...Popul Res Policy Rev (2010) 29:127–141 DOI 10.1007/s11113-009-9133-x The Role of Community in Disaster Response: Conceptual Models Olivia Patterson • Frederick Weil • Kavita Patel Received: 1 May 2007 / Accepted: 15 October 2008 / Published online: 5 November 2009 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 Abstract We focus on the role that community plays in the continuum of disaster preparedness, response and recovery, and we explore where community fits in conceptual frameworks concerning disaster decision-making. We offer an overview of models developed in the literature as well as insights drawn from research related to Hurricane Katrina. Each model illustrates some aspect of the spectrum of disaster preparedness and recovery, beginning with risk perception and vulnerability assessments, and proceeding to notions of resiliency and capacity building. Concepts like social resilience are related to theories of ‘‘social capital,’’ which stress the importance of social networks, reciprocity, and interpersonal trust. These allow individuals and groups to accomplish greater things than they could by their isolated efforts. We trace two contrasting notions of community to Tocqueville. On the one hand, community is simply an aggregation of individual persons, that is, a population. As individuals, they have only limited capacity to act effectively or make decisions for themselves, and they are strongly subject to administrative decisions that authorities impose on them....
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...Case July 21, 2013 2 1. Determine the impact of this event on ARC’s “benefits of business ethics” (employee commitment, investor loyalty, customer satisfaction, and bottom line). The American Red Cross (ARC), also identified as the “The Face of Recovery”, is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief and education inside the United States. The ARC is a non-profit organization that offers services in five areas of society. The community service sector helps citizens that are in need. In the communication sectors, the ARC provides comfort for military members and their families. The collection, processing and distribution of blood and blood products are also services provided by the ARC. There are also educational services on preparedness, health, and safety which are imperative for recovery acts. Hurricane Katrina was the deadliest and most destructive Atlantic Hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic Hurricane season. It was the costliest natural disaster, as well as one of the five deadliest hurricanes. Hurricane Rita hit the coast of Louisiana and Texas only a month later and was even larger category 3 storm (Ferrell, Ferrell, Fraedrich 2011). The ARC raised more than 2 billion in private donations to fund massive relied efforts for both these disasters (Ferrell, Ferrell, Fraedrich 2011). Now let’s examine how this disaster impacted the ARC, benefits...
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...By: Miralem Smajic October 2, 2011 Political Science 3000 Professor: David G. Houghton In the milestone event of hurricane Katrina’s devastating destruction in 2005, the recovery process has had major impacts on the people in the Gulf of Mexico. Throughout the incident of Katrina, many organizations have helped contribute and donate their effort for the people of Louisiana and other states that have been affected by Katrina. Although years have passed since Katrina occurred, Red Cross for instance has raised the most for the beneficiary victims of Katrina. Donations throughout the United States such as: Red Cross, The Salvation Army, Joan B. Kroc, The American Cancer Society, and many other contributors raised funds for the victims of Katrina. The contributors statistics show that “The Red Cross moved up two spots to No. 2, rising nearly $3-billion,” Chronicle of Philanthropy. 20.2 (Nov. 1, 2007) while “The Salvation Army fell to No. 3, raising $1.6-billion” Chronicle of Philanthropy. 20.2 (Nov. 1, 2007) in the effort to provide outstanding amount of contribute to the people of Katrina’s destruction. Many who have lost their businesses and other data in the computing related plans by which the “Information Technology (IT) Disaster Recovery plan (DRP) to help protect their business data so as to ensure their survival,” (Academy of Strategic Management Journal. 10.2 (July 2011): p127) provides people who own businesses a safer straightforward plan to protect their...
