...Chem 200 (8/28) * Chapter 1 and 2 homework ( paper) turn in next week (wed) pg 217 in lab manual * Quiz 1 in discussion sections next week * Connect homework is live -chapter 1 and 2 due sept 6 * Know common elements and ions-lab manual/syllabus pages 14-16 * Read Chapters for exams Notes Errors in measurements * Radom error: all measurements have some level of random error they can be either positive( measure more than you actually do ) or negative errors( measure less then you usually do ) * Systematic error: always the same direction (either positive or negative) Precision and Accuracy * Precision : how reproducible each measurement is , how close each measurement is to the other measurements * Accuracy : how close the measured values are to the true value. Temperature Conversions (on the exam) Chemical Language * Elements (Na,Cl)- letters of the language * Chemical Formulas (NaCl)- words of the language Water Vs. Hydrogen Peroxide (on the exam) * The use of Hydrogen peroxide: nuclear, bomb, bleach hair,etc * Molecular formula : water: H2O, Hydrogen Peroxide : H2o2 * Empirical Formula: water HO, Hydrogen peroxide: HO * Structural Formula : water HOH, hydrogen peroxide: HOOH quetion: how many atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are present in a single molucule of citric acid C3H5O(CO2H)3 Carbon: 6 Hydrogen :8 Oxygen: 7 Chemical Bonding * Bonds form between atoms when they share electrons *...
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...Proline as a Catalyst for an Asymmetric Aldol Reaction Abstract This reaction is divided into two parts. In the first part acetone, L – proline and 4 – nitrobenzaldehyde are reacted to give (R)-4-hydroxy-4-(4-nitrophenyl)butan-2-one as the major product along with (S)-4-hydroxy-4-(4-nitrophenyl)butan-2-one. The identity of the product is confirmed by IR spectra of the product which gives peaks at 1073.94 cm-1, 1330 cm-1, 1515.05, 1600.13 cm-1, 1708.25 cm-1, 2930.82 cm-1and broad peak at 3418.10 cm-1. The mass of the product is 0.013 grams which gives a percentage yield of 29.81%. The melting point of the product is not taken due to minimal product. In the second part of the reaction excess reagents are used and the synthesized product is in very small quantities. The product synthesized is diastereomers of 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-oxobutyl 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-methoxy-2-phenylpropanoate. The identity of this compound is confirmed by the following peaks seen in 1H NMR: 8.19 and 7.62 ppm, 5.47 ppm, 2.90, 2.13 ppm, 3.30 ppm, 7.36 – 7.38 ppm. The melting point, IR spectrum, theoretical yield or percentage yield is not found since all of it used in 1H NMR analysis. The product 1H NMR shows a mix of both the diastereomers, but it is difficult to ascertain which one is in excess. Introduction The aldol reaction that was experienced in this lab is the nucleophillic addition of an enolate to a carbonyl group to form a B-hydroxycarbonyl. This reaction is a very powerful method to construct of...
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...In-Vehicle Technology Lab 6.1 Wifi In Vehicles Wi-Fi has been around for several years as an aftermarket accessory but many major manufacturers now offer some form of Wi-Fi. Ford has been offering Wi-Fi in selected models since 2010 and some form of Internet access is also offered by many other major automakers including General Motors, BMW, Audi, Saab and Chrysler. Autonet Mobile, a California-based firm that touts itself as the "first Internet-based telematics and applications service platform" for the auto market, has over 10,000 US customers using its CarFi service http://phys.org/news/2011-03-wi-fi-cars-superhighway.html by Rob Lever Ford Sync Peers Ahead To Video-Streaming Future Ford Sync's platform already offers hands-free calling, entertainment and navigation services. Its AppLink service allows some apps, like Pandora and real-time traffic data, to be controlled via the dashboard. Future iterations of Ford Snyc could offer in-car video streaming through a provider like Hulu or Netflix .They could be streamed to Iphones, IPads docked inside the car. http://autos.aol.com/article/ford-sync-peers-ahead-to-video-streaming-future/ by AOL Autos Staff Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles The most abundant chemical element in the world can power our cars if we are smart about it. A fuel-cell vehicle is a type of electric vehicle. Like the Nissan Leaf and other EVs, it uses an electric motor to drive the wheels. But rather than draw electricity from heavy...
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...In this lab, we were trying to identify certain macromolecules commonly found in food and other substances. These macromolecules were carbohydrates(both simple and complex), proteins, and lipids. Carbohydrates are a simple, short-term source of energy, and they are used in making cell structures. Carbohydrates are made up of monomers(which are comprised of single molecules) called monosaccharides. Monosaccharides include glucose, sucrose, and galactose. Two monosaccharides can be combined by removing a hydrogen end from one monomer and an oxygen/hydrogen end from another(forming a water molecule), and they can be combined using a bond called a glycosidic bond. These are called disaccharides, and can include carbohydrates like sucrose. When three or more monosaccharides are bonded together(once again using glycosidic bonds and...
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...To explain the photoelectric effect, Einstein came up with the photon hypothesis. The energy of a photon is associated with its frequency with the relation (1.1) Where h is the Planck constant. And to solve the paradox that electrons goes around the nuclear without electromagnetic radiation, Bohr put forward the atom model. In this theory the electrons have stationary orbits (1.2) Where is called the reduced mass. When the electrons transit from the high energy levels to the lower ones, the energy of the photons emitted is just the energy difference between two levels. In terms of the wavenumber 1.2 The Pickering Series and the Hydrogen-like Ions In our textbook the Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics by Fujia Yang it talked about the hydrogen-like ions. And the first well-researched hydrogen-like atom is the helium ions, and this ion...
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...classification, or taxonomy, uses the genus name followed by the species name, in Latin. By having a universal method of identifying bacteria allows for all scientists from any part of the world to identify the same species in an identical manner allowing for a precise of classification. Bacteria are distributed throughout the world in almost every conceivable habit. Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms, with variable shapes and nutritional needs. They lack a distinct nucleus and occur singly or in chains or clusters and form distinct colonies. Bacteria are classified on the basis of many characteristics. Morphological and physiological features such as cell shape, motility, formation of spores and other distinguishable structures, and reaction to Gram stain is a good start in identifying bacteria. Other staining techniques such as Acid Fast stain are also useful in determining species. More important in identification of a genus and species of bacteria are biological tests, including the determination of the types of nutrients a cell can use, the products of its metabolism, and the response to specific chemicals. Other factors that can assist in identification of bacteria are their ecological habitats and more advanced methods such as genetic and molecular composition. Using various techniques one is able to distinguish and ultimately assign then genus and species of the unknown bacteria. Methods: Gram Staining: The Gram stain separates bacteria in two distinct...
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...www.studyguide.pk Acids, Bases and Salts THE THEORY of ACIDS and ALKALIS and a few technical terms: o Acids are substances that form hydrogen ions (H+(aq)) when dissolved in water eg hydrochloric acid HCl gives H+(aq) and Cl-(aq) ions, sulphuric acid H2SO4 gives 2H+(aq) and SO42- ions and nitric acid HNO3 gives H+(aq) and NO3-(aq) ions. o Alkalis are substances that form hydroxide ions (OH-(aq)) in water eg sodium hydroxide NaOH gives Na+(aq) and OH-(aq) ions, calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 gives Ca2+(aq) and 2OH-(aq) ions. Note: an alkali is a base soluble in water. o In water, there are trace quantities of H+ and OH- ions BUT they are of equal concentration and so water is neutral. o In acid solutions there are more H+ ions than OH- ions. o In alkaline solution there are more OH- ions than H+ ions. o Acids dissociate to different extents in aqueous solution. Acids that dissociate to a large extent are strong electrolytes and strong acids. In contrast, acids that dissociate only to a small extent are weak acids and weak electrolytes In a similar manner, bases can be strong or weak depending on the extent to which they dissociate and produce OH– ions in solution. Most metal hydroxides are strong electrolytes and strong bases. Ammonia, NH3, is a weak electrolyte and weak base. o BASES eg oxides and hydroxides are substances that react and neutralise acids to form salts and water. Bases which are soluble in water are called alkalis. Acids Some common acids are listed...
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...BTEC Nationals Edexcel level 3 BTEC National Certificate/Diploma Applied Science (Laboratory and Industrial Science) Applied Science (Medical Science) Integrated Vocational Assignment CASE STUDY 2- Johnson Matthey (Catalysts and Chemicals) Unit 3: Workplace practices This case study has been prepared by Mr. M. Hooper & Ms P. Hooper with the co-operation of Johnson Matthey (Catalysts and Chemicals) for the use of learners completing the IVA for the NQF Level 3 BTEC Nationals in Applied Science. Prepared by M. Hooper & P. Hooper. March 2005 The following materials have been authorised for use by students in this context, by Johnson Matthey. Some data is not current, and some is adapted to give a working document to allow completion of the assignment, To complete the assignment students must have access to detailed information about a company. This is often difficult to obtain, and the following information will provide exemplar material for the completion of the IVA. The information is based on the British Company – Johnson Matthey, one of the leading speciality chemicals companies in the world specialising in Catalysts, Precious Metals and Speciality chemicals. Johnson Matthey is a large multi-national company. There is a lot of information available on the various web-sites. The website reflect the...
