...The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 (White Australia Policy) was one of the world's oddest race-based government policies in that much of the impetus for it came from white men who liked and respected non-white races to the point they felt inferior by comparison. In addition, many of the opponents of the policy said extremely racist things when arguing for its abolition. Reflecting the nuanced psychological issues associated with it, the Act instructed migration officials to use a dictation test that allowed non-whites to be excluded without publicly acknowledging that they were being targeted for exclusion. In other words, it was widely understood to be an Act designed to exclude non-whites but officially it wasn’t. The reluctance to officially recognise the Immigration Restriction Act as a policy to exclude non-whites could be partly explained as flowing from the popularity of non-whites in Australia for much of the 19th century. Ironically, this could be seen as a legacy of Australia's penal foundations. Specifically, in 1820, nearly 80 per cent of the colonial population was a Convict, Emancipist or of Convict descent. As a consequence, the majority of the population were second class-citizens and the exclusive free settlers were the disliked minority. Race was insignificant compared to the stigma of criminality and the majority of the population shared that stigma together. An English newspaper of the time wrote: "Historically, the greatest rift has been between...
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...Australian society. Next, it discusses the discarding of the white Australia policy and the implementation of multiculturalism. Finally, this essay assesses the impact of the white Australia policy on contemporary Australian culture. During the late 1800s there was public and political discussion as to Australia’s future as a white nation (Bulletin 1886). This was prompted by the frequent racial tension and sporadic violence between white settlers and Chinese immigrants. The 1901 parliamentary debates concerning immigration show that although a belief in white racial supremacy was predominant, commercial concerns and fears of invasion were also involved. For example, some members extolled the superiority of a ‘snow-white’ Australia (Commonwealth of Australia 1901 pp. 4626, 4648, 4666). Whereas, other members protested that if Asians entered the country freely as a source of cheap labour this would lower the wages of white workers and allow an ‘invasion by alien and servile races’ (Commonwealth of Australia 1901 pp. 4631-2). Therefore, the parliament deliberated how to uphold the white racial composition of Australia while ensuring economic prosperity and border security. Consequently, the...
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...Australia, which is a relatively high-immigration country and a popular nation to immigrants all around the world. Since ancient time, Australia attracts a mass of immigrants to study or work because of the clean natural environment, biology diversity and rich natural resources, perfect education system as well as the multicultural society (Ehow, n.d.). It should be acknowledged that immigration has played an integral role in Australia’s population increase and economic development (Migration Expert, n.d.). The immigration in Australia has undergone a long-term process. Firstly, indigenous inhabitants have lived in Australia for approximately 40,000 years. On 26 January 1788, a date known as ‘Australia Day’ at present, the Britain’s first...
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...revolution making cloth was done on a spinning wheel in cottages the first industry that lead to ir was textile industry the main source power for ir machines steam steam engin es were powered by coal one of the major results of the industrial revolution was more products produced at a cheaper price for more people the ir did not lead to crises of .. free time activies workers earned low wages because the owners wanted to keep labour cost down by 1850 majoriy of britain lived in cities and factory towns wwi began when asutria declared war on serbia what was the schliefen plan? germany would invade belgium and tae france than russia the name of the first federal immigration policy the immigartion restriction act what were the rights given to australians through thye commonwealth franchise act voting rights which social legilastion established a minimum wage ? the harvester judgement wwi began in 1914 in which country to australians fight on the westernt front france what is the date of anzac day 25 april what is conscription compulsory military service the british campaign at gallipoli took place in which country turkey wjich primeminester unsuccessfully introduced constription billy hughes investigat the myall creek massacre in detail, why is it inmportant in australian history ? on june 10 1838 a group of white men murderd 28 aborginal men women and chilren. although it was not the first massacre of aborginials this played a significant part in australian...
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...The Lambing Flat Riots were a wave of anti-Chinese demonstrations that happened in the Australian goldfields in Central New South Wales during 1860-1861. Source A reveals that the largest group of non-Europeans to travel to and settle in Australia where the Chinese people as they wanted to search for gold. In New South Wales, 60 percent of miners were Chinese immigrants. Many miners, both European and Chinese, had moved to the goldfield of Lambing Flat when gold had been found there in 1860. This emphasises how dominant the Chinese population was in the Australian goldfields. It also shows how the rising Chinese population angered the Europeans. Source B is an artwork made in 1862 a year after the depicted scene happened. It shows a Chinese...
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... The Chinese Exclusion Act was a law of United States that passed by president President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882. It was established based on the revision of Burlinggame Treaty of 1868 made in 1880 .The Chinese Exclusion Act is the first immigration law of United States for a specific ethnic group. It marks a major turning point of the American foreign policy over immigration. This act prohibited Chinese workers into United States and deprives the American citizenship from Chinese immigrants for ten years .The amendment of 1884 further enhanced the requirements that allow earlier arrival immigrants to leave and return the U.S. Then, the Chinese Exclusion Act was extended by Scott Act that mainly written by William Lawrence Scott of Pennsylvania, prohibiting Chinese from returning again after leaving the United States. In 1892, the Geary Act that written by Thomas J.Geary was passed, which extended the Chinese Exclusion Act for a decade. In 1902, the exclusion act was made permanent. It required Chinese resident to register and obtain a proof of residence. The Chinese Exclusion Act was finally repealed by the Magnuson Act on December 17, 1943. The Magnuson Act set the immigration quota to 105 every year for Chinese immigrants.( “ Exclusion“,Library of Congress.) Background American had a series of changes in the attitude upon Chinese. The Chinese Exclusion Act is one of the most severe restrictions of immigration in American History. The unique...
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...population of Australia is built up by migrants and true Australians. They come from all over the world. Most of the migrants come from the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Australia has a long history with both illegal and legal immigration. The first refugees started coming in 1834 from Prussia and the first migrants started in 1880s. Australia currently is facing lots of big decisions with migrants and refugees. Migrants have improved some parts of Australia much as population, migrant background, but some of them go in to detention centres. In World War II Australia had with the threat of a Japanese invasion. Australian prime minster John Curtin recognised that Australia did not have enough power or military strength to defend our self’s against the Japanese. Afforestation World War II ended, a new enemy threatened to invade Australia the communists. Australia prime minster recognised that we need a long term plan to make sure we could defend our self for more invasion. What Australia needed to do was populate or perish. The government in 1944 they began to discuss the plan to populate or perish to strengthen the industry. One of the first policy's where natural growth. They worked out that Australia needed an immediate boost so the solution was immigration. The first migrants arrived from Britain in September 1947 in Western Australia. Only certain skilled...
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...History revision America 1890-1945 Time line Key: Bold and Underlined show events, policies or people of influence to US history from 1890-1945 RED: Political GREEN: Economic BLUE: Social BLACK: International affairs 1890- The accession of the Idaho and Wyoming brings the number of states in the Union to 44. The US Census notes that there is no longer a moving frontier in the American West. The Sherman Antitrust Act passed by Congress. 1896- William McKinley’s election victory marks the beginning of a lengthy period of Republican political dominance. 1898- Victory in the Spanish-American war marks the rise of ‘American Imperialism’ and establishes control over Cuba and the Philippines 1901- Theodore Roosevelt becomes president after the assassination of McKinley. The Platt Amendment is passed by Congress 1904- Thedore Roosevelt proclaims the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine after etsablishing US influence over Panama. 1905- President Roosevelt acts as mediator in the Treaty of New Hampshire ending the Russo-Japanese War. 1912- New Mexico and Arizona achieve statehood, bringing the number of states in the Union to 48. The Republican Party splits; Theodore Roosevelt runs for president on behalf of the ‘Bull Moose’ Progressive Party, ensuring the defeat of President Taft. Woodrow Wilson wins the Presidency for the Democrats 1914- War begins in Europe. The USA proclaims neutrality. President Wilson send US forces to occupy the port of Vera Cruz in Mexico...
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...Knight stated that Australia was still opposed to understanding the Asian language, even though Japan was the biggest exporter for Australia (p.229). However, that all changed with the Whitlam government where he removed the white Australian policy, introduced the People of The Republic of China, terminated deals with Taiwan with the anti-communist government and ordered the Australian forces out of South-Vietnam which ended the Vietnam War. Knight’s detailed analysis showed how Whitlam’s government began the engagement of Australia and Asia’s foreign and immigration deals (p.229). However, Knight’s method of analysis failed to form a coherent timeline structure, with the majority of the information is going back and forth decades, for example, he mentioned the White Australian policy in 1972 on p.226, then goes to the Japan war with Russia in 1905 p.226, but further down the page. Nevertheless, with the criticism aside, Knight developed an influential examination of the relationships between Asia and Australia and how it evolved from the British Empire to what is formed in present...
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...Religious diversity has enriched Australian culture and brought Australia together as a community through it’s learning about other cultures, celebrating other cultural events or being part a religious organisation. Religion is important to many people whether they are Christian, Buddhist, Muslim, Hindu, or another religion. Religion becomes part of their daily life though practices and traditions. All these religions have different beliefs and practices that are focused around one God or multiple Gods/Goddesses. In the 2011 Census, Christians represented 61% of the population. Non-Christians represented about 8% of the population while about 31% of the population stated they had no religion or did not state their religion. Aboriginal Australians...
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...Many of the fears that the government and media have fed to the public are unfounded. After interviewing several of my family and friends about their opinions on the topic of Asylum seekers in Australia, there seemed to be several specific concerns that these people had regarding asylum seekers. When I asked them where they had heard about these potential problems, the two main sources they gave were that they heard it on the news or it was spoken about by someone in the government. After researching these issues, it seems that many of these concerns seem to have been assisted by sections of both the media and the government. The first worry was that sylum seekers receive more money from the government than pensioners: One specific news report from the trusted show Today Tonight has received well-deserved backlash after claiming asylum seekers cost the taxpayers excessive ammounts of money. The headline read 'Asylum seekers get $400 a week' whereas the standard centrelink rate is $350 a week for Australians. This is a lie. The source they interviewed was a man who had refugee status and he actually received $400 a fortnight, much less than the average payment. TT claimed it was an editing error. The fact is that un-processed asylum seekers get no benefits until they are given a visa and even then they are entitled to the same centrelink benefits as everyone else. Is it any wonder peoeple are concerned about refugees when they are fed inflamatory nonsense like this by one of...
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...Demography Population growth * Demography: is the study of population, including factors affecting its size and growth * Whether a population is growing, declining or stable is affected by four factors: * Births and Immigration increases the population * Deaths and Emigration decreases the population • Natural change: is the number of births minus the number of deaths • Net migration: is the number immigrating into country minus the number emigrating from it • The UK’s population grew from 37mil in 1901 to 61mil today and should reach 71mil by 2031 • Growth has been mostly due to natural change rather than net migration Births There are two measures of births 1. Birth rate 2. Total fertility rate The birth rate • The birth rate: is the number of live births per 1,000 of the population per year • There has been a long-term decline in the birth rate • In 1900, it was almost 29 • By 2007, it had fallen by more than 60%, to under 11 • But there have been fluctuations • There were 3 ‘baby booms’: 1 after each war and another in the 1960’s • The rate fell sharply in the 1970’s, rose during the 1980’s and early 1990’s, and then fell until the recent increase since 2001 The total fertility rate • The total fertility rate: is the average number of children a woman will have during her fertile years (aged 15-44) • In the 1960’s baby boom, it reached an average of 2.95 children per woman, declining to an all-time low of 1.63...
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...Social Gospel = liberal movement within American Protestantism that attempted to apply biblical teachings to problems associated with industrialization. It took form during the latter half of the 19th cent. under the leadership of Washington Gladden and Walter Rauschenbusch, who feared the isolation of religion from the working class. They believed in social progress and the essential goodness of humanity. The views of the Social Gospel movement were given formal expression in 1908 when the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America adopted what was later called "the social creed of the churches." Advocated in the creed were the abolition of child labor, better working conditions for women, one day off during the week, and the right of every worker to a living wage. With the rise of the organized labor movement in the early 20th cent. the Social Gospel movement lost much of its appeal as an independent force. However, many of its ideals were later embodied in the New Deal legislation of the 1930s New Nationalism was Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election. He made the case for what he called the New Nationalism in a speech in Osawatomie, Kansas, in August 1910. The central issue, he argued, was human welfare versus property rights. He insisted that only a powerful federal government could regulate the economy and guarantee social justice. Roosevelt believed that the concentration in industry was not necessarily bad, if the industry...
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...Western Expansion: Topics • The Native Americans • Settlement of the West • The Bonanza West • Conclusion: The Meaning of the West The Native Americans: • Life of the Plains Indians • Indian Policy • Finial Battles on the Plains • The end of tribal life • “saving” The Indians • Hellan Hunt Jackson • NA Contributions 1877 is the beginning of “modern” American history. Hayes was president and some feel he is a fraud Most people live on Eastern Seaboard. Many overcrowding. Manufacturing and limited land space. People want to live west but the Indians were there…. In 1867 Horace Greeley urged people in NYC to move west “if you move west you will crowd nobody and not starve” because nobody was there but there were over QMil Natives living in the West. The gold rush started and disturbed the native western population. 1: Life on the plains for NA. 2/3 of them lived on the great plains. It’s one of the most hazardous at the time. They knew how to survive. The plains Indians depended buffalo. They can kill and take only what they need and use the entire kill. The Whites left the carcass. It was used by them for clothes, tools, food, shelter, ect. Before the horse the NA would hunt them by running them over a cliff or scaring them into a trap. The Spanish introduces the horse to them. They discovered that it was a great work and hunting animal. They were migratory and would travel with the food source. Some tribes would be sever thousand people...
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...Sociology & Family Theorizing and Researching 1. Structural Theories a) Materialism & Conflict theory Marx & Engles -changes in family lives reflect material change (ex, the mode of production, industrialization) macro-micro focus -power differences characterize society at all levels (ex, capitalism creates: exploitation of men in the workforce; oppression of women b) Political Economy -assumes the power of the one class over another (social control), capitalist relations of production -a more concentrated focus on how economic and political processes shape society and history and therefore family, families c) Structural Functionalism Parsons & Bales -the social institution of the family - family is seen as a function, and different parts of society helps it move along -the nuclear family performs functions -they saw the families as a main faction, economic support, these functions that happen in nuclear families include economic support -equilibrium, all parts help it work as a whole -hierarchical generations and role specialization within families produces harmony -the different roles that men and women take on, allows the family be a harmony -parsons and bales, gendered perspective on families, families having instrumental roles such as achieving income, feed the family, cloth the family, this would be men 2. Symbolic Interactionism Mead & Cooley - individuals create their own family realities through micro level interactions -from...
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