...Accounting for retail AASB 102/IAS2- inventories Inventory means good and property purchased and held for sale in the operating cycle of business . Other assets may be sold from time to time but do not constitute inventory. Also known as stock or stock trade. Retail business operations Determination of profit is a major objective Calculation of costs of sales is key This is often a retailers largest expense The inventory asset is often a significant part of total assets and is likely to be very active Condensed income statement for a retailer Some differences to non-retail Sales (a revenue) is of primary importance Costs of sales represents inventory sold during the period Sales less cost of sales equals gross profit Expenses are grouped by function - and distribution expenses -Administrative expenses -Finance expenses Retailing and the GST All Australian business’s must have an Australian business number ABN if there sales of goods exceed 75,000 a year They must also register for GST, pay tax an hand out a tax invoice as a result record keeping is very important. Tax Invoices Required for all sales in excess of $75 All tax invoices must have: * ‘Tax invoice’ displayed prominently * ABN of issuing entity – Date of issue * Name of supplier * Description of items being supplied Invoices over $1000 have additional requirements Adjustment notes • Adjustments notes used when * All or...
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...Introduction International accounting standard No.2 (IAS2) "Inventory" gives the rules which should be followed during the recording and presentation of inventory. Inventory refers to goods which are held by a firm for sale, are in the production process or are materials which will be consumed in the production process or in giving out of services. This standard does not apply to financial instruments and it gives out a guideline on how to measure an asset which is categorized as an inventory, which concept constitute of the cost and at what time an expense occurs and the information that should be disclosed while preparing the financial statements (International Accounting Standards Board, 2008, p.977). History In the year 1974 during the draft of standard, the name was changed to "inventories" from "valuation and presentation of Inventories in the Context of the Historical Cost System" the first draft was affected on 1st of January in the year 1995 and this was 21 years after the first draft exposure. On 18th of December 2003, the standard was revised and took effect as from the strart of January 2005. In the year 2003, there was a revised IAS 2 whereby different cost formulas for inventories were incorporated into the standard. These were superseded from SIC 1 on consistency. On December 1997, SIC 1 was issued and was effective as from 1st January 1999. sic 1 required that that the same cost formula was to be used for inventories with the same characteristics under IAS...
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...INTRODUCTION In the wake of high-profile corporate accounting debacles, authorities have started to take action, and new international accounting standards (IAS) defined rules on boards¡¦ responsibilities and imposed penalties (the Sarbanes-Oxley Act) have come into effect. IAS rules will cause a greater need for comparability across various accounting and reporting principles. The European Union has decided that listed companies, a company which has any of its shares listed on a recognized stock market, should use international accounting standards (IAS) for accounting periods beginning since January 2005. Therefore, all EU listed companies that are required to publish consolidated accounts will be required to prepare their accounts in accordance with adopted International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). That will cause a greater need for comparability across various accounting and reporting principles. 1. Change in Financial Reporting Following recent decisions by various jurisdictions to adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs), more than 90 countries will either require or permit the use of IFRSs during the next five years. Thousands of companies throughout the world will be making a transaction in financial reporting by breaking away from national practices and changing to accounting standards set by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). IASB issued IRS 1 First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards, which...
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...Analysis of Unilever Financial Reporting Introduction Annual report is an exhaustive report which has involved a firm’s activities throughout the last year. It purposes to show the corporate activities and financial performance to both the shareholder and those people who are interesting in their corporation. However, it is crucial for the stock watcher doing their due diligence every year from the analysis of a corporate annual report. Not only the growth rate they concerned, but also the prospect of their stocks, the investor need to consider it carefully before doing their decisions. The following content would give the analysis of Unilever’s annual report in 2009. It would give detailed information in relevant with the companies activities, financial performance and future prospects. The company’s activity Types of product & service Unilever is an Anglo-Dutch multinational corporation that owns many of the world's consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. (Wikipedia) It provides fast-moving consumer goods in the world, mainly focus on three categories of products: nutritional foods, household and personal care. With a slogan “creating a better future every day”, this company always pays attention to innovation as well as effects of brands for their products. Unilever owns more than 400 brands as a result of acquisitions, however, the company focuses on what are called the "billion-dollar brands", 13 brands, each...
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...Conceptual Framework A conceptual framework establishes the concepts that underlie financial reporting. Conceptual framework includes objectives, qualitative characteristics, elements, measurement, and recognition concepts. The FASB Concepts Statements guide the board in developing accounting principles and provide understanding. These concept statements are non-authoritative and do not establish generally accepted accounting principles. Entities do not use the FASB Concept Statements in routine preparation of financial statements. (8,2) The IASB and the Interpretations Committee use conceptual framework when developing new or revised International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and interpretations or when amending existing IFRSs. It is used as a point of reference to help preparers of financial statements in applying IFRSs or when no specific guidance is given. The IASB’s Conceptual Framework is not an International Financial Reporting Standard and does not override any specific IFRS. However, the Conceptual Framework is used in development of future standards and the IASB is reviewing IFRSs and the Conceptual Framework to eliminate all conflicts between them. (2,7) Basis of Accounting Both U.S. GAAP and IFRS use a modified historical cost basis with a growing emphasis on fair value when preparing financial statements. When non-U.S. entities operate in a highly inflationary environment and prepare GAAP financial statements; they have the choice to either report price-level...
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...international financial reporting standards CERTIFICATE Learning materiaLs Contents FINANCIAL REPORTING CONTEXT..............................................................3 THE IFRS FRAMEWORK ..............................................................................17 PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ........................................35 ACCOUNTING POLICIES .............................................................................49 REVENUE......................................................................................................61 INVENTORIES...............................................................................................75 PROPERTY, PLANT, AND EQUIPMENT......................................................87 BORROWING COSTS.................................................................................105 GOVERNMENT GRANTS ...........................................................................113 NON-CURRENT ASSETS HELD FOR SALE ..............................................123 INVESTMENT PROPERTY .........................................................................133 INTANGIBLES .............................................................................................145 IMPAIRMENT ..............................................................................................159 PROVISIONS AND CONTINGENCIES .......................................................171 TAXATION...........................................
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...international financial reporting standards CERTIFICATE Learning materiaLs Contents FINANCIAL REPORTING CONTEXT..............................................................3 THE IFRS FRAMEWORK ..............................................................................17 PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ........................................35 ACCOUNTING POLICIES .............................................................................49 REVENUE......................................................................................................61 INVENTORIES...............................................................................................75 PROPERTY, PLANT, AND EQUIPMENT......................................................87 BORROWING COSTS.................................................................................105 GOVERNMENT GRANTS ...........................................................................113 NON-CURRENT ASSETS HELD FOR SALE ..............................................123 INVESTMENT PROPERTY .........................................................................133 INTANGIBLES .............................................................................................145 IMPAIRMENT ..............................................................................................159 PROVISIONS AND CONTINGENCIES .......................................................171 TAXATION...........................................
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...Financial Accounting Pilot Paper from December 2011 onwards Time allowed: 2 hours ALL 50 questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted. Do NOT open this paper until instructed by the supervisor. This question paper must not be removed from the examination hall. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants Paper F3 Fundamentals Pilot Paper – Knowledge Module ALL 50 questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted Please use the space provided on the inside cover of the Candidate Answer Booklet to indicate your chosen answer to each multiple choice question. Each question is worth 2 marks. 1 Which of the following calculates a sole trader’s net profit for a period? A B C D 2 net net net net assets assets assets assets + drawings – capital introduced – opening net assets – drawings + capital introduced – opening net assets – drawings – capital introduced – opening net assets + drawings + capital introduced – opening net assets Which of the following explains the imprest system of operating petty cash? A B C D 3 Closing Closing Closing Closing Weekly expenditure cannot exceed a set amount The exact amount of expenditure is reimbursed at intervals to maintain a fixed float All expenditure out of the petty cash must be properly authorised Regular equal amounts of cash are transferred into petty cash at intervals Which of the following statements are TRUE of limited liability companies? (1) The company’s...
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...Answers Professional Level – Essentials Module, Paper P2 (INT) Corporate Reporting (International) 1 (a) Bravado plc Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at 31 May 2009 $m Assets: Non-current assets: Property, plant and equipment W9 Goodwill W2 Investment in associate W3 Available for sale financial assets W10 June 2009 Answers 708 25 22·5 44·6 ––––––––– 800·1 ––––––––– 245 168 1 209 ––––––––– 623 ––––––––– 1,423·1 ––––––––– Current assets: Inventories W10 Trade receivables W11 Loans to directors Cash and cash equivalents Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity attributable to owners of parent Share capital Retained earnings W5 Other components of equity W5 Non-controlling interest W7 520 256·32 9·5 ––––––––– 785·82 ––––––––– 148·88 ––––––––– 934·7 ––––––––– 140 39·4 ––––––––– 179·4 ––––––––– 217 92 ––––––––– 309 ––––––––– 488·4 ––––––––– 1,423·1 ––––––––– Non-current liabilities Long-term borrowings Deferred tax W10 Total non-current liabilities Current liabilities Trade and other payables W6 Current tax payable Total current liabilities Total liabilities Total equity and liabilities Working 1 Message Fair value of consideration for 80% interest Fair value of non-controlling interest Amount of identifiable net assets acquired Gain on bargain purchase Essentially the entries would be: DR CR CR CR Net identifiable assets Cash Gain on bargain purchase Equity – non-controlling interest $m 400 $m 300 86 ––––– 386 (400) ––––– (14) ––––– $m 300...
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...E. AUDIT EVIDENCE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The Use of Assertions by Auditor Audit Procedures The Audit of Specific Items Audit Sampling and Other means of Testing Computer-Assisted Audit Techniques Not-for-Profit Organisations The Use of Assertions by Auditor What are substantive procedures? Substantive procedures are tests to obtain audit evidence to detect material misstatements in the financial statements. Substantive procedures generally include analytical procedures and test of detail of transactions, account balances and disclosures. What are the assertions used by auditors? Hint: PROVE Presentation and disclosures (or Classification and understandability) Records completeness, accuracy, cut-off (correct accounting period) Obligation (or rights and obligation) Valuation and allocation Existence Audit Procedures What are some of the typical audit tests? Confirming compliance with law and accounting standards Reviewing notes for understandability Reviewing of post year-end items Cut-off testing Analytical review Confirmations Reconciliations to control accounts Recalculation of correct amounts Third party confirmation Reviewing invoices for proof that item belongs to the company Matching amounts to invoices Confirming accounting policy consistent and reasonable Reviewing post year-end payments and invoices Expert valuation Physical verification Inspection...
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...Publishing Publishing F3 INT Study Text Financial Accounting ACCA Publishing ACCA Distance Learning Courses Learn quickly and efficiently Using a blended learning approach, our distance learning package will steer you towards exam success. Our aim is to teach you all you need to know and give you plenty of practice, without bombarding you with excessive detail. We therefore offer you the following tailored package: • Access to our dedicated distance learning website – where you’ll find a regular blog from the distance learning department – reminders, hints and tips, study advice and other ideas from tutors, writers and markers – as well as access to your course material • • Tutor support – by phone or by email, answered within 48 hours The handbook – outlining distance learning with us and helping you understand the ACCA course Study phase Revision phase • The key study text – covering the syllabus without excessive detail and containing a bank of practice questions for plenty of reinforcement of key topics • A key study guide – guiding you through the study text and helping you revise • An online question bank for additional reinforcement of knowledge • An exam kit – essential for exam preparation and packed with examstandard practice questions • 2 tutor-marked mock exams to be sat during your studies • Key notes - highlighting the key topics in an easy-to-use format Total price: £160.95 ...
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...MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Study Material Prepared By INSTITUTE OF COST AND WORKS ACCOUNTANTS OF INDIA for Junior Accounts Officer(Civil) Examination Conducted By CONTROLLER GENERAL OF ACCOUNTS 1 BASICS OF COST ACCOUNTING 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 ♦ ♦ Evolution of Cost Accounting, Cost Concepts and Cost Classification Introduction Evolution of Cost Accounting Financial Accounting and Cost Accounting Management Accounting Financial, Cost and Management Accounting Cost Concept and Cost Object Cost Management Cost Classification Methods of Costing Techniques of Costing Specific Cost Systems Cost Department and its relationship with other Departments Installation of Costing System Specimen Questions with Answers Test Yourself Page . No 1 1 2 3 4 .5 6 7 10 12 13 14 16 17 18 20 1.0 EVOLUTION OF COST ACCOUNTING, COST CONCEPTS AND COST CLASSIFICATION 1.1 INTRODUCTION Traditionally, cost accounting is considered as the technique and process of ascertaining costs of a given thing. In sixties, the definition of cost accounting was modified as ‘the application of costing and cost accounting principles, methods and techniques to the science, art and practice of cost control and ascertainment of profitability of goods, or services’. It includes the presentation of information derived therefrom for the purpose of managerial decision making. It clearly emphasises the importance of cost accountancy achieved during the period by using cost concepts in...
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...MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Study Material Prepared By INSTITUTE OF COST AND WORKS ACCOUNTANTS OF INDIA for Junior Accounts Officer(Civil) Examination Conducted By CONTROLLER GENERAL OF ACCOUNTS 1 BASICS OF COST ACCOUNTING 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Evolution of Cost Accounting, Cost Concepts and Cost Classification Introduction Evolution of Cost Accounting Financial Accounting and Cost Accounting Management Accounting Financial, Cost and Management Accounting Cost Concept and Cost Object Cost Management Cost Classification Methods of Costing Techniques of Costing Specific Cost Systems Cost Department and its relationship with other Departments Installation of Costing System Specimen Questions with Answers Test Yourself Page . No 1 1 2 3 4 .5 6 7 10 12 13 14 16 17 18 20 ♦ ♦ 1.0 1.1 EVOLUTION OF COST ACCOUNTING, COST CONCEPTS AND COST CLASSIFICATION INTRODUCTION Traditionally, cost accounting is considered as the technique and process of ascertaining costs of a given thing. In sixties, the definition of cost accounting was modified as ‘the application of costing and cost accounting principles, methods and techniques to the science, art and practice of cost control and ascertainment of profitability of goods, or services’. It includes the presentation of information derived therefrom for the purpose of managerial decision making. It clearly emphasises the importance of cost accountancy achieved during the period by using...
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...Qklhokn 1 Accounting Theory Paper-8 M. Com. (Final) Directorate of Distance Education Maharshi Dayanand University ROHTAK – 124 001 2 jktuhfr foKku Copyright © 2004, Maharshi Dayanand University, ROHTAK All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright holder. Maharshi Dayanand University ROHTAK – 124 001 Developed & Produced by EXCEL BOOKS PVT. LTD., A-45 Naraina, Phase 1, New Delhi-110028 Qklhokn 3 Contents Chapter 1 Accounting-An Intoduction Chapter 2 The History and Evolution of Accounting Thoughts 23 Chapter 3 Approaches to Accounting Theory 56 Chapter 4 Accounting Postulates, Concepts and Principles 88 Chapter 5 Income Concepts 107 Chapter 6 Revenues, Expenses, Gains and Losses 139 Chapter 7 Valuation of Assets 158 Chapter 8 Liabilities and Equity 177 Chapter 9 Depreciation Accounting and Policy 192 Chapter 10 Inventories and their Valuation 238 Chapter 11 Financial Reporting 277 Chapter 12 Specific Issues in Corporate Reporting 302 Chapter 13 Harmonization of Financial Reporting 323 Chapter 14 Accounting for Price Level Changes 339 Chapter 15 Human Resource Accounting 397 Chapter 16 Financial Engineering:...
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