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...textbook): “That’s why farmers use fertilizers! Most fertilizers contain large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which help plants grow better in poor soil. Sometimes, such as after heavy rains, an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient-for example, runoff from heavily fertilized fields. When this happens, the result can be an algal bloom-a dramatic increase in the amount of algae and other primary producers.” Hypothesis: If we provide an excess of nutrients into one of our Ecocolumns, then the Ecocolumn with the excess amount of nutrients will have a poorer ecosystem and have a larger population of algae. This is because an abundance of nutrients allows the algae to thrive and reproduce faster, ultimately the consumers will not be able to catch up and eat them all. Materials: two jars (to replicate our...
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...4/15/2015 BIO156 Lab 2 Print Lab 2 Biological Molecules and pH Introduction: Connecting Your Learning Biological organisms, like all things, are made up of elements. These elements combine to form organic molecules that create the basis for life. The main elements found in biological organisms include carbon (C), hydrogen (H), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O). This lab describes how these elements form some of the most important molecules in life: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Resources and Assignments Multimedia Resources Required Assignments None Lesson 2 Lab 2 From the Lab Kit 7 test tubes Benedict's solution Biuret solution 15 micropipettes 10 pipettes Forceps pH test strips 4 unknown samples https://www.riolearn.org/content/bio/BIO156/BIO156_INTER_0000_v9/labs/lab02.shtml?print 1/21 4/15/2015 BIO156 Lab 2 Measuring spoons (teaspoon and tablespoon) 50 mL beaker Mortar and pestle Glass stirring rod 100 mL graduated cylinder Microscope slide Plastic funnel Test tube tongs Test tube rack 5 plastic cups Goggles Plastic gloves 1 tablespoon baking soda 1 tablespoon chicken soup 4 tablespoons sugar Required Materials 1 tablespoon cornstarch 2 tablespoons unflavored gelatin Student Provided Small saucepan Paper towel Oven glove or mitt Baking tray or aluminum foil (about an 18-inch sheet) Scissors Pencil Dime Microwave (optional) or Stove Permanent marker https://www.riolearn...
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...NASA uses hydrogen fuel to launch the space shuttles. Credit: NASA Hydrogen is the simplest element. An atom of hydrogen consists of only one proton and one electron. It's also the most plentiful element in the universe. Despite its simplicity and abundance, hydrogen doesn't occur naturally as a gas on the Earth - it's always combined with other elements. Water, for example, is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen (H2O). Hydrogen is also found in many organic compounds, notably thehydrocarbons that make up many of our fuels, such as gasoline, natural gas, methanol, and propane. Hydrogen can be separated from hydrocarbons through the application of heat - a process known asreforming. Currently, most hydrogen is made this way from natural gas. An electrical current can also be used to separate water into its components of oxygen and hydrogen. This process is known as electrolysis. Some algae and bacteria, using sunlight as their energy source, even give off hydrogen under certain conditions. Hydrogen is high in energy, yet an engine that burns pure hydrogen produces almost no pollution. NASA has used liquid hydrogen since the 1970s to propel the space shuttle and other rockets into orbit. Hydrogen fuel cells power the shuttle's...
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...CHAPTER 3 MASS RELATIONSHIPS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS This chapter reviews the mole concept, balancing chemical equations, and stoichiometry. The topics covered in this chapter are: • Atomic mass and average atomic mass • A vogadro’ s number, mole, and molar mass • Percent composition calculations • Empirical and molecular formula determinations • Chemical equations, amount of reactant and product calculations • Limiting reagents and reaction yield calculations Take Note: It is absolutely essential that you master the mole concept to do well on the quantitative aspects of AP Chemistry!! When solving quantitative problems on the Free Response section of the AP exam, supporting work must be shown to receive credit. Using dimensional analysis is a very powerful technique in solving problems. Be sure to report your answer to the correct number of significant figures (see Chapter 1 in this review book). Atomic mass and average atomic mass Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in atomic mass units (amu). One amu is defined as 1/12 of one C-12 atom. The C-12 isotope has a mass of exactly 12.000 amu. The C-12 isotope provides the relative scale for the masses of the other elements. Average atomic mass is the value reported on the periodic table, which takes into account the various isotopes of an element and their respective frequencies. To calculate the average atomic mass of an element, add up the different masses of the isotopes (using amu) multiplied by each isotope’s abundance...
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...Organic Chemistry Name: Rochelle Bailey Lab #: 7 Date: March 9, 2015 Introduction: Aldehydes and ketones are two of several types of compounds that contain the carbonyl group. Reactions that occur because of the presence of the carbonyl group include nucleophilic addition reactions and base catalysed condensations. Aldehydes are also easily oxidized, which provides a convenient means to distinguish them from ketones. The carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones is highly polarized; the carbonyl carbon bears a substantial partial positive charge and is susceptible to nucleophilic attack. Further, since it is sp2 hybridized it is relatively open to attack. Because the carbonyl contains no good leaving group, addition occurs rather than substitution. Aldehydes and ketones are polar compounds; however, the pure compounds do not undergo hydrogen bonding as the alcohols do. Thus the boiling points of aledehydes and ketones are lower than alcohols, but higher than alkanes or ethers. Low molecular weight carbonyl compounds are water soluble. Tests used to classify aldehydes and ketones Question 1 Identify the tests used to classify aldehydes and ketones. For each test identify the reagent(s) used and tell what observations/ results are expected. Write equations to show reactions (where appropriate). There are various tests that can be used to identify aldehydes and ketones. Some tests can be used to identify the carbonyl group in compounds while others can be used to distinguish...
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...Pumping Iron at Cliffs & Associates The Circored Iron Ore Reduction Plant in Trinidad 09/2004-5041 This case was written by Christoph H. Loch, Professor of Technology Management at INSEAD, and Christian Terwiesch, Associate Professor of Operations Management at the Wharton School, as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright © 2002 INSEAD-Wharton, France/USA. Revised Version, copyright © 2004 INSEAD-Wharton, France/USA. N.B. PLEASE PERMISSION. NOTE THAT DETAILS OF ORDERING INSEAD CASES ARE FOUND ON THE BACK COVER. COPIES MAY NOT BE MADE WITHOUT 1 5041 “There are worse places in the world to be in December than Trinidad,” thought Ed Dowling, as he spotted the first white beaches from his seat on the Miami-Trinidad flight. “Look, Steve, we are flying close by our plant,” he said to Steve Elmquist, pointing at a significant landmark on the coastline below them (see Exhibit 1). Dowling was executive vice-president for operations at Cleveland Cliffs Inc., and Elmquist was the general manager of Cliffs and Associates Ltd. (CAL), which was co-owned by Cleveland Cliffs and Lurgi Metallurgie GmbH, the German process technology company, following a recent joint venture. Neither had said much since starting their journey some eight hours before in Cleveland, Ohio, where they had reported to the board members of Cleveland Cliffs on the status of...
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...Pumping Iron at Cliffs & Associates The Circored Iron Ore Reduction Plant in Trinidad 09/2004-5041 This case was written by Christoph H. Loch, Professor of Technology Management at INSEAD, and Christian Terwiesch, Associate Professor of Operations Management at the Wharton School, as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright © 2002 INSEAD-Wharton, France/USA. Revised Version, copyright © 2004 INSEAD-Wharton, France/USA. N.B. PLEASE PERMISSION. NOTE THAT DETAILS OF ORDERING INSEAD CASES ARE FOUND ON THE BACK COVER. COPIES MAY NOT BE MADE WITHOUT 1 5041 “There are worse places in the world to be in December than Trinidad,” thought Ed Dowling, as he spotted the first white beaches from his seat on the Miami-Trinidad flight. “Look, Steve, we are flying close by our plant,” he said to Steve Elmquist, pointing at a significant landmark on the coastline below them (see Exhibit 1). Dowling was executive vice-president for operations at Cleveland Cliffs Inc., and Elmquist was the general manager of Cliffs and Associates Ltd. (CAL), which was co-owned by Cleveland Cliffs and Lurgi Metallurgie GmbH, the German process technology company, following a recent joint venture. Neither had said much since starting their journey some eight hours before in Cleveland, Ohio, where they had reported to the board members of Cleveland Cliffs on the status of...
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