...Assignment on Complexity of Human Cell The universe is alive with movement: moons rotating around planets, planets orbiting stars, gaseous rings rotating and expanding, meteors and comets soaring through space at great speeds; and all the while the entire universe are expanding at an accelerated rate. Thankfully for us, it is not a dance of chaos; gravity governs the dance, allowing stars, planets and moons to move coherently to one another. In like manner, there is a vast micro-universe softly humming underneath our skin. As with the seemingly endless varieties of stars, human cells vary in shape and function and there are trillions of them in your body. They carry out the continual demands of the body’s life processes in elegant harmony. The digestive system is just one example of the body’s remarkable ability to assimilate the raw materials from its environment to manufacture all the necessary elements for physiological function. Through digestion, the food you eat every day is broken down into molecules small enough to squeeze through the billions of blood capillaries imbedded in your intestinal wall. The bloodstream circulates these molecules until they enter the intercellular fluid that surrounds the cells. Finally these molecules pass through the cell membranes into the cells. It is here we find a direct connection between what you eat and the health of trillions of cells that make up the human body. Each person begins as a single cell -- a cell structure formed by the...
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...Human Cell Components Necleolus: The round granular structure within the nucleus of a cell, and composed of protein and RNA. Nucleolus is involved with ribosomal RNA synthesis and formation of ribosomes in cells. Nucleoplasm The nucleoplasm is a highly viscous liquid that surrounds the chromosomes and nucleoli. Many substances such as nucleotides (necessary for purposes such as the replication of DNA) and enzymes (which direct activities that take place in the nucleus) are dissolved in the nucleoplasm. Mitochondrion: Spherical or rod-shaped organelles found within the cytoplasm of cells, and are referred to as the “powerhouse of the cell since they act as the site for the production of high-energy compounds (e.g. ATP), which are vital energy source for several cellular processes. Nucleus: The large, membrane-bounded organelle that contains the genetic material, in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organized into structures called chromosomes. The major functions of nucleus are to maintain the integrity of DNA and to control cellular activities such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction by regulating gene expression. Cytoplasm: It is the jelly-like substance in a cell that contains the cytosol, organelles, and inclusions, but not including the nucleus. The cytoplasm is where the functions for cell expansion, growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out Ribosome: A minute particle composed of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that serves as...
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...Introduction Human embryonic stem cells (hES cells) are currently discussed not only by the biologists by whom they were discovered but also by the medical profession, media, ethicists, governments and politicians. There are several reasons for this. On the one hand, these ‘super cells’ have a major clinical potential in tissue repair, with their proponents believing that they represent the future relief or cure of a wide range of common disabilities; replacement of defective cells in a patient by transplantation of hES cell‐derived equivalents would restore normal function. On the other hand, the use of hES cells is highly controversial because they are derived from human pre‐implantation embryos. To date, most embryos used for the establishment of hES cell lines have been spare embryos from IVF, but the creation of embryos specifically for deriving hES cells is also under discussion. The most controversial variant of this is the transfer of a somatic cell‐nucleus from a patient to an enucleated oocyte (unfertilized egg) in order to produce hES cells genetically identical to that patient for ‘autologous’ transplantation (so‐called ‘therapeutic’ cloning); this may prevent tissue rejection. The question ‘Can these cells be isolated and used and, if so, under what conditions and restrictions’ is presently high on the political and ethical agenda, with policies and legislation being formulated in many countries to regulate their derivation. The UK has been the first to pass...
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...I hypothesize if human amniotic membrane (AM) is placed on top of the basal side of a cell sheet before being transplanted to the heart, then the cell sheet will adhere to the heart more quickly because of AM’s biocompatible properties. The human amniotic membrane will be collected from willing donors after birth. The AM will be washed with solutions before removing the epithelial cells from the membrane. The cells with then be put into a culture to grow before being placed on top of the three layered cell sheet. I will then begin creating a multi layered cell sheet with mesenchymal stem cells, which are stem cells found in the bone marrow that can distinguish into myoblasts (muscle cells). The bone marrow will be taken from the hip bones of...
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...Stem Cell Research in Human Transplantation [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Abstract Skeletal Bone Marrow that is decimated by disease, chemo, or radioactive emission can be refurbished by utilizing stem cell transplants. For certain infectious ailments like leukemia, aplastic anemia, certain inherited body-fluid infections, and some infections of the immune cell, and the stem cells in the skeletal bone marrow do not effectively function the way that it is intended to function. The stem cell is subjected to immunity issues where the recipient body site does not accept the donor cells. This paper will look to enquire the benefits to following stem cell research in human transplantation. Stem Cell Research Introduction Unique functional cells such as for example, a red blood cell start out originally as unspecialized cells known as stem cells. These stem cells have the uncanny ability to keep separating through division and multiplying in culture to produce specialized cell for a specific bodily function. In the context of normal human development, they are best described for their diversity, adaptability and longevity. As the laws of biology dictate, a human being is formed when a sperm cell fertilizing a female egg cell to produce a zygote. The zygote is already specialized in the fact that it is on the way to the formation of a whole individual. Furthermore the zygote, also known as the fertilized egg is tot potent that simply...
