...United States v. Arizona: The Support Our Law Enforcement and Neighborhoods Act is Preempted and Discriminatory Melissa Goolsarran Table of Contents I. Introduction 1 II. Perspective: Immigration, Discrimination, and Limitations on State Laws 3 III. Background: United States v. Arizona 9 A. S.B. 1070 and the Legislature’s Justification 10 B. The Decision: United States v. Arizona 18 IV. Analysis: S.B. 1070 is Preempted by Federal Immigration Law and Also Discriminatory 23 A. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Correctly found that S.B. 1070 is Preempted Because it Interferes with the Administration and Enforcement of Federal Immigration Laws 24 B. S.B. 1070 Discriminates on the Basis of Race or National Origin 32 V. Comment and Conclusion: Effects of the Arizona Law 36 I. Introduction The Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act (“S.B. 1070”) has been the subject of many debates for both its potential impact on federal immigration laws and discrimination against citizens and legal residents of Hispanic origin. The Arizona State Legislature passed S.B. 1070 to reduce the continuous rise in the number of illegal immigrants and alleged consequent rise in crime rates in the state. Among other provisions, the law requires officers to check a person's immigration status, criminalizes an alien’s failure to comply with federal registration laws and working without authorization, and authorizes warrantless arrests where there is probable cause...
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...The Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure Erek Anderson, Rachel Coen, Lawana Garfias, Malerie Gomez, Nicholas Tellez & Sara Ungerer CJA/364 February 16, 2015 Instructor: Bobby Kemp Search and Seizure Search and seizures are highly debated topics in the United States. Stop and frisk, automobile searches and border searches all fall within the guidelines of the Fourth Amendment. Discussed in this paper will be what reasonable searches, seizures and arrests are and how they are applied. Also to be discussed is whether probable cause is needed during warrantless searches and how the right to privacy is weighed. Finally, this paper will discuss how America’s borders are being protected by the Fourth Amendment, and what exceptions to the rule are necessary to protect America’s security interests. Stop-and-Frisk The definition of a “stop and frisk” is when the police temporarily detain a person and “pat down” their outer clothing if a law enforcement officer believes a suspect is armed and dangerous (Center for Public Education, 2015). For example, if a person is observed walking back and forth in front of jewelry store, meets another person around the corner from the store, and an officer observes one person handing the other person something which they put into their jacket. The officer can stop and frisk that suspect because they will have a reasonable suspicion that the suspects could be armed, and are possibly going to commit a crime. A frisk, by definition, is a...
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...Time (excluding federal holidays.) Automated information is available 24/7. U.S. PASSPORTS, EITHER IN BOOK OR CARD FORMAT, ARE ISSUED ONLY TO U.S. CITIZENS OR NON-CITIZEN NATIONALS. EACH PERSON MUST OBTAIN HIS OR HER OWN PASSPORT BOOK OR PASSPORT CARD. THE PASSPORT CARD IS A U.S. PASSPORT ISSUED IN CARD FORMAT. LIKE THE TRADITIONAL PASSPORT BOOK, IT REFLECTS THE BEARER'S ORIGIN, IDENTITY, AND NATIONALITY AND IS SUBJECT TO EXISTING PASSPORT LAWS AND REGULATIONS. UNLIKE THE PASSPORT BOOK, THE PASSPORT CARD IS VALID ONLY FOR ENTRY TO THE UNITED STATES AT LAND BORDER CROSSINGS AND SEA PORTS OF ENTRY WHEN TRAVELING FROM CANADA, MEXICO, THE CARIBBEAN, AND BERMUDA. THE U.S. PASSPORT CARD IS NOT VALID FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR TRAVEL. APPLICANTS WHO HAVE HAD A PREVIOUS U.S. PASSPORT BOOK AND/OR U.S. PASSPORT CARD If your most recent passport book and/or passport card was issued less than 15 years ago and you were over 16 years old at the time of issuance, you may be eligible to use Form DS-82. To determine your eligibility, please visit travel.state.gov, or contact NPIC. Address any requests for the addition of visa pages to a passport agency or a U.S. consulate or embassy abroad. In advance of your departure, check for any visa requirements with consular officials of the countries you will be visiting. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CHILDREN AS DIRECTED BY PUBLIC LAW 106-113 AND 22 CFR 51.28: To submit...
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...applied: Place: Date: INFORMATION, QUESTIONS, AND INQUIRIES Please visit our website at travel.state.gov. In addition, you may contact the National Passport Information Center (NPIC) toll-free at 1-877-487-2778 (TDD: 1-888-874-7793) or by email at NPIC@state.gov. Customer Service Representatives are available Monday-Friday 8:00a.m.-10:00p.m. Eastern Time (excluding federal holidays). Automated information is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. U.S. PASSPORTS, EITHER IN BOOK OR CARD FORMAT, ARE ISSUED ONLY TO U.S. CITIZENS OR NON-CITIZEN NATIONALS. EACH PERSON MUST OBTAIN HIS OR HER OWN U.S. PASSPORT BOOK OR U.S. PASSPORT CARD. THE PASSPORT CARD IS A U.S. PASSPORT ISSUED IN CARD FORMAT. LIKE THE TRADITIONAL U.S. PASSPORT BOOK, IT REFLECTS THE BEARER'S ORIGIN, IDENTITY, AND NATIONALITY AND IS SUBJECT TO EXISTING PASSPORT LAWS AND REGULATIONS. UNLIKE THE U.S. PASSPORT BOOK, THE U.S. PASSPORT CARD IS VALID ONLY FOR ENTRY TO THE UNITED STATES AT LAND BORDER CROSSINGS AND SEA PORTS OF ENTRY WHEN TRAVELING FROM CANADA, MEXICO, THE CARIBBEAN, AND BERMUDA. THE U.S. PASSPORT CARD IS NOT VALID FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR TRAVEL. IMPORTANT NOTICE TO APPLICANTS WHO HAVE HAD A PREVIOUS U.S. PASSPORT BOOK AND/OR PASSPORT CARD LOST OR STOLEN - You are required to submit a Form DS-64, Statement Regarding a Lost or Stolen U.S. Passport, when your valid or potentially valid U.S. passport book and/or passport card cannot be submitted with this application. IN MY POSSESSION - If your...
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...2. Is the United States safer from terrorist attacks and natural disasters today when compared to pre-Sept 11, 2001? A single answer to the question is no, the U.S. is not safer from attacks or disasters. The question contains a conjunction which requires two responses; somewhat safer from the terrorists; and not significantly safer from natural disasters. The supposition of the question is that man-made terrorist attacks are the same as the act-of-God created natural disasters. I take the position that they are both the same, each an act-of-God, one expressed through a person and the second through a typhoon, earthquake, or climate change. I agree with Peter Katel, the U.S. is experiencing a false sense of security through two unrelated views of terrorist attacks. The first is the threat from terrorist attacks from foreign nations or non-state actors. The the U.S. population readily identifies with al Qaeda, Boko Haram, or the Islamic State; groups with notional identities recognized through dress, language, or religions affiliation. The U.S perception of these groups is negative and all collective efforts should be undertaken to prevent their access to the...
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...Texas Department of Public Safety Driver License Division Parent Taught Driver Education (PTDE) Information Packet It is very important that you read this entire packet and follow all of the instructions. This packet is: ► Information about obtaining an approved PTDE course. ► Instructions on how to properly administer the PTDE training as required by Texas law. ► Instructions to obtain a driver license for the student. This packet is NOT: ► An approved driver education course. ► Proof of payment for an approved PTDE course. IMPORTANT NOTICE Since the purchase of a packet enrolls a student into the PTDE Program, each student must obtain a separate packet. Students may not share a PTDE Information Packet nor can this specific packet be transferred to any other student. It is the instructor’s responsibility to first obtain an approved PTDE course before beginning any instruction. The cost to purchase one of the approved PTDE courses was not included in the cost of this packet. You will need to contact a specific PTDE course provider for pricing information on the PTDE course that you choose. Only a PTDE course approved by the Department of Public Safety (DPS) can be accepted for the PTDE Program. (See Appendix A enclosed or go online to www.dps.texas.gov/ DriverLicense/parenttaught.htm) If you or your student has any questions after reviewing the enclosed material, please contact the Driver License Division Record Evaluation Section at (512)...
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...inline citations.| | |Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. (November 2009) | The H-1B is a non-immigrant visa in the United States under the Immigration and Nationality Act, section 101(a)(15)(H). It allows US employers to temporarily employ foreign workers in specialty occupations. If a foreign worker in H-1B status quits or is dismissed from the sponsoring employer, the worker must either apply for and be granted a change of status to another non-immigrant status, find another employer (subject to application for adjustment of status and/or change of visa), or leave the US. The regulations define a "specialty occupation" as requiring theoretical and practical application of a body of highly specialized knowledge in a field of human endeavor[1] including but not limited to biotechnology, chemistry, architecture, engineering, mathematics, physical sciences, social sciences, medicine and health, education, law, accounting, business specialties, theology, and the arts, and requiring the attainment of a bachelor’s degree or its equivalent as a minimum [2] (with the exception of fashion models, who must be "of distinguished merit and ability").[3] Likewise, the foreign worker must possess at least a bachelor’s degree or its equivalent and state licensure, if required to practice in that field. H-1B work-authorization is strictly limited to employment by the sponsoring employer. |Contents ...
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...Welcome to the United States A Guide for New Immigrants M-618 (rev. 09/07) Welcome to the United States A Guide for New Immigrants Revised Edition U.S. GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL EDITION NOTICE This is the Official U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein identified to certify its authenticity. Use of the ISBN 978-016-078733-1 is for U.S. Government Printing Office Official Editions only. The Superintendent of Documents of the U.S. Government Printing Office requests that any reprinted edition clearly be labeled as a copy of the authentic work with a new ISBN. The information presented in Welcome to the United States: A Guide for New Immigrants is considered public information and may be distributed or copied without alteration unless otherwise specified. The citation should be: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, Office of Citizenship, Welcome to the United States: A Guide for New Immigrants, Washington, DC, 2007, Revised Edition. USCIS has purchased the right to use many of the images in Welcome to the United States: A Guide for New Immigrants. USCIS is licensed to use these images on a non-exclusive and non-transferable basis. All other rights to the images, including without limitation and copyright, are retained by the owner of the images. These images are not in the public domain and may not be used except as they appear as part of this guide. This guide contains information on a variety of topics that...
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...A D I D T C ACN N D I D AAET E BULLETIN BULLETIN INFORMATION FOR APPLICANTS INFORMATION FOR APPLICANTS June 2008 June 2012 UNIFORM CPA EXAMINATION CANDIDATE BULLETIN PREFACE This bulletin is intended for individuals who plan to take the Uniform Certified Public Accountant (CPA) Examination. The examination is fully computerized and offered via a network of test centers across the United States and its territories, as well as Japan, Latin America and the Middle East. Successful completion of the examination is one of the requirements for licensure by the 55 states and territories (jurisdictions) of the United States. In order to take the examination, you must be declared eligible by one of the jurisdictions. Each jurisdiction sets its own requirements for education, examination and experience. Since 1917, the Uniform CPA Examination has proven to be a highly valid and reliable measure of candidate abilities. This focus on quality has made it possible for all U.S. jurisdictions to rely on the results in determining who is competent to practice public accounting in order to protect the public. This brochure contains important information. Do not discard before receiving your examination results. Visit NASBA’s website to download additional copies of this document. © 2012 NASBA, AICPA, and Prometric. All rights reserved. Page ii UNIFORM CPA EXAMINATION CANDIDATE BULLETIN TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .........................................................
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...and logistics solutions in the tangible goods they deliver. To compete and win in today’s environment requires constant interaction between manufacturers and their suppliers, customers, business partners, and services providers. Despite recent advances in information and communications technologies, much business is still conducted face-to-face, and deals are still done with a handshake. Whether it’s engineers working together to develop a new manufacturing process, executives meeting to negotiate a licensing agreement, or industry leaders getting together at a conference to map the future of their sector, creating value requires business people to meet and interact. Given the intensity of Canada’s trade relationship with the United States, this is especially the case between our two countries. Not only are we each other’s largest customer, but our businesses increasingly work together to compete in global markets. As Canada’s largest trade and industry association, Canadian Manufacturers & Exporters (CME) is committed to helping its members compete and win in domestic and global markets. One way in which we do this is by providing our members with business intelligence that helps them succeed. With more than four million businesspeople crossing the border every year...
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...The unsettling thing about living in a surveillance society is not just that you are being watched. It is that you have no idea. M a r i n e D r o u a r t L E A 3 L a e t i t i a F o u r e u r INDEX Introduction 3 I. A. B. You are Being Watched in Popular Culture The Firm by John Grisham Surveillance in Other Works 3 3 4 II. A. B. C. Surveillance in Daily Lives History Different Kinds of Surveillance Regulation of The Surveillance 5 5 7 14 III. A. B. Reversal of The Situation: Everyone can Watch One Another Exhibitionism Voyeurism 17 17 19 Conclusion 21 SOURCES 22 2 Introduction: Our freedom is always under electronic surveillance. Computer technologies have increased; this is what specialists call "traceability". Our operations, our conversations, our tastes and interests leave traces in the multiple computer systems that manage our daily lives. All these data are collected, centralized and stored by public or private organizations that can know at any time the "profile" of each individual. Every day in so many ways we are being watched. We are told it is for our own good, our own protection, to make our lives better, but is...
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...the latter parts of December 2011, the United States legislature passed the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 as a means of dictating the specific authorities and funding methods for the current fiscal year. Sections 1021 and 1022 of the act serve to further government authority with regard to the detaining and subsequent trial of those suspected of terrorism or related activities. While the aforementioned sections have not yet been abused at the hands of the state and are, in fact, largely effective in their ends, it stands a gross overstepping of government authority and disrupts the delicate balance between civil liberties and national security. Sections 1021 and 1022 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 should thus be writ null and void so as to best preserve the freedoms and rights granted to each person, domestic or foreign. Policy Identification The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (HR 1540) Title X Subsection D Sections 1021 and 1022 serves “to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2012 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes…[specifically with regard to the detention of persons suspected of terrorism],” (112th Congress). Signed into official United States Law on the fifth of January, 2012, the...
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...unodc.org UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME AND THE PROTOCOLS THERETO Printed in Austria V.04-56153—September 2004—1,900 UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME AND THE PROTOCOLS THERETO UNITED NATIONS New York, 2004 Foreword With the signing of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime in Palermo, Italy, in December 2000, the international community demonstrated the political will to answer a global challenge with a global response. If crime crosses borders, so must law enforcement. If the rule of law is undermined not only in one country, but in many, then those who defend it cannot limit themselves to purely national means. If the enemies of progress and human rights seek to exploit the openness and opportunities of globalization for their purposes, then we must exploit those very same factors to defend human rights and defeat the forces of crime, corruption and trafficking in human beings. One of the starkest contrasts in our world today is the gulf that exists between the civil and the uncivil. By “civil” I mean civilization: the accumulated centuries of learning that form our foundation for progress. By “civil” I also mean tolerance: the pluralism and respect with which we accept and draw strength from the world’s diverse peoples. And finally, I mean civil society: the citizens’ groups, businesses...
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...been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact tmelnick@law.fordham.edu. .. . .......... By Tanya Kateri Hernandez a1cial integrto has long been the touchstone of racial progress in the 0 workplace. But integration is only the beginning of the struggle to end racial discrimination. As workplaces become more diverse, they do nor necessarily becomie less racially discriminatory. Diverse workplaces may be characterized by antagonism between people ofdifferent races. Interethnic discrimination may exist along side the discrimination that has traditionally occurred between blacks and whites, i.e., non-white racial and ethnic groups may engage in disparate-treatment employment discrimination actionable under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.' Examples of interethnic discrimination occur among members of different ethnic subgroups, as when Puerto Ricans allegedly discriminate against Mexican-Americans or Dominicans, or white Latinos allegedly discriminate against...
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...USA PATRIOT ACT OF 2001 The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 is a 342-page, sprawling piece of legislation that contains more than 150 sections and amends more than 15 federal laws. The law's full name is the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, hence the acronym USA PATRIOT Act. It deals primarily with combating terrorism and gives the executive branch of the federal government more tools to fight suspected terrorist activity, but it also aroused the anger of civil libertarians. Critics of the act have charged that the government gained the power to investigate and detain persons with little oversight from the courts. In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, U.S. political leaders sought to address terrorism with new vigor. President George w. Bush and Attorney General John Ashcroft presented Congress with proposed legislation on September 17, 2001, that focused on intelligence gathering, immigration, criminal justice, and money laundering. The administration sought new powers to conduct searches of people suspected of terrorism; to detain and deport persons suspected of terrorist involvement; and to remove statutes of limitations on terrorism. In addition, the administration wanted the justice department to have the power to place wiretaps on the phones and computers of anyone suspected of terrorism. This initial proposal became the framework for the USA PATRIOT Act, which...
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