In Organizational Behavior and Management, Ivanncevich, Konopaske, and Matteson place emphasis on exemplifying appropriate management practices to distribute a successful organization. In order to become effective and sufficient, the organization must be centered on or around human resources, management, organizational culture, and implemented processes. In the readings of Leading Change, Kotter displays a different interpretation from the textbook regarding a strong emphasis for leadership to assist in successful transformations of organizations. Kotter explains that failure to transform an existing or upcoming organization results from too much complacency, failure to create a sufficiently powerful guiding coalition, underestimating the power of vision, under communicating the vision, obstacles blocking the vision, failure to create short term wins, declaring victory too soon, and neglecting to anchor changes firmly (1-14).
Establishment of a Sense of Urgency

The establishment of a sense of urgency is crucial to gaining needed cooperation. With high complacency and low urgency, the organization struggles to generate interest to address the problems and ability to convince key individuals to create and communicate the change vision (Kotter 36). In order to initiate a secure level of urgency within the organization, methods to reduce or eliminate complacency is necessary. Attention must directed to address allowed crises, broader decision making , more long term goals instead of low functional goals, and initiation of growth. Ivancevich, Konopske, and Matteson believe that managers have a responsibility to understand how perception, attribution, emotions and motivations guide their employees for a successful organization (85). The attribution process attempts to explain the relationship between perception and behavior by investigating how people attribute