a cold baby, later sparked a backlash of criticism of Skinners work and false rumors about Deborah committing suicide. According to “B.F. Skinner Foundation” (2013) In 1938, Skinner wrote The Behavior of Organisms which “summarizes nearly ten years of research, spanning the years of Skinner's graduate school days at Harvard through his three years as a member of the Society of Fellows.” In 1945, Skinner became the Psychology Department Chair at the University of Indiana. Three years later he joined the psychology department at Harvard University where he remained for the duration of his life. It was at Harvard where Skinner’s inventions helped to shape his career in psychology and helped him to become one of the leaders in behaviorism. Behaviorism according to Dictionary.com (2013) is “the theory or doctrine that human or animal psychology can be accurately studied only through the examination and analysis of objectively observable and quantifiable behavioral events, in contrast with subjective mental states, in contrast with...
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...direction or take action. There are either positive or negative motivations, which cause positive or negative effects. A positive motivation is pleasurable or rewarding effect on someone, where negative motivation can lead to something painful. Being positively motivated can be many things mainly it is makes an individual feel good. An example of positive motivation would be parents telling their kids that if they get good grades they would let them pick the next family trip. An example of a negative motivation would be criticized by your boss about your work while they aren’t doing anything would make you do less work and not respond well to them. Biological and psychological motives are two sources of motivation. Biological needs motivate humans to behave a certain way. The most important biological needs are hunger, thirst and human connections to others, which motivates humans to seek and find food and water. Both food and water are important to human survival. For example the need for comfort for an individual who is too hot or cold will change t the temperature in the room. Psychological needs are the motivation to belong in groups in society. The psychological need to be happy can also include the need to make others happy. A student goes to class and is psychologically motivated to make a good grade there is no biological process to this. Environment can be responsible for external influences. These can be positive or negative. If an individual is externally motivated...
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...DIVERSITY TRAINING: THE POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES Human Resources Management El Paso Community College Fall 2015 ABSTRACT Office diversity signifies a variety of differences between personnel in an organization. It may sound simple enough, but diversity embodies race, gender, ethnic group, age, personality, cognitive style, tenure, organizational function, education, background and even more. Diversity not only implicates how people identify themselves, but also how they view others. It is these perceptions that affect their working relationships. Attracting, maintaining and motivating the most talented is essential to an organization’s success. If an employer wants their employees to represent their consumer and public then must attract and maintain an assorted range of talented personnel, not just those apt to fit in with the personnel already employed. It is for this reason that much diversity training efforts focuses on telling people what not to do, say or believe. Influential approaches to managing diversity is centered on assisting personnel to work out what they can do or how they can proactively shape an all-encompassing work environment. To steer away form this approach can cause negative and pain-staking results. Introduction Diversity training signifies the opportunity for employers to educate their staff about diversity. While diversity training cannot entirely change an individual's views, it does have the ability to expand awareness, impart understanding...
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...Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. The term motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, meaning "to move." Motivation is what causes us to act. Motivation can also be the reason for an individual's action or that which gives purpose and direction to behavior. Motivation is any Internal and external process that stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal. Motivation plays an important role in a business environment, as employee motivation is believed to improved work performance. Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors such as the following three aspects (1) intensity of desire or need, (2) incentive or reward value of the goal, and (3) expectations of the individual and of his or her peers. These factors are the reasons one has for behaving a certain way. An example is a student that spends extra time studying for a test because he or she wants a better grade in the class. Another example is we work because we don’t have money. Motives are expressions of a person's need and hence they are personal and internal as well. Motivation is something's that motivates a person into action and continues him/her in the course of action. It is complex of forces inspiring a person to work intensifying his willingness to use his/her ability to achieve...
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...organizational behavior research because of their impact on employees and organization. One of the important workplace issues that receive less attention among organizational scholars is workplace deviant behavior. The concept of workplace deviance in recent years has generated high interest among organizational researchers and practitioners because of its pervasiveness in organizations. Some forms of workplace deviance includes absenteeism, abusing sick day privileges, abusing drugs and alcohol, filing fake accident claims, sabotaging, breaking organizations’ rules, withholding effort, stealing, taking long breaks, working slowly, harassing other employees and hiding needed resources. This paper investigates the nature of deviant workplace behaviors and its impact on organizations. The purpose is to broaden the research in organizational studies by focusing not only on deviant behaviors that are negative, but on those that are positive as well. Furthermore, this article examines different types of both positive and negative deviant workplace behaviors, along with some of the reasons why managers/employees engage in such behaviors. Also, some of the reasons why organizations allow negative deviant behaviors to thrive, while discouraging positive deviant behaviors are investigated. Lastly, possible solutions to overcome problems arising from negative deviance in the workplace will be examined, along with how organizations can encourage positive deviant behaviors. ORGANISATIONAL...
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