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...Course Date Crisis plan Hurricane Katrina was considered as one of the most destructive disaster in the history of the U.S. The extent of damage and level of response during the occurrence of the crisis was a clear indication, that the government lacked management plans and procedures needed to mitigate the outcome. One of the plans that were put into action in the state of Mississippi was the use of the National Guard to enhance relief operations. This was part of the overall plan, the “National Response plan” (Dudley, 2006). This paper aims at evaluating strategies and situations during the occurrence of the Hurricane Katrina Natural Disaster. By so doing, workable strategies are highlighted and the reasons behind their use supported with due consideration to resource availability. The paper further presents an analysis of the Mississippi crisis plan whileexplaining the efficacy of elements selected for the “National Response Plan” consequently stating how the plan could be relevant in either Louisiana or Alabama.The paper summarizes by presenting missing elements. From the journal ‘After Katrina: Building back better than ever’ which is a report by James Barksdale who is the Chairman of the Governor’s Commission on Recovery, Building and Renewal, it is made rife that the ‘National Response Plan’ (NRP) was a workable strategy that provided a big boost to the disaster management efforts made by the American government (Governor's Commission on Recovery, Rebuilding, and Renewal...
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...Feedback about hurricane Katrina: the storm that drowned a city The presentation is about hurricane Katrina, which happened in 2005. The disaster area covered nearly northeast region. New Orleans is one of the cities that get a heavy toll and it turned out to be loss of life and economy. The great disaster let audiences think of why New Orleans is especially vulnerable to hurricane. For New Orleans geography location perspective to see, incontrovertible, it near the ocean, each year’s August and September, the hurricane land to the near shore city, so the New Orleans is the first target suffer from it. Another nature fact, low elevation makes sea water inundate the city more easily. However, nature factors lead to the destructive damage to New Orleans is a little exaggeratory, the human action actually play a major role. To make more space, the city builds drained system around area, and it appears expand tend, that is, let the origin land become lower. Building dams potentially aggravate hurricane. Building dam for the purpose of generate power and regulate river water storage is benefit for city’s resident life and economy, but when the dam situated in upstream, which intercept sediment and silt flow to downstream, with sediment reduce, near shore area lack of barrier to protect and thus sea water comes in. Tragedy has become reality already, when hurricane done, it’s the time to us self-examination and take some emergency preparedness. Recovery wetland and nature...
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...“Hurricane Digital Memory Bank” is an ethical representation of the natural disaster, Hurricane Katrina. It has nothing negative on the website towards anyone or anything that I have seen. We all realize that this natural disaster was a terrible event; therefore there is some unpleasant pictures and stories but nothing that is considered unethical. In the archive, values of the people who have posted stories and pictures are somewhat present in select features. Some have talked about how they relied on God during this terrible time, praying and having faith. One photograph shows a rainbow as the hurricane is approaching. The caption speaks about the family relating this as God’s promise in the Biblical story of the flood and that God would...
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...Christopher Roberts April 29, 2015 93174/Man 3583 Class Project The Disaster Relief Project of Post- Hurricane Katrina On August 29, 2005 the levees broke and started the flooding of the city with depths of more than 10 feet of water in some places. The category 4 storm had already taken its toll on the city. The head of DHS Michael Chertoff waited a total of 24 hours after receiving knowledge that the levees were breached to make the designation that hurricane Katrina was a "incident of national significance--requiring an extensive and well-coordinated response by federal, state, local tribal and nongovernmental authorities to save lives, minimize damage and provide the basis for long-term community and economic recovery." What followed this statement was a project management failure of catastrophic measures. I believe there are 4 major project management failures that could have been handled differently by local, state, and FEMA- communication, planning, leadership, and execution. FEMA, Local, and State officials failed to plan for events like this, they failed to communicate with each other during/after the event, they failed to show leadership, and they failed to execute any of the plans presented in a timely manner (one of which was to provide the trapped residents of the city basic needs of food and water). Given that New Orleans is essentially a bowl by being that about half of the city and surrounding areas are above sea level and the other half is up to 6 feet...
