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Human Resource Management

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1.ciri” kalimat efektif
1.Memiliki unsur penting atau pokok, minimal unsur SP.
2.Taat terhadap tata aturan ejaan yang berlaku.
3.Menggunakan diksi yang tepat.
4.Menggunakan kesepadanan antara struktur bahasa dan jalan pikiran yang logis dan sistematis.
5.Menggunakan kesejajaran bentuk bahasa yang dipakai.
6.Melakukan penekanan ide pokok.
7.Mengacu pada kehematan penggunaan kata.
8.Menggunakan variasi struktur kalimat

2. criteria metode ilmiah
Karya ilmiah disusun dengan menggunakan metode ilmiah, yaitu cara menerapkan prinsip-prinsip logis terhadap penemuan, pengesahan dan penjelasan tentang suatu kebenaran. Adapun kriteria metode ilmiah adalah : * Berdasarkan fakta (bukan kira-kira, khayalan, legenda) * Bebas dari prasangka (tidak subyektif) * Menggunakan prinsip-prinsip analisis (kausalitas & pemecahan masalah berdasarkan analisis yang logis) * Menggunakan hipotesis (sebagai pemandu jalan pikiran menuju pencapaian tujuan) * Menggunakan ukuran obyektif (bukan berdasarkan perasaan) * Menggunakan teknik kuantifikasi (nominal, rangking, rating) M. Nazir, (1988)

3. pertimbangan dalam memilih topic
Topik/Masalah adalah pokok pembicaraan. Dalam memilih topik/masalah, Arifin (2003:8) m emberikan beberapa pertimbangan : * Topik yang dipilih harus berada di sekitar kita, baik di sekitar pengalaman kita maupun di sekitar pengetahuan kita. Hindarilah topik yang jauh dari kita karena hal itu akan menyulitkan kita ketika menggarapnya. * Topik yang dipilih harus topik yang paling menarik perhatian kita. * Topik yang dipilih terpusat pada suatu segi lingkup yang sempit dan terbatas. Hindari pokok masalah yang menyeret kita kepada pengumpulan informasi yang beraneka ragam. * Topik yang dipilih memiliki data dan fakta yang obyektif. Hindari topik yang bersifat subyektif, seperti kesenangan atau angan-angan kita. * Topik yang dipilih harus kita ketahui prinsip-prinsip ilmiahnya, walaupun serba sedikit. Artinya topik yang dipilih itu janganlah terlalu baru bagi kita. * Topik yang dipilih harus memiliki sumber acuan, memiliki bahan kepustakaan yang dapat memberikan informasi tentang pokok masalah yang hendak ditulis. Sember kepustakaan dapat berupa buku, majalah, jurnal, surat kabar, brosur, surat keputusan, situs web, atau undang-undang.

4. Kata Pengantar adalah bagian makalah yang berfungsi mengantarkan pembaca pada permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam sebuah makalah.
Dalam kata pengantar diuraikan: * Ungkapan rasa syukur penulis * Identitas makalah (judul dan tujuan penulisan yang tercantum dalam lembar judul). * Uraian singkat isi makalah. * Ucapan terima kasih. * Harapan penulis. * Tempat, bulan, tahun dan Identitas Penulis.

5. Karya Tulis Ilmiah: tulisan yang didasari oleh hasil pengamatan, peninjauan, penelitian, dan perenungan dalam bidang ilmu tertentu; disusun menurut metode tertentu dengan penulisan yang santun, baik, dan benar; atau berdasarkan kaidah baku ragam bahasa tulis. 1. Laporan Penelitian: makalah seminar, jurnal 2. Karya Tulis Akademik: skripsi, tesis, disertasi 3. Buku Teks: buku diktat penunjang bahan ajar

6. cirri karya tulis ilmiah 1. Koheren (terintegrasi): satu pikiran utama; ada kejelasan hubungan antara unsur2 pembentuk kalimat. 2. Konsisten (ajeg): tulisan didukung fakta/data terpercaya, ide tidak meloncat. 3. Sistematis: berdasar prosedur urutan (pendahuluan-isi-simpulan). 4. Konseptual: perencanaan yang terarah dan terfokus. 5. Komprehensif: tuntas dan menyeluruh. 6. Logis: argumentasi bisa diterima nalar sehat. 7. Bebas: leluasa, mempertimbangkan kebebasan pihak lain. 8. Bertanggung jawab: tulisan yang etis dan berwawasan, penulis dapat menjawab apapun tentang tulisannya.

7. cirri karya tulis tidak ilmiah 1. Emotif: sedikit informasi, situasional dan tidak sistematis. 2. Subjektif: lebih mengedepankan pendapat pribadi penulis yang bersifat retorik, dan kebenaran yang ada adalah secara nalar. 3. Kritik (tanpa dukungan bukti): tidak memuat informasi spesifik, berisi bahasan dan kadang-kadang mendalam tanpa bukti, berprasangka menguntungkan atau merugikan, formal tetapi sering dengan bahasa subyektif dan pribadi.

8. contoh kalimat tdk efektif
Sejarah daripada perjuangan bangsa kita, ikut member dasar dan arah daripada politik kita yang bebas dan aktif.

9. contoh kalimat efektif 1. Efektif : Atas perhatian Saudara, saya ucapkan terima kasih. 2. Efektif : Pengarang itu menceritakan pengalaman masa kecilnya 3. Efektif : Alan mengotori kaca itu kemudian membersihkannya. 4. Efektif : 1) Ayahnya mengajarkan bahasa Indonesia di sekolah kami.
2) Ayahnya mengajari kami bahasa Indonesia. 5. Efektif : Dengan surat ini saya beritahukan bahwa pada hari ini saya tidak masuk sekolah karena sakit. 6. Efektif : Para pegawai perusahaan itu bekerja dengan produktif karena merasa dihargai pimpinannya.
b. Menghindari penggunaan hipernim beserta hiponimnya secara bersama-sama. 7. Efektif : Mawar, melati dan anggrek sangat disukainya.

10.contoh kalimat tidak efektif 1. Sehubungan dengan itu, dikemikakannya juga bahwa minat baca kaum remaja makin menurun. 2. Tahun ini SPP mahasiswa baru saja yang dinaikkan 3. Kita semua mengemban amanat penderitaan rakyat harus selalau mengupayakan kesejahtaraan bangsa kita, baik jasmani maupun rohani. 4. Atas perhatiannya, saya ucapkan terima kasih. 5. Pengarang itu menceritakan tentang pengalaman masa kecilnya. 6. Alan mengotori kaca itu; ia membersihkannya.. 7. Ayahnya mengajar bahasa Indonesia di sekolah kami. 8. Bersama surat ini saya beritahukan bahwa pada hari ini saya tidak masuk sekolah 9. Para pegawai perusaaan itu bekerja dengan produktif karena mereka merasa dihargai pimpinannya. 10. Bunga-bunga mawar, melati, dan anggrek sangat disukainya..

11. defenisi kalimat efektif
Kalimat efektif ialah kalimat yang memiliki kemampuan untuk menimbulkan kembali gagasan-gagasan pada pikiran pendengar atau pembaca seperti gagasan yang ada pada pikiran pembicara atau penulis. Kalimat dikatakan efektif apabila berhasil menyampaikan pesan, gagasan, perasaan, maupun pemberitahuan sesuai dengan maksud si pembicara ataup enulis. qKalimat efektif adalah kalimat yang terdiri atas kata-kata yang mempunyai unsur SPOK atau kalimat yang mempunyai ide atau gagasan pembicara/penulis.

12. .ciri” kalimat efektif
1.Memiliki unsur penting atau pokok, minimal unsur SP.
2.Taat terhadap tata aturan ejaan yang berlaku.
3.Menggunakan diksi yang tepat.
4.Menggunakan kesepadanan antara struktur bahasa dan jalan pikiran yang logis dan sistematis.
5.Menggunakan kesejajaran bentuk bahasa yang dipakai.
6.Melakukan penekanan ide pokok.
7.Mengacu pada kehematan penggunaan kata.
8.Menggunakan variasi struktur kalimat

13. Batasan Masalah Sebuah Topik
Topik harus terbatas. Pembatasan sebuah topik mencangkup: konsep, variabel, data, lokasi(lembaga) pengumpulan data, dan waktu pengumpulan data. Topik yang terlalu luas menghasilkan tulisan yang dangkal, tidak mendalam, dan tidak tuntas. Selain itu, pembahasan menjadi tidak fokus pada masalah utama yang ditulis atau dibaca. Akibatnya, pembahasan menjadi panjang, namun tidak berisi. Sebaliknya, topik yang terlalu sempit menghasilkan tulisan yang tidak (kurang) bermanfaat bagi pembacanya. Selain itu, karangan menjadi sulit dikembangkan, hubungan variabel kurang jelas, tidak menarik untuk dibahas atau dibaca. Oleh Karena itu, pembahasan topik harus dilakukan secara cermat, sesuai dengan kemampuan dana, tenaga, waktu, tempat, dan kelayakan yang dapat siterima oleh pembacanya.
Contoh topik yang baik dan terbatas:
“Upaya mengembangkan Smart Door bagi sebuah Universitas atau Sekolahan”. Jadi Smart Door ini dikembangkan terbatas bagi Universitas dan Sekolahan

14 kriteria topic yg benar a. Topik harus menarik perhatian penulis.
Topik yang menarik perhatian akan memotivasi pengarang penulis secara terus-menerus mencari data-data untuk memecahkan masalah-masalah yang dihadapinya.
b. Diketahui oleh penulis.
c. Jangan terlalu baru,jangan terlalu teknis dan jangan terlalu kontroversial.
d. Bermanfaat.
e. Jangan terlau luas.
f. Topik yang dipilih harus berada disekitar kita.
g. Topik yang dipilih harus yang menarik.
h. Topik yang dipilih ruang lingkup sempit dan terbatas.
i. Topik yang dipilih memiliki data dan fakta yang obyektif.
j. Topik yang dipilih harus kita ketahui prinsip-prinsip ilmiahnya. topik yang di pilih jangan terlalu baru.
k. Topik yang dipilih memiliki sumber acuan.

15. Latar belakang berisi deskripsi tentang: * Alasan rasional dan esensial yang membuat peneliti merasa resah, sekiranya masalah tersebut tidak diteiliti * Gejala-gejala kesenjangan yang terdapat di lapangan sebagai dasar pemikiran untuk memunculkan permasalahan * Kerugian-kerugian yang mungkin timbul seandainya masalah tersebut tidak diteliti * Keuntungan-keuntungan yang mungkin diperoleh seandainya masalah tersebut diteliti * Penjelasan singkat tentang kedudukan/posisi masalah yang akan diteliti dalam ruang lingkup bidang studi yang ditekuni oleh peneliti
16. Batasan Masalah/Ruang Lingkup
Pembatasan masalah (menjelaskan kedalaman ilmu dan area pembahasan)
Rumusan Masalah
Rumusan masalah dirumuskan dalam bentuk kalimat tanya atau pernyataan.

17. contoh paragraph
a. deduktif
1. Pos kesehatan di pasar itu memang di khususkan melayani pedagang dan pembeli. Pedagang tidak akan khawatir meninggalkan dagangannya karena haanya berobat masih di kawasan pasar. Mereka dapat antre saat sepi pembeli. “Kebanyakan periksa gula darah dan rematik, mayoritas pasiennya berusia tua,” papar Siti.

2. Maka dari itu saya sangat setuju dengan adanya kegiatan kerja bakti seminggu sekali. Karena, jika lingkungan hidup bersih maka kita juga akan sehat. Maka dari itu, kegiatan kerja bakti sangat penting di lingkungan sekolah. b. Induktif Banyak pedagang kaki lima yang entah bagaimana awalnya, seperti mengelompokkan diri hanya dengan menjual jenis barang tertentu di sebuah trotoar tertentu. Selanjutnya, tampillah trotoar tersebut sebagai etalase khusus. Bahkan, banyak barang khas trotoar terkenal di Jakarta yang tidak bisa dijumpai di toko-toko resmi. Dari suasana tersebut ternyata banyak trotoar yang akhirnya menjadi terkenal karena penampilanya yang khas. c. Repetitive
Di dalam hidupnya, manusia membutuhkan kasih sayang. Kasih sayang itu dibutuhkan untuk menjaga harmoni hidup. Tanpa kasih sayang di antara sesama manusia, hidup manusia akan seperti binatang belaka.

18.hal yg mendukung kepaduan paragraph koherensi kepaduan/ kekompakan: kompak tertuju kepada satu hal.
a. repetisi kepaduan paragraf dan kata kunci
b. kata ganti menghindari monotoni/ bervariasi
c. kata transisi penyambung antarkalimat
19.
20.pengertian resensi Apabila dikaji secara etimologi dari bahasa Latin (recensere atau revidere) dan bahasa Inggris (review), resensi mengandung makna dasar “memeriksa, mencermati, meninjau atau melihat kembali” sesuatu. Dengan pengertian dasar yang demikian, objek resensi tidak hanya terbatas pada buku tetapi dapat berupa film, drama, pameran, dan berbagai bentuk/tampilan tulisan. Setelah membaca, mencermati, dan menelaah/menganalisis, penulis resensi memberikan tanggapan dengan mengungkapkan keunggulan dan kelemahan isi buku. Aspek yang dicermati dan ditanggapi bisa tentang latar belakang, tujuan, isi, bahasa, gaya penyajian dan manfaat buku itu.
21.tahap persiapan resensit1. Memilih jenis buku.
2. Usahakan buku baru.
3. Membuat anatomi buku.
Judul Karya Resensi
Judul Buku :
Penulis :
Penerbit :
Harga :
Tebal :
22. hal yg terkandung dalam resensi
• Informasi(anatomi) awal buku (seperti format diatas).
• Tentukan judul yang menarik dan “provokatif”.
• Membuat ulasan singkat buku. Ringkasan garis besar isi buku.
• Memberikan penilaian buku. (substansi isinya maupun cover dan cetakan fisiknya) atau membandingkan dengan buku lain. Inilah sesungguhnya fungsi utama seorang peresensi yaitu sebagai kritikus sehingga bisa membantu publik menilai sebuah buku.
• Menonjolkan sisi yang beda atas buku yang diresensi dengan buku lainnya. kelebihan isi buku itu dibandingkan dengan buku sejenis lainnya? kekurangan isi buku itu dilihat dari tema dan tujuannya?
• Mengulas manfaat buku tersebut bagi pembaca.
• Mengkoreksi karya resensi. Editing kelengkapan karya, EYD dan sistematika jalan pikiran resensi yang telah dihasilkan. Yang terpenting tentu bukan isi buku itu apa, tapi apa sikap dan penilaian peresensi terhadap buku tersebut.
23.syarat penyusunan paragraph
1. Kohesi kesatuan : menyatakan satu hal
a. kalimat utama
b. kalimat penjelas
2. koherensi kepaduan/ kekompakan: kompak tertuju kepada satu hal.
a. repetisi kepaduan paragraf dan kata kunci
b. kata ganti menghindari monotoni/ bervariasi
c. kata transisi penyambung antarkalimat
3. Menggunakan metode pengembangan paragraf tertentu
24.kesatuan paragraph
Kohesi kesatuan : menyatakan satu hal
a. kalimat utama
b. kalimat penjelas

25.kepaduan paragraph koherensi kepaduan/ kekompakan: kompak tertuju kepada satu hal.
a. repetisi kepaduan paragraf dan kata kunci
b. kata ganti menghindari monotoni/ bervariasi
c. kata transisi penyambung antarkalimat

26.tujuan resensi Ialah memberikan tanggapan atas isi buku sebagai informasi kepada calon pembaca buku itu. Tanggapan itu dapat memotivasi pembaca resensi atau menjadi tidak berminat membaca buku yang diresensi itu. Di samping itu resensi buku merrupakan umpan balik bagi penulis buku untuk menyempurnakan isi buku itu pada edisi terbitan berikutnya. Tujuan meresensi buku hendaknya menjadi acuan bagi penulis resensi dalam mengembangkan resensi yang disusunnya dan juga sebagai salah satu kriteria bagi media yang akan mempublikasikannya.
27. Metode penelitian merupakan rangkaian cara atau kegiatan pelaksanaan penelitian yang didasari oleh asumsi-asumsi dasar, pandangan-pandangan filosofis dan ideologis, pertanyaan dan isu-isu yang dihadapi.
28. a. Penelitian deskriptif (descriptive research) adalah suatu metode penelitian yang ditujukan untuk menggambarkan fenomena-fenomena yang ada, yang berlangsung saat ini atau saat yang lampau, misalnya : berapa lama anak-anak usia pra sekolah menghabiskan waktunya untuk nonton TV b. Penelitian ekspos fakto (expost facto research) meneliti hubungan sebab-akibat yang tidak dimanipulasi atau diberi perlakuan (dirancang dan dilaksanakan) c. Survai digunakan untuk mengumpulkan informasi berbentuk opini dari sejumlah besar orang terhadap topik atau isu-isu tertentu. Ada 3 karakter utama dari survai : 1) informasi dikumpulkan dari sekelompok besar orang untuk mendeskripsikan beberapa aspek atau karakteristik tertentu seperti d. Penelitian diarahkan untuk mengetahui apakah antara dua atau lebih dari dua kelompok ada perbedaan dalam aspek atau variabel yang diteliti. Dalam Penelitian ini pun tidak ada pengontrolan variabel, maupun manipulasi/perlakuan dari peneliti. e. Penelitian ditujukan untuk mengetahui hubungan suatu variabel dengan variabel-variabel lain. Misalnya : Penelitian tentang korelasi yang tinggi antara tinggi badan dan berat badan, tidak berarti badan yang tinggi menyebabkan atau mengakibatkan badan yang berat, tetapi antara keduanya ada hubungan kesejajaran. Bisa juga terjadi yang sebaliknya yaitu ketidaksejajaran (korelasi negatiif), badanya tinggi tapi timbangannya rendah (ringan).

29. Penelitian tindakan (action research) merupakan penelitian yang diarahkan pada mengadakan pemecahan masalah atau perbaikan. Penelitian ini difokuskan kepada perbaikan proses maupun perbaikan hasil kegiatan.

30. Penelitian Eksperimental merupakan penelitian yang paling murni kuantitatif, karena semua prinsip dan kaidah-kaidah penelitian kuantitatif dapat diterapkan pada metode ini. a. Eksperimen murni (true experimental) sesuai dengan namanya merupakan metode eksperimen yang paling mengikuti prosedur dan memenuhi syarat-syarat eksperimen. Prosedur dan syarat-syarat tersebut, terutama berkenaan dengan pengontrolan variabel, kelompok control, pemberian perlakuan atau manipulasi kegiatan serta pengujian hasil. b. Eksperimen lemah (weak experimental) merupakan metode penelitian eksperimen yang desain dan perlakuannya seperti eksperimen tetapi tidak ada pengontrolan variabel sama sekali. c. Eksperimen subjek tunggal (single subject experimental), merupakan eksperimen yang dilakukan terhadap subjek tunggal.Dalam pelaksanaan eksperimen subjek tunggal, variasi bentuk eksperimen murni, kuasi atau lemah berlaku. d. Penelitian kualitatif (qualitative research) adalah suatu penelitian yang ditujukan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis fenomena, peristiwa, aktivitas social, sikap, kepercayaan, persepsi, pemikiran orang secara individual maupun kelompok. e.

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...Question 1 When an organization encounters extreme turnover, the organization will suffered in terms of brain drain that is considered as the loss of skills, power, and human resource. However organizations that have little turnover will achieve their objectives. There are two types of turnover, that this essay will focus on as well as the causes and ways that can be used to counter both turnovers. Firstly, turnover refers to leaving the organization because of employees not being happy with their employer’s decision or attitude, which creates job dissatisfaction occurring from negative treatment. Involuntary turnover occurs when the organization causes depression or dissatisfaction by terminating employees, in simple terms “turnover initiated by an employer (organization)” (Noe, et al., 2011). Voluntary turnover refer to employees reaction against bad situation offered by the organization or in other words, “turnover initiated by individual employee” (Noe, et al., 2011). These two turnovers lead the organization into “brain drain” in terms of human resources and negative publicity. Secondly, involuntary turnover is used by the organization for reasonable reasons to encounter the change and also to avoid harassment and other activities that can put the organization into serious issues in the future. Noe (et at, 2011) stated two causes of this kind of turnover which is “drug use” and “downturn”. Employee who use drug but not only drug, harassment activities within the organization...

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...Within the past 100 years organisations have seen significant changes in the markets they operate within. Increasing flexibility, globalisation and fierce competition from emerging economies have been the fundamental drivers modelling the human resource management field to become what it is today. Motivation has always been an issue for many businesses, and the ‘traditional’ methods of attempting to solve this problem have been to slightly increase the employee’s wages, in the hope that they would respond by increasing their effort. However in the UK, nearing the end of the nineteenth century, firms such as Cadburys and Quakers began providing accommodation and education for their workers (Wilton, 2011). This marked the initial shift in the nature of the employment relationship, and drawing on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs it can be seen that this would help satisfy the two basic tiers of ‘psychological’ and ‘safety’ (Maslow, 1954). This essay aims to critically evaluate the concept of the psychological contract, then analyse why in managing the modern day employment relationship and understanding of the psychological contract is important, relevant theories and academic models will be used where appropriate. The question will be addressed in three sections; firstly the concept and history of the psychological contract will be briefly covered, secondly and critical focus will be shown towards the concept of the contract, and finally we will examine the practicality of utilising...

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...According to Pilbeam and Corbridge Human Resource Development can be defined as the activities involved in organizing individual and collective learning processes aimed at the development of both employees and the organization. This is concerned with the provision of learning, development and training opportunities in order to improve individual, team and organizational performance. The Human Resource Development process main intention is to improve employees’ career goals and achieve the organization’s objectives in the long run. Organizational learning and development is defined as, the organizational process of developing people which involves the integration of learning and development processes. This process involves enhancing personal competence, adaptability and employ ability. Human Resource Development seeks to improve the skills of the workforce which would positively contribute to the overall success of the organization. A Learning style refers to an individual’s habitual and preferred way of perceiving, organizing, and retaining knowledge and it explains individual differences for stimuli recognition and processing. The learning styles preferred and adopted by individuals often differ therefore, HR must be aware of individual preferences in learning, employee training and development programs in order to design and implement effective programs. The two learning style models that has the most relevance in management are Kolb (1984) and Honey and Mumford (1986). ...

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...1.0 INTRODUCTION Good strategic Human Resource Management (HRM) policy contributes to the overall business strategy. HRM seeks to strategically integrate the interests of an organisation and its employees, it is much more than a set of activities relating to the coordination of an organisations human resources (Stone 2010). HRM can either assist a company achieve great outcomes or it can be the underlying issue. HRM is either part of the problem or part of the solution in gaining the productive contribution of people. (Stone 2010) I chose Training and Development as it is at the heart of HRM in maintaining standards and performance. Training also has to support the companies underlying direction and ethos, as well as support Key Performance Indicators for its staff. There are many challenges and changes that are occurring in the workplace worldwide. Corporations are structured differently requiring different approaches, some are very much pyramidal while others like Apple who have very much a flat structure and employees are now able to become more autonomous and work from home or even work from other countries. I will discuss some of the inherent challenges within organisations and the HR response to them. 2.0 CHALLENGES Training challenges will often occur through poor HR policy. Poor employee selection often results in training programmes which produce poor results and limited outcomes. This happens when you employ the wrong people. The wrong people...

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...Unit 6.1 Human resource Management Table of Content Content............................................................................................................................Page Introduction....................................................................................................................3 LO 1................................................................................................................................3 Strategic Human Resource Management........................................................................3 Strategic Human Resource Management Model............................................................4 Importance of SHRM.....................................................................................................4 Framework of SHRM.....................................................................................................5 LO2.................................................................................................................................8 HRM process..................................................................................................................8 Roles in SHRM..............................................................................................................9 Development and implementation of HRM strategies..................................................10 LO 3............................................................................................

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...Human Resources Management Midterm Exam: Training and Development Plan for the Holiday Inn Human Resources Management Training and Development Plan for the Holiday Inn There are a variety of employees who may come to work for Holiday Inn which are experienced and others whom are non-experienced. Some individuals require more training than others but everyone is required to go through training. Training and development is a key concept for Holiday Inn because this depends on how much knowledge and skills an employee will develop for their assigned role. We are sure that the time we are putting in for training will become an enormous benefit for Holiday Inn’s future and reputation. Our training and development plan includes hiring 50 employees whom will assume the roles in front desk operations, housekeeping, and general administrative duties. Since there is a large number of Spanish speaking individuals in Miami, training will be offered in English and Spanish. Training and development will begin on an online basis where employees may access training modules at anytime. Training will also include hands-on training pertaining to each individual’s job role. As we plan our strategic approach for training and development, the following four phases will be implemented; (1) needs assessment based on the firm’s competitive objectives, (2) program design, (3) implementation, and (4) evaluation. Phase...

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