...Sickle Cell Disease Charlie Wilson HHC/220 March 13, 2014 Mark Perry Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell anemia or SCD is a condition that is inherited genetically by abnormal, red blood cells (erythrocytes) that has a form of sickle-shape. According to the Sickle Cell Society (2005), the beginning stage of this disease can begin as early as four months of age but are more common between one and two years of age. Symptoms while in childhood stage to adulthood consist of the following: * Breathlessness * Fatigue * Paleness * Painful aches throughout the body. * Swelling of feet and hands. * If you’re a male with this disease, you can experience painful erections. ( http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/midorcas/animalphysiology/websites/2005/Eppolifo/into.htm) Sickle cell can cause strokes in children as young as eight years of age. An individual who inherits this disease usually has a life span up to the middle 40’s. (SCDAA, 2005) PERI Model Utilization Sickle cell is a disease that is lifelong and inherited. This disease affects millions of individuals around the globe. Sickle cell is inherited from other family members that are carrying the sickle cell trait without having the disease itself. Most individuals who genetically inherited sickle cell has both parents with the gene or if one parent has the gene and the other do not, the child is likely to receive the sickle cell trait. The disease is very serious when the red blood cells form into a...
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...SICKLE CELL AND THE PAIN SICKLE CELL AND THE PAIN B Gibson SOC313 Social Implications of Medical Issues Instructor: Betsey Morthland July 23, 2012 SICKLE CELL AND THE PAIN Living with pain. What is sickle cell disease? Are you a carrier or do you have sickle cell disease? We will look at what is sickle cell disease and how do you know if you are a carrier. How many people have sickle cell disease, what challenges they face personally and socially? Are there programs to help people with sickle cell disease deal with pain management? This is just a peek at sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder of the red blood cells. If you have sickle cell disease you have an abnormal type of hemoglobin. Sickle cell disease contains mostly hemoglobin*s. Blood cells become sickle and crescent shape, which causes them to have trouble passing through small round blood vessels. “When sickle-shaped cells block small blood vessels, less blood can each that part of the body. Tissue that does not receive a normal blood flow eventually becomes damaged. This is what causes the complications of sickle cell disease.” (Florida Transition Project) There are several types of sickle cell disease – (SS) Sickle Cell Anemia, (SC) Sickle Hemoglobin C Disease, Sickle Beta-Plus, and Sickle Betz-Zero Thalassemia. Sickle Cell trait (AS) is an inherited condition and this condition is not sickle cell disease. People that have the trait are normally healthy and they are only carriers...
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...SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA Name: Institution: Introduction The sickle cell anaemia is a relentless hereditary kind of anemia in which a transmuted form of hemoglobin disfigures the red blood cells into a hemispherical outline at low oxygen levels (Sickle cell anaemia, 2015). The disorderedly affects individuals of the Caribbean, African as well as Asian origin, in the United Kingdom sickle cell disorders is mostly usually experienced in the Caribbean along with African persons. Consequently, this paper is going to talk about sickle cell anaemia along with alternate issues related to it. What causes sickle cell anaemia? Sickle cell anaemia is brought about by an alteration as well as uncharacteristic alteration in the gene that initiates the body to create hemoglobin. The sickle cell DNA is mostly inherited whereby it is conveyed from one generation to another in the family. To acquire sickle cell anaemia one must inherit the flawed DNA from mutually all the parents. Should one get the DNA from only one parent then this condition can be described as a sickle cell condition? There is a high chance that the person’s blood will have some sickle cell, and will also be able to generate the ordinary hemoglobin but not experience the signs of the disease. Conversely, the individual will be perceived as the carrier of sickle cell anaemia...
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...Sickle cell anemia(SCD) is an inherited genetic disorder which causes the expression of defective hemoglobin on chromosome 11 resulting irregularly shaped red blood cells also known as “sickle cells” because they look like a sickle or are in a crescent shape. The normal red blood cells are round, smooth and deliver oxygen to cells throughout the body but a cluster of sickle shaped cells blocks the blood flow, causing painful attacks and sometimes stroke. Due to their different shape and chemistry, they are controlled by many free radical processes. This paper will talk about the frequency this disease, inheritance pattern, genetic changes, current research and/or efforts to develop vaccine, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of sickle cell anemia....
