...Fracking or Hydraulic fracturing is defined as a method of maximizing output at natural gas and oil wells through breaking formations of rock. This technique is done under a fluid injection with a high pressure. Over the past two decades, there have been many legal issues attributed to hydraulic fracturing. Most of the legal issues have risen due to environmental debates that have rose due to the process. This is because in order to increase the output of gases in the wells, chemical toxins that are harmful to aquatic life and human beings are released to the environment. There are also many risks that arise during and after the process leading to issues of negligence. State regulations have enacted laws and policies that prevent any harm caused by negligence from affecting the environment. Therefore, this paper contains a discussion of the legal issues that are raised by hydraulic fracturing process. Fracking and the safe drinking water Act issues is the most common discussed legal issue. Many arguments have risen due to the quality of underground water since it is contaminated with chemicals thus endangering aquifers. Some concerns raised involve contamination of drinking water since most of it comes from the wells. This water can be dangerous to the ecosystem if it enters drinking water wells. Secondly, management of the contaminated water from fracking wells is also a legal concern. State regulation should ensure that the extraction of the natural gas does not have detrimental...
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...A new technology known as hydraulic fracturing—or fracking—has made it possible to extract natural gas from "unconventional" resources trapped in rock formations thousands of feet underground. While this can help provide energy for America's future, it also poses a new dangerous threat to wildlife and the environment.Toxic chemicals are used during fracking that can infiltrate and contaminate habitat, waterways, and even the drinking water that people and wildlife depend on. There are several evidences that I found to address the problem of water quality and quantity caused by drilling and hydraulic fracturing. First of all, there have been reports of flammable methane migrating into local drinking water supplies, and spills of drilling fluids and contaminated water are believed to have killed livestock, fish and other aquatic life in ponds and streams. Fracking operations can also require several million gallons of water, which must be withdrawn from nearby wells, lakes, rivers or industrial or municipal systems, leaving insufficient water for other important uses. Moreover, Shortly before midnight, April 19, 2011, residents near Leroy Township, Pennsylvania, were jolted by a frenzy of activity. A natural gas well on a nearby farm had blown out, spewing thousands of gallons of toxic water and chemicals over fields and into a tributary of the Susquehanna River. Nearby families evacuated as first responders scrambled to rebuild a failed earthen berm and mobilize a fleet...
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...Fracking is something heard about regularly on the news, is a topic of discussion many may not completely understand. “Fracking is the process of drilling down into the earth before a high pressure water mixture is directed at the rock to release the gas inside,” (BBC, 2015). The way fracking works is: water, sand, and chemicals are injected into the rock (many times, shale) at high pressure which allows the gas to flow to the top of the well. Fracking can be carried out vertically or, by drilling horizontally into the rock layer which can create new pathways to release gas or can be used to extend existing channels. (BBC, 2015). Hydraulic fracking is unique compared to more common means of drilling due to it being based on finding a large...
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...CONTENTS ❖ INTRODUCTION ❖ EQUIPMENTS IN PICKLING LINE NO. 1 ❖ EQUIPMENTS IN PICKLING LINE NO. 2 ❖ EQUIPMENTS IN REGENERATION PLANT ❖ EQUIPMENTS IN TANDEM MILL ❖ EQUIPMENTS IN REVERSING MILL ❖ EQUIPMENTS IN ANNELING FURNACE ❖ EQUIPMENTS IN SKIN PASSING MILL ❖ EQUIPMENTS IN ELECTROLYTIC TINNING SECTION ❖ EQUIPMENTS IN CONTINUOUS GALVANIZING LINE Continuous Pickling Line No. 1 (A)ENTRY SECTION: 1. COIL RAMP : Coils are brought by crane and placed on the coil ramp .Coil ramp is provided with three coils stops which are operated by compressed air through hand operated levers. Side guides on the coil ramp are adjusted manually to the coil width +100 mm. 2. COIL ADJUSTING DVICE: The coil adjusting device is equipped with two parallel adjustable guide plates and 2 carrying rollers. They serve to bring the coil to the center line and for tightening the outer laps of the coil. Hydraulically operated coil ejector feeds the coil to the uncoiler supporting rolls. After centering the coil on the coil adjusting device, coil strap is cut and the head end of the coil is straightened with the help of a wooden block for easy feeding into uncoiler. 3. UNCOILER, SCALE BREAKER AND LEVELLER: This unit comprises of following equipments:- i) Supporting Rolls(2) are driven electrically. These are used to support the coil after...
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...Mike DeFelice -42 Water Supply Summary In this chapter we learned about water supply. Understanding water supply principles is key to fire fighting for a number of different reasons. Knowing the different types of fire hydrants, their water pressure, and how far apart they will be from one another is important in a hazardous situation. There are 4 key principles to water supply systems. These principals are the source of water supply, means of moving water, water treatment facility, water storage and distribution. Sources of water supply in a jurisdiction can be obtained from surface water, ground water, or both. Some examples of surface water are rivers, and lakes. Most ground water supply comes from wells drilled into underground aquifers. The means of moving water has three key methods. These methods are direct pumping system, gravity system, and combination system. Direct pumping systems are water supply systems supplied by a system of pumps. These systems are typically found in industrial and agricultural settings. Gravity systems are water supply systems in which gravity is the driving force that moves the water. Water is elevated above the system in a tank. Combination systems are combinations of both gravity, and direct pump systems. Combination systems are the most common type of municipal water supply systems. Water treatment facilities are places the water goes through to get filtered, and decontaminated so that water can be consumed without causing...
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...HYDRAULICS LAB #1 The objective of this lab is to test the fluid flow provided by the power unit at various discharge pressures, and create a power unit characteristic curve. 1. Build on the trainer the hydraulic circuit shown in the figure below, using the components listed here. hydraulic power unit (2) pressure gauges flow control valve (FCV) – simulated load flow-meter Page 1 of 2 2. Initial setup: a. Fully close (CW) the FCV, and fully open (CCW) the pressure relief valve on the power unit. b. Start the power unit, and slowly adjust the pressure relief valve until pressure gauge P1 reaches 50 bar. Let the unit run for a few minutes then check and adjust P1 if necessary. c. Do not touch the pressure relief valve for the remainder of the lab. d. Fully open the FCV. 3. Test: a. Record the pressures P1, P2 and the flow rate under the “Min.” column in the table below. b. Slowly turn the FCV CW, adding a simulated load to the system. When the pressure at P1 increases to 15 bar, stop and record pressure P2 and the flow rate. c. Repeat for all columns listed in the table. The final column, listed as “Max Pres.” should be run with the FCV fully closed. Note the sound of the power unit during this test. You should detect changes in tone as the load (pressure) is increased. P1 Pressure (bar) P2 (bar) Flow Rate (lpm) Min * 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 46 47 48 49 Max. Pres. * minimum pressure attained, with flow control fully open HYDRAULICS LAB #1 Page 2 of 2 Lab Report: ...
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...County in Colorado did in the film Gasland (23:35). This may not be any more rare because of fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing, also referred to as fracking, is a highly controversial process in which shale gas is extracted from the earth by injecting pressurized liquid into a deeper reservoir to fracture rocks. This technique has been widely used by many oil companies in central and eastern states. While proponents argue that it is safe and is needed to reduce America’s greenhouse gas emissions, critics claim that it may be causing earthquakes and are contaminating water systems. Hydraulic fracking is a process that many companies use. “Put simply, hydraulic fracturing...
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...Fracking is a growing contentious, political issue in the United States, but what is fracking? Hydraulic fracturing, or more commonly know by it’s infamous nickname fracking, is a process used for finding oil and natural gases. While advocates of this technique find it to be beneficial to society; however, many critics believe there are many repercussions because of this issue. Fracking has numerous causes, and if it is not solved, the effects could be drastic. Fracking starts by a well being drilled, vertically and horizontally, into the ground around one to two miles or more in order to obtain natural gases and oil (Lallanilla). Then, the well is drilled and is covered in steel or cement. After being drilled and covered, a water mixture is...
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...What is hydraulic fracturing, or more commonly known as “fracking?” Like many new technologies or those that have improved throughout the years, there will always be those that question its effectiveness. This technology has continued to improve over the years. An account or description of what fracking does is a process in which water, chemicals, and sand are pumped in to a well injection in order to receive the Earth’s natural gasses. Hydraulic fracturing has its negative and its positive, as well as many different perspectives such as social, health, environmental and economic issues. Although arguable, the process of which hydraulic fracturing takes place is an effective one. As mentioned, chemicals which are unknown to the public, mixed...
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...Fracking: What are the Specifics to Fracking Pollution. Nothing leaves a bigger carbon footprint than the act of fracking. But what exactly is fracking? According to BBC news, Hydraulic Fracturing, or Fracking for short is, “a technique designed to recover gas and oil from shale rock (Shukman).” To summarize, corporation’s drill deep down into the earth, forcefully releasing thousands of gallons of chemical-water mixtures at rocks exposed underground. This unleashes the gases and oils contained within these rocks. These gases and oils are generally used as the gas you put into your cars, or oils to start fires. When thinking about this subject, it is common to think: Why should we participate in the destroying our very own mother earth? -...
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...What is Hydraulic Fracturing? Hydraulic fracturing is the process of drilling for natural gas and oil underneath the ground. Hydraulic fracturing is a procedure that can increase the flow of oil or gas from a well (what is Fracking, 2013). Hydraulic Fracturing Process It is done by pumping liquids down a well into subsurface rock units under pressures that are high enough to fracture the rock and release the gas. The goal is to create a network of interconnected fractures that will serve as pore spaces for the movement of oil and natural gas to the well bore (King, 2013). Hydraulic Fracturing in the United States, Europe and South America The first use of hydraulic fracturing to stimulate oil and natural gas wells in the United States was in the 1940s (King, 2013). This process used in nine out of 10 natural gas wells in the United States. In December 2012 the British government gave the approval for exploratory hydraulic fracturing to extract natural gas from shale-rock deposits (Reed, 2012). In 2011, a horizontal well with multi-stage hydraulic fracturing was completed in the Neuquén Basin of Argentina. It was the first horizontal gas shale well and the deepest shale gas well in South America (Halliburton, 2013). Economic Impact/Concern of Hydraulic Fracturing According to the Global Fund Exchange, there are a number of environmental concerns related to hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing fluids...
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...Mechatronics BASIC MEASUREMENT TOOLS MTX 103 Fall 2 Credits 11 hours of lecture - 22 hours of lab Fundamentals of measurement tools. Topics include basic measurement, S.I. and U.S. customary measurement, precision measurement tools and dimensional gauging. Prerequisite: A grade of "C" or better in ELEC 101, 102, and 121; or concurrent enrollment in ELEC 101, 102, and 121; or consent of Instructional Unit. BASIC HYDRAULICS MTX 105 Fall 2 Credits 11 hours of lecture - 22 hours of lab Fundamentals of hydraulics. Topics include hydraulic power systems, hydraulic circuits, principles of hydraulic pressure and flow and various types of hydraulic valves. Prerequisite: A grade of "C" or better in ELEC 101, 102, and 121; or concurrent enrollment in ELEC 101, 102, and 121; or consent of Instructional Unit. BASIC PNEUMATICS MTX 107 Fall 2 Credits 11 hours of lecture - 22 hours of lab Fundamentals of pneumatics. Topics include pneumatic power systems, basic pneumatic circuits principles of pneumatic pressure and flow and pneumatic speed control. Prerequisite: A grade of "C" or better in ELEC 101, 102, and 121; or concurrent enrollment in ELEC 101, 102, and 121; or consent of Instructional Unit. ELECTRIC MOTOR CONTROL 1 MTX 110 Fall 4 Credits 22 hours of lecture - 44 hours of lab Fundamentals of electric motor control. Topics include electrical safety, control transformers, overload protection, ladder logic, control relays, electronic sensors, and other topics related...
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...Name Tutor Course Date Title: Hydraulic Fracturing POPULATION/PROBLEM/PROCESS Hydraulic fracturing or fracking, as it is commonly referred to, is a method of oil and gas extraction that has been in use for well over 60 years. This is a method that is centered on injecting a mixture of a proppant such as sand, chemicals and water into an oil or gas well. The injection of this fluid is responsible for creating fractures in the pre-drilled well, thereby allowing greater permeability of the stone. The small cracks in the stone are filled by the proppant, in this case sand, to keep them open even after the water flows back out. Among the chemicals used are gelling agents. The purpose of these gelling agents is to ensure that the proppant remains suspended in the mixture, and does not sink. Other chemicals in the mixture increase the fracturing ability of the solution. Once this has been achieved, the small pores and air spaces between the rocks are filled with the proppant and cause the natural gas trapped within the natural spaces to escape. This gas is then collected. The use of horizontal hydraulic fracturing has also been instrumental in the extraction of oil. The use of horizontal hydraulic fracturing has increased profitability and efficiency in the extraction of oil, when compared to the predominantly used vertical drilling methods. By increasing the extraction of natural gas from sources that were originally considered unproductive, this process has resulted in more...
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...What is more important, the cost of oil and gas, or the health of the human race? Horizontal Hydraulic Fracturing, more commonly known as “fracking” remains a relatively uncommon drilling technology. There was only one in fourteen wells drilled in the United States and Canada horizontally in 2002 (Gold). In 2012, six of every ten wells were horizontal. It is a process in which sand, water, and chemicals are used to blast open shale rock to release the gases that are trapped inside. After the vertical depth of the well is achieved, the drilling continues horizontally. Unfortunately, fracking is proven to cause environmental and health problems in humans and animals. It is also a risk to nearby plant life. The risks of fracking do not out way...
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...Republic. • The nature of competition in the global market of products & services that SH a.s. offering. We have to evaluate all these facts and to present a strategic technology management plan of action. Main Contributing Issues: Following are the major contributing issues or they are basically showing the evaluation of all the facts that must be consider before adopting any strategic plane. • They are lacking in capital & competition for R&D efforts in hydraulic technology, although they are able to full fill the desired innovations of customers as they had done on very selective scale in case of heavy hydraulics. • • They are entirely restructured in1997 and start offering services and maintenance along with major sales but future of their clients using such offers is also uncertain. • International competitors from Germany, US and from other western countries all are introducing computer based automated technologies but they are not offering such technologically advanced products. • Light hydraulic applications also moving towards automated advanced technologies with lean and fragile processing having lesser processing steps and higher automated work, but they are still offering old systems. • Other competitors like German & American are entering in Czech market with broad lines and advance technologies of lubrication technologies. Proposed Solutions: In this case the problem is not single directional or very clear it’s a multiple mix and complex bunch...
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