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...Fruits against human cancer cell lines. Introduction Muntingia calabura Linn is a plant that belongs to the Elaeocarpaceae family, commonly known as cherry tree. The tree bears small red fruits with enormous tiny yellow seeds. The fruits are so sweety and juicy, which attracts the people to eat. This plant has been used as the Peru traditional medicine in reducing the swell of the prostate gland and alleviating headaches and cold as well as pains associated with gastric ulcers. The fruits and leaves possess the antioxidant activity [1]. Cancer is the major cause of death worldwide, claiming over 6 million lives every year. In the recent years alternative therapies have gained importance over conventional cancer therapies for the treatment of cancer [2]. Chemotherapy is restricted by both intrinsic and acquired cell resistance to drugs. [3] This has necessitated the use of natural products for the treatment of cancer. There are compelling evidences for experimental investigations on the efficacy of plant drugs against cancer [4]. It is known that there are links between the inflammatory and nociceptive, oxidative and cancer processes. The ability to inhibit any of the process will definitely lead to the inhibition of the others [5]. Based on the fact that M. calabura fruit possess antioxidant activity, the aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro anticancer activity of methanol extracts of the fruits of M. calabura against HeLa and HEp-2 cancer cell lines using...
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...Adam Lerman Date: May 11 Ghrelin promotes the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells in infracted cardiac microenvironment Reference: Meijuan Gao, Jin Yang, Guoqiang Liu, Rui Wei, Lin Zhang, Haining Wang, Guang Wang, Hongwei Gao, Guian Chen, Tianpei Hong, Ghrelin promotes the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells in infarcted cardiac microenvironment, Peptides, Volume 34, Issue 2, April 2012, Pages 373-379, ISSN 0196-9781, 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.02.006. Background: Human embryonic stem cells (hESC’s) are derived from inner cell mass of blastocyst of embryos, which are used for in vitro fertilization and embryonic donations. hES cells are used because of their self renewing ability and their pluripotency to differentiate into germ layers. hESC’s are used for regeneration of and organ regeneration of tissues, like for myocardial regeneration to treat irreversible heart injuries. Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor to promote the release of growth hormone. It is unclear is hESC’s can induce myocardial generation by ghrelin after in vivo engraftment into the myocardium. What was done: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats that were eight weeks old were used. The hESC’s were cultured on y-irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers. The rats were induced with myocardial infarction (MI) by the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). They used one...
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...Impact of Cell Phone’s Radio Frequency in Children Herzing University Saugat Basnet The development and use of mobile device services in the last decade have hugely increased the amount of radiofrequency electromagnetic wave (RF-EMW). High exposures towards radio frequency (RF) in our daily lives have raised concerns regarding the harmful effects on human health especially on children. Children with cell phone exposure have higher odds of migraines and headache-related symptoms than the one with no exposure. A great deal of scientific and public interest have focused on radio frequencies that alter the brain, somatic and germinal cells in children. Children should be very careful and guided by elders while using cell phones that produce a lot of harmful radio frequencies. Today cell phone is one of the inseparable parts of modern life. Each and every daily activity today is possibly accomplished by the aid of the cell phone. With its reference, we can say that cell phone directly and regularly comes in contact with the vital body parts like head and sense organs. As it comes in contact with vital organs, not immediately but after some long term exposure, it causes severe health problems and in children, it’s even more serious. Children are still developing mentally; therefore, radio frequency from cell phones has a greater effect on them than on adults. It is because children have growing body parts where cell multiplication is active. According to a study conducted by Sudan...
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...Cells Biology- the study of life and living organisms Living- uses energy, maintains itself, capability to reproduce, and development/growth; also part of a population that evolve (each generation differs from the ones before and after) Cells- basic unit of life Prokaryotic- lacking nucleus Bacteria “archaea” Eukaryotic- nucleus Plants Animals Fungi Eukaryotic Nucleus- surrounded by a double membrane; contains DNA Linear chromosomes Cytoplasm contains everything outside of the nucleus Cytoskeleton crisscrosses the cell- holds shape and allows for cell movement Cytoplasm contains organelles- each plays a role in the functioning of the cell Organelles are surrounded by membranes Ribosomes- assemble proteins, only organelle not surrounded by membrane; some are suspended in cytoplasm and some are attached to Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- assembles proteins for the cell membrane or outside of the cell Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- assembles membranes Golgi Apparatus- “post office of the cell” Lysosomes- “garbage disposal of the cell” eats organic waste/ damaged organelles; some used to destroy bacteria Vacuoles- sacs surrounded by membrane used to store/expel nutrients or other materials such as pigments and hormones. Mitochondria- organelles that break down molecules to obtain energy for the cell Chloroplasts- plant cell structure that captures energy from sunlight to build molecules Cell membrane- defines...