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...In this paper, I will be looking at and reviewing the research literature that is available concerning sickle cells disease. I chose this topic for a reason that is close to my heart; I have an eight month old infant who has been diagnosed with sickle cell disease. As a professional, I am concerned with the ways that we as nurses can contribute to providing quality care in response to clients presenting with this specific disease. As a person, I am on the other side of the health promoting, family based care relationship that I am used to in my practice; I now really appreciate how important it is for nurses to provide education, information, teaching and training to parents and clients in response to an illness like sickle cell. In a way, therefore, I am serving both as teacher and student here, as I develop knowledge and collect evidence that I will use as both a nurse and as a concerned parent seeking to understand a disease that my child has been diagnosed with. This literature review supports the argument that nurses can play an important role in promoting quality care for clients and families coping with sickle cell disease, once a strong understanding of this disease and the nurse’s role in responding to it is achieved. This, therefore, is the goal of this literature review. Gale’s “Health Reference Centre Academic” database was used for the research. In fact, a very simple search resulted in the obtainment of all six of the quality, peer reviewed, scholarly research...
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...will have on the development on individuals from two different life stages. Genetic Biological Environmental Socioeconomic Lifestyle Determinism is the belief that your future is fixed or determined, either by what you have genetically inherited or by your social environment and experience. The alternative to determinism is choice and interaction this is the belief that people can take control of their own lives through the choices they make. It is sometimes referred to as the ‘free will’ viewpoint. Genetic factors and disorders. Each cell in the body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome from each pair is inherited from your mother and one is inherited from your father. The chromosomes contain the genes you inherit from your parents. There may be different forms of the same gene. These different forms are called alleles. There are different genes that determine your eye colour and your hair colour. The different forms of genes are caused by mutations in the DNA code. Genetic disorders are depending on certain factors these are; what genes you inherit of your parents, whether the gene for that condition is dominant or recessive and their environment, including any treatment they may receive. An example of a genetic disorder is Sickle Cell Anaemia; Sickle cell anaemia is a disease where your body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells. The cells are shaped like a crescent or sickle used to cut wheat. Sickle cell anaemia is caused by a genetic...
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...Microevolutionary Process Notes * 1) Natural selection works on individuals * 2) Individuals do not evolve, populations do * Insecticide application didn’t result in insecticide resistance: some insects carry trait of resistance in their genes * Processes in Microevolution -Mutation -Non-random mating -Genetic Drift -Natural Selection -Gene Flow * Hardy-Weinburg Theorem: Frequencies of alleles and genotypes are preserved from generation to generation in populations that are not evolving -p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 * Hardy-Weinburg tells us that we will never get rid of bad genes and it’s used to figure how gene populations change over time * The Hardy-Weinberg theorem describes a pop’n that is not evolving. It has 5 assumptions: 1. Genetic Drift: This represents random changes in small gene pools due to sampling errors in propagation of alleles. The bottleneck effect and founder effect are prime examples of genetic drift. In either case the number of individuals in a population is drastically reduced distorting the original allelic frequencies. (H-W assumes large population) 2. Gene Flow: The movement of alleles into and out of a gene pool. Migration of an organism into different areas can cause the allelic frequencies of that population to increase. Most populations are not isolated, which is contrary to the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem. (H-W assumes the population isolated from others) 3. Mutations: These changes in the genome of an organism are...
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...Social worker interventions have been shown to improve patient-centered outcomes in many underserved communities. Sickle cell disease is very complex, with a range of multifaceted barriers. There are individual, family/friend, clinical organization, and community level needs. The way in which care is delivered can be complicated by disparities in health care. Having adequate access to care, delivery of care and services and ensuring that one’s culture is considered can be stressful. If current facilities are not properly controlling symptoms, the amount of pain that these patients endue will increase resulting in decreased quality of life and high medical expense (Hsu et al, 2016). It is our job to educate and facilitate a good working relationship between the social worker, family and health care provider. It takes a village to raise a family and I believe the same saying goes for the case of SCD patients and their support...
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...Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea Lecture Outline Overview • Every day we observe heritable variations (such as brown, green, or blue eyes) among individuals in a population. • These traits are transmitted from parents to offspring. • One possible explanation for heredity is a “blending” hypothesis. ° This hypothesis proposes that genetic material contributed by each parent mixes in a manner analogous to the way blue and yellow paints blend to make green. ° With blending inheritance, a freely mating population will eventually give rise to a uniform population of individuals. ° Everyday observations and the results of breeding experiments tell us that heritable traits do not blend to become uniform. • An alternative model, “particulate” inheritance, proposes that parents pass on discrete heritable units, genes, that retain their separate identities in offspring. ° Genes can be sorted and passed on, generation after generation, in undiluted form. • Modern genetics began in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented a particulate mechanism of inheritance. A. Gregor Mendel’s Discoveries 1. Mendel brought an experimental and quantitative approach to genetics. • Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments. • Mendel grew up on a small farm in what is today the Czech Republic. • In 1843, Mendel entered an Augustinian monastery. • He...
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...Blood is the fluid that is transported throughout the whole human body. It carries many nutrients from the digestive tract to the cells, oxygen from the lungs to the cells, waste products from the cells to various organs of excretion, and hormones from secreting cells to other parts of the body. It helps in the distribution of heat formed in the active tissues to all parts of the body. Blood also helps to regulate the acid base balance and to protect against infection. Therefore blood is a crucial fluid for our life and health, the average adult’s blood has 8 to 10 pints of blood. Loss of more than 2 pints at any one time leads to a serious condition. Blood is made up of plasma, which is the liquid portion of blood without its cellular elements; serum is the name given to plasma after a blood clot is formed. Blood also has pathological rudiments that include “erythrocytes”, “leukocytes” and “thrombocytes”. Blood disorders can harm any of these three main compositions of blood. Treatments and antibiotics for blood diseases and disorders can vary it all depend on the blood condition that occurs and its impact on the individual’s body. Plasma is described as being a chaff colored, dense fluid, comprising about 55% of the blood amount which contains six substances which are. 1st Water is the liquid that makes up about 92% of the total amount of plasma. 2nd Plasma proteins are three proteins most abundant found in plasma they are fibrinogen, serum albumin and serum globulin...
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...Developmental Psychology Genotype vs. Phenotype Genotypes: - Genetic makeup of the individual Phenotypes: - Directly observable characteristics Genetic Foundations Some definitions… Genes: Basic unit of genetic information Chromosomes: rod-like portions of DNA which store/transmit genetic information 46 chromosomes in each cell (23 pairs) DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; chemical substance that makes up genes, chromosomes Mitosis DNA duplicates itself through mitosis Permits a one-celled fertilized ovum to develop into a human being Sex Cells Gametes: sex cells (sperm, ovum); each have 23 chromosomes; combine to create a zygote Zygote: sperm and ovum unite (conception); have 46 chromosomes Meiosis: Cell division process through which gametes are formed; Halves number of chromosomes in body cells (46) Autosomes: 22 matching pairs of chromosomes that are NOT sex chromosomes Sex Chromosomes: The 23rd pair of chromosomes (XX=female; XY=male) Twins Fraternal (dizygotic) twins Most common multiple birth Caused by release/fertilization of 2 ova As genetically similar as any two siblings Older maternal age, fertility drugs, in vitro all contribute to more fraternal twins Identical (monozygotic) twins Zygote that has begun to duplicate separates into 2 clusters of cells Same genetic makeup 1 out of every 285 births Genetic Inheritance Alleles ...
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...Conclusion Impact Statement Genetic testing is a complex process, and the results depend both on reliable laboratory procedures and an accurate translation of results. Tests also vary in sensitivity, that is, their ability to detect mutations or to detect all patients who have or will develop the disease. Interpretation of test results is often complex even for trained physicians and other health care specialists. Genetic Testing Genetic testing uses a variety of laboratory procedures to find out if a person has a genetic condition or disorder or is likely to develop a disease based on his or her genetic makeup. Individuals may wish to be tested if the family shows a history of one specific disease such as Huntington's Disease or breast cancer, if they show symptoms of a genetic disorder which could be improved by early diagnosis, or if they are planning a family and are concerned about the possibility of passing on a genetic trait to their offspring. Genetic testing can also look at the parent's genotype or look at the genotype of the fetus or newborn. This type of testing can also look for a specific disorder or can be done as a general test for common disorders as in prenatal testing or more commonly newborn screening. Genetic tests use techniques to examine genes or markers near the genes. Direct testing for diseases such as Cystic Fibrosis and Sickle Cell Anemia come from an analysis of an individual's specific genes...
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...P1 Public Health Strategies in the UK and their origins. In this article I am going to describe the key features of public health strategies as they relate to current times in the UK. -Monitoring the health status of the population. This strategy involves keeping track of people’s health/keeping an eye on everyone though statics. By tracking changes in the health of the population health professionals are able to alert people to potential problems, for example regular check-ups, at doctors for asthma or Dentist to check up on teeth and make sure they are in good condition plus Orthodontic. Also the NHS provide a free midlife MOT to check people aged between 40-74, to make sure they are in good health and to help reduce the number of elderly who suffer with high blood pressure. Also for HIV, they monitor the health of the population with HIV tracking the number of people with HIV within the population. This helps the NHS find out the population of people with HIV in order for them to take further actions. -Identifying the health needs of the population. This strategy involves identifying health needs, including those that are common problems/ illness that are considered a major problem. For example identifying the illness and providing support through services or medicine, advert are a great way that can get you aware, and provide you with health awareness that is common in the population. Doctors for example monitor the health status of...
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...GENETIC COUNSELING IN NURSING AND ETHICS Hyang Ko Azusa Pacific University Abstract The current development of genetic information and technique leaves us assignments. It is included ethical issues, roles of nurses, and the responsibilities in healthcare professionals. In order to understand nurses’ role and responsibilities and to provide genetic counseling, two research article with text books were reviewed. There were conflicts within ethical principles and nurses’ obligation. Each principle is important but one principle is superior to others when healthcare professionals make a decision in a certain context. It is necessary that genetic counseling is provided to patients and their family when healthcare professionals deal with genetic information. The two research articles empathized that experienced nurses are excellent candidates in genetic counseling within healthcare professionals by being educated, trained about genetic information. Genetic Counseling in Nursing and Ethics Definitions of Genetics and Genetic Counseling Officially, the terms of Genetics and genetic counseling is defined by Wekipidia as below: Genetics, a discipline of biology, is the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics). Genetic counseling is the process by which patients or relatives, at risk of an inherited disorder, are advised of the consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability of developing or transmitting...
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...Does the Cultural Environment influence Lifespan Development more than our Genes? This debate has been ongoing for a long period of time where some believe that cultural environment influence lifespan development while others are against the claim. The argument that cultural environment influence the lifespan development of an individual more than genes is true as it is argued that culture is an evolution which is a process that is very different from genetic evolution by natural selection, and it is playing the central role in the production of people’s behavior (Guest, A.M 2011). Genes does not dictate how development will go what they do is that they participate together with the environmental influences in making some of the developmental outcomes to happen. It is also true that genes are involved in human behavior as for every aspect of a person’s phenomenon it is due to the interaction between the environment and the genome. An example that shows how gene is involved in our behavior is in the degree in which we use vision to adjust ourselves, like hitting a baseball and selection of new clothes for kids. The reason behind this is because we have genetically evolved to be sight animals whereby our perception system that is dominant is vision and the next one is hearing. The information that is in our DNA that is supposed to produce morphology and physiology which makes sight very important to us has been molded by natural selection (Guest, A.M 2011). According to evolutionary...
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