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...morning, 29 August 2005, this is a day most New Orleans residents will never forget. This was the day a category 5 hurricane named Katrina made its catastrophic debut to the Gulf Coast region and killed over 1,300 people. (The White House, 2006, p. 1) After it was all said and done, the nation was shocked at the events that unfolded in Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi and people were left wondering, “What went wrong?” National Geographic reported that the storm originated about a week earlier, 23 August, in the Caribbean and worked its up from the Bahamas making landfall Thursday, 25 August, in Miami. Winds at this time were 75-80 mph making it a category 1 hurricane causing some tree damage and killing two people. (Drye, 2005) The storm lost strength for a little while but once it hit the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico, it rapidly gained momentum and before long reached wind speeds up to 175 mph making it a category 5 hurricane. On Sunday, 28 August, New Orleans mayor, Ray Nagin, issued a mandatory evacuation order. Roughly 24 hrs later, the full strength of Katrina slammed into New Orleans and Biloxi. (Drye, 2005) Local and state emergency managers are responsible for coming up with a plan of action for different hazardous situations. Once a situation gets overwhelming for those levels of management, federal assistance is then requested. Prior to Hurricane Katrina’s arrival, various local emergency management agencies (LEMAs), such as local fire, police, and emergency...
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...expectation be it fair or not that these responders should execute these responses without error. This expectation is only further fueled by popular television programs that depict stoic emergency managers that handle the large events everyday. In addition to emergency managers the same could be said about military commanders, and political leaders. The odd coincidence is that this was also the key duty that emergency managers have always focused on. The thought was that if a manager handles the call or event and creates good PR as a result, it will be considered a success, and tough questions as why it ever happened will be someone else’s problem. Ever since the inception of the modern day emergency management cycle of planning, response, recovery and mitigation, the response part has always gotten the bulk of attention (Haddow, Bullock & Coppola, 2008). Times are changing and so will...
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...AMERICAN RED CROSS AND THE KATRINA EMERGENCY 3 The American Red Cross has people, systems, and plans in place to respond to disasters. They are considered the go-to agency in cases of emergencies and crisis when people are in need, with much success. The American Red Cross response to Hurricane Katrina surpassed any disaster response before it and nothing in the last ten years has reached its magnitude. “The Red Cross: Provided more than 3.8 million overnight stays in shelters across 31 states and Washington, D.C. – seven times higher than any other disaster up to that point. Served nearly 68 million meals and snacks, four times more than what the Red Cross had ever provided during past relief efforts. For the first time, served a million meals in a single day. Provided emergency financial assistance to 1.4 million families – nearly 20 times more than any response prior to Katrina” (The American Red Cross, 2017). These numbers show how effective their planning can be, nevertheless with the magnitude of...
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...devastating natural disasters, Hurricane Katrina, hit near New Orleans, Louisiana and caused more than 9,000 confirmed casualties and $96 billion in damage. The lack of communication, cooperation, confusion, being able to share responsibilities and other factors made this chaotic event even more chaotic when the affected areas were trying to recover from the storm. A storm in which Louisiana just wasn't prepared for. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is an agency made to reduce the loss of life and property, and protect the nation from hazards of all kinds through preparedness, protection, response and recovery. They were involved in helping with the recovery of Hurricane Katrina. However 13 months before the hurricane hit FEMA started a simulation plan called Hurricane Pam that if they would have finished would have been very helpful in the recovery process. FEMA still helped out at they could through. They were constantly working 24 hour shifts and having 25 search and rescue teams out helping. They only have 2,600 people involved in FEMA, so they had most of their workers out helping FEMA was also big on respecting those who died from the storm. They put in huge efforts in trying to recover dead bodies and respecting the dead by asking the media not taking pictures of those who passed. Michael Brown, the director of FEMA, was put in charge for a while until Michael Chertoff removed him from being in charge of the Katrina case. When Brown was in charge...
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...Governmental Fumble: Hurricane Katrina Things that occur naturally such as tornadoes, earthquakes, and hurricanes are unpreventable and are considered to be natural disasters. However, when man knowingly aids in the destructive power of naturally occurring events to inflect more damage, it is unquestionably a manmade disaster. For many years, both in the past and present, the United States has experienced some of the most devastating natural and artificial catastrophes such as The Dust Bowl of the 1930’s and the September 11 terror attack by the Al-Qaida terror network among others. In the case of Hurricane Katrina, the human factor contributed to both the deadliest and costliest hurricane to impact the city of New Orleans. A city that is known to be the birth place of Jazz and the yearly celebration of Mardi Gras has unfortunately inherited a new chain of thought as the city that went underwater. Hurricane Katrina was the third strongest land hurricane and the sixth-strongest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. The hurricane is approximated to have affected more than 1.5 million individuals in the states of Mississippi, Louisiana and Alabama, which contributed to the loss of billions of dollars in damages and job losses caused by the hurricane. The city of New Orleans was the most affected because it stood directly in Katrina’s path and although it is impossible to stop a naturally occurring event from occurring, it is not impossible to limit the damage that it inflicts...
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...Assessment Too asses and give recommendation on whether or not to rebuild the city of new Orleans I will be examining the cost to benefits of such a rebuild and the impact and benefits it will have towards the city. In the CBA, I will be examining the cost of rebuilding New Orleans to pre Katrina conditions without making any additional upgrades to the levees and infrastructure. This will give me a more accurate cost model to base my recommendation on. As for the benefits I will examine the benefits of recovered losses when comparing pre Katrina data to post Katrina dat. The areas where I will be examining are tourism recovered, port operations recovered, wages recovered, spending recovered, and taxes recovered. The future value (FV) of these benefits will then be discounted to present value (PV) and compared to the cost of rebuilding to represent the net present value (NPV) of the expected amount to be gained or lost by carrying out the recovery. If the NPV is less than the cost, then rebuilding New Orleans will yield a loss and my recommendation will not favor a recovery. If the inverse is true, and the proposal will be in favor of the recovery. All calculations will based on post Katrina 2006 reports and data to give a more realistic prediction of the decision that could have been concluded given data directly after the catastrophe. Costs of Rebuilding These cost are compiled from the Department of Homeland Securities assessment of the city, found in a summary...
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...Internet; 2%, newspapers; 1% did not know. This presents the question, what is the role of mass media in the time of natural disasters? Mass media’s presence during disaster can expose a community’s strengths or weaknesses related to disaster preparedness. Media agenda is referred to as the deliberate coverage of topics or events with the goal of influencing public opinion and public policy (Barnes, et al., 2008). In the case of Hurricane Katrina, the gulf coast appeared to be in a panic. The media repeatedly highlighted the flaws in local, state, and federal emergency preparedness procedures. One should note that during this same time, there were many courageous and dangerous rescues made, all of which seemed to be over looked or over shadowed in the media presentation of events. With all the Media attention given to Katrina and emphasis placed on emergency preparedness, one would think that the general public’s attitude and perception would have changed; however, this was not the case. Interestingly enough the experience of Hurricane Katrina did not immediately increase Americans’ personal willingness to prepare for...
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...Orange The growth in technology over the past decade has paved the way for great advancement in the field of emergency management with the use of web-based situational awareness programs. In a White House briefing following Hurricane Katrina, it was noted that unified management and lack of inter-agency communication was one of the greatest pitfalls in the recovery process (The White House, 2005). Complete, accurate, and up-to-the-minute situational awareness is essential for emergency responders and others who are responsible for controlling complex, dynamic systems and high-risk situations. Inadequate or completely absent situational awareness is cited as one of the primary factors in accidents attributed to human error (Reichenbach, 2009). Put simply, web-based situational awareness facilitates collaboration across multiple levels of preparedness, planning, response, and recovery for all-risk/all-hazard events. It is a combination of tools, technologies, and an innovative concept of operations to improve the communication flow in emergency response. This is testament to the dire need for Port Orange to invest in a situational awareness program so that we don’t fall victim to the same downfalls that those jurisdictions faced in Hurricane Katrina. Currently, there is a gap between the information that emergency managers get and the information that emergency managers need to improve their situational awareness during emergency events; which ultimately impacts the emergency...
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