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...first, artificial embryo twinning, involves separated an embryo into individual cells in a Petri dish. These embryos are placed in a surrogate mother for their development and are identical because they all had the same fertilized egg. The other method of entire organism cloning is called somatic cell nuclear transfer or SCNT. SCNT involves isolating a somatic cell, or any cell that is not a reproductive cell, and removing the nucleus and DNA from an egg cell. The nucleus is then transferred from the somatic cell to the egg cell. Now, the egg cell with a new nucleus develops like...
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...Biotechnology Biotechnology is the way in which man uses other organisms to make useful products. Yeast has been used for centuries to make beer, wine and bread. Moulds have been employed in cheese making, and bacteria in yogurt making. Single- Cell Protein (SCP) Microorganisms are single cell organisms which can be cultured to rapidly produce foodstuffs rich in protein, minerals and vitamins. Microorganisms are grown in large fermenters where nutrient, pH and temperature are constantly monitored and controlled. The products are: 1. Cells 2. Substances produced by cells. 3. Substances the cells make by fermenting the nutrient solution. Once these products have been ‘ harvested’ they are processed for marketing. Mycoprotein (SCP) Fusarium graminearum is a mould which is about 50% protein, high in fibre but low in fat and cholesterol-free, called mycoprotein (myco-:fungus), it is seen as a healthy substitute for meat. Fusarium is cultured in fermenters and marketed under t brand name ‘Quorn’. Enzymes Enzymes are highly important in industry and medicine. Microorganisms are cultured in fermenters, and they secrete enzymes which are separated from the culture medium and processed to be used in powdered or liquid form. Enzyme production is a rapidly growing industry. They are used in the following areas:- Food and agriculture Chemical industry Pharmaceutical industry Medicine Analytical Sciences Enzyme Production Microorganisms are used to produce enzymes...
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...Importance of DNA - A T2 Assessment Understanding what DNA is, is very important. DNA is the material that carries all the information about how a human will look (facial features, etc,.) and also how they will process daily. For example, DNA in humans determines things such as what color the eyes are, what color the hair is, and also what gender you are when a baby. DNA is found in the nucleus of almost all cells. DNA also does something called replicating nucleotides. If DNA never replicated, cell life would be impossible. If this really were to happen, the cells would then die. DNA replicates itself in order to create more DNA strands for cells. It happens along the entire DNA molecule. It continues this until the entire strand/ladder...
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...fundamental concepts of chemistry in biology. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how fundamental concepts of chemistry affect biology. [pic] 3. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that describes the energy metabolism of cells. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand the energy metabolism of cells. [pic] 4. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that compares structures and functions of different cell types. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better compare structures and functions of different cell types. [pic] 5. Discuss what life means to you after completing questions 1–4. [pic] ----------------------- I found a YouTube video titled “energy and Metabolism explained”. The video explains how the body is constantly at work with repairing cells and building new ones. This action requires energy that the body converts from the chemical...
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...Anatomy and Physiology Cell Organelles There are 50 trillion (50 million million) cells in the human body; they carry out chemical reactions essential to life, for example Blood cells. Nucleus The nucleus is the largest structure in any human cell, it contains gasps or pores, which allow protein and nucleic acid, pass through. It is the central part of the cell and it’s usually a lot darker than the rest of the cell because it absorbs stain quickly and stores the entire DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) in the human body. Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is a semi-fluid material made up of salt and water, likened to a gel, which carries chemical reactions that take place in the body. It contains enzymes responsible for breaking down waste and aid in metabolic activity. And means cell material refers to anything inside the cell boundary and outside the nucleus. Mitochondria Concerned with energy release - each have a double-layered membrane and each inner layer is folded at intervals producing shelves or ridges known as cristate. They help cells to maintain proper concentration on calcium ions. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Studded with tiny black bodies used to fill the cell interior, has a similar structure to the cell membrane. They have no attached ribosomes and are involved in the metabolism of lipids or fats. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) With ribosomes attached to it’s membrane which makes it rough, it is also attached to the nuclear envelope that surrounds...
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...gene editing in mouse spermatogonial stem cells -went into the disease mouse. -cataract disease (Genetic disease) -they did with spermanigal cells (exists within the sperm cells?) mice like males can produce sperm throughout most of their lives. The stem cells have to constantly regenerate. They generate stem cells first. They have the mutation. They can go through manipulation and once they can go through the protein. Once they do that they can pick single colonies they can check for off target affects (when you program a nucleaus to a certain site but it is also possible it will cut at a related site) -not possible with humans. QUESTIONS Current laws surrounding the manipulations of germlines? -considered unethical (we don’t have enough intelligence to do that kind of manipulations). We are making decisions for people who haven’t been born yet. Prohibigted by law (laws against it in the US) much of the research is funded by NIH which has strict regulations that you can’t intentionally modify the germline. You can’t get NIH funding. Can you get any other funding? NIH prevents that also. The way NIH policy is written is that the institute can not get money from any institute. It is too important in terms of funding. How are germline modifications being handled today in the UK? in the US? -she is bending the law in her case. She has to apply for permission and why she is doing it. She is a developmental biologist. Early stages of human...
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