...The valuation effects of long-term changes in capital structure ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to analyze and examine the changes in capital structure that do not affect the value of the firm and we have to know the relationship between the capital structure and the firm’s value. We are try to learn the changes in capital structure that do not affected the firm’s value and want to know relationship between the capital structure and the value of firm. For this study we used five independent variable that are profitability , growth , leverages , size and intangible ratio on the other hand we have one dependent variable that are firm value. We collected data from the Karachi stock exchange (KSE) and State Bank of Pakistan. Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 Background of the study 4 1.2 Problem Statement 6 1.3 Purpose of the study 7 1.4 Significance of the study 7 1.5 Operational definitions of the variables 8 1.5.1 Leverage: 8 1.5.2 Market to Book Value: 8 1.5.3 Profitability: 8 1.5.4 Growth: 8 1.5.5 Size: 8 1.5.6 Intangible: 9 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEWS 10 2.1 Theoretical Background: 10 2.2 Empirical evidence: 11 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 17 3.1 Research Method 17 3.2 Research Model 17 3.3 Research Hypothesis: 18 3.4 Data Collection 18 3.5 Population and Sample Size 18 3.6 Research Technique 19 INTRODUCTION ...
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...Persistence and Cross-Section Of Corporate Capital Structure in Indonesia Angelia A. Ananda Clinton M. Yosua Fahressi Fahalmesta Fariz Muhamad Nanda R. Aditya Rio Nugroho Oktober 2013 1. Angelia.ananda@student.ssb.ac.id 2. Clinton.josua@student.ssb.ac.id 3. Fahressi.fahalmesta@student.ssb.ac.id 4. Fariz.muhamad@student.ssb.ac.id 5. Nanda.aditya@student.ssb.ac.id 6. Rio.nugroho@student.ssb.ac.id Abstract Introduction Capital Structure is a factor which essentially needed by a corporate. It is about how a firm finances the overall operations and growth using its combination source of fund. DER (Debt to Equity Ratio) is most likely ratio when talks about capital structure because it related to firm’s leverage. The interpretation of the relationship is when a firm increase the debt and holding the equity constant, DER will goes up. It will be followed by increase in levered value and attractiveness of the firm even though become riskier. Otherwise, there also another beneficial reason of using debt to do the operation and activity of the firm which is the presence of tax shield. Firm will be more profitable because the income will be taxed lower unless; in one condition tax could be zero. Moreover, there was a big question about “How do firms choose their capital structures?” Proportion of capital structure should be made based on calculation and analysis of a company needs. When the measurement is not critical or without good analysis...
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...Bachelor of Finance & Banking Thesis -------------------------------------- The impact of capital structure on profitability of listed construction companies on Hanoi Stock Exchange from 2008 to 2013 FALL 2014 Instructor Mr. Tran Viet Dung Group members Nguyen Thi Thanh Tam (FB00464) Nguyen Thi Viet Chinh (FB00405) Hoang My Linh (FB00073) Dang Thi Hong Hanh (FB00253) Nguyen Thi Kieu Trang (FB00078) Hanoi, December 2014 Table of Contents List of tables 3 List of figure 4 Abstract 5 Chapter 1: Introduction and Thesis Outline 6 1. Background 6 2. Research objective 8 3. Research question 8 4. Data and methodology 8 4.1 Data 8 4.2 Methodology 9 5. Thesis outline 9 Chapter 2: Literature Review and theoretical models 10 1. Theorem review 10 1.1. Modigliani- Miller theorem review 10 1.2. Agency theory 12 1.3. Trade-off theory 14 1.4 Pecking Order Theory 19 1.5 Market-timing theory 20 2. Variable review 22 2.1. Return on Asset and Return on Equity 22 2.2. Capital structure 23 3. Empirical studies 24 3.1. Relationship between capital structure and firm performance 24 3.2. Empirical studies of relationship between determinants of capital structure and profitability 28 4. Summary of the empirical studies 30 Chapter 3: Methodology 31 1. Introduction 31 2. Data collection methods 32 2.1. Sampling techniques 32 2.2. Data collection procedure 34 3. Variables and hypotheses 34 3.1. Dependent...
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...between Capital Structure and Ownership Structure: A Comparative Study of Textile and Non Textile Manufacturing Firms Muhammad Arslan* M.Phil (Management Sciences) Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan, PO box 44000, E-8, Islamabad, Pakistan Email: MuhammadArslan73@gmail.com Rashid Zaman M.Phil (Management Sciences), Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan Email: Rashidzamantanoli@gmail.com Abstract The current study explores the impact of ownership structure on capital structure in textile sector and rest of the manufacturing sectors (non-textile) in Pakistan using regression analysis with fixed effect model. As textile sector is the largest manufacturing sector in Pakistan and having diversified financial characteristics, however, there exists a gap whether textile sector’s ownership and capital structure relationship matches with other manufacturing sectors or not. Current study tries to fill this gap. The results indicate that in textile sector, no significant relationship exists between ownership concentration and capital structure whereas a significant negative relationship is found between these two variables in case of non-textile firms in Pakistan. However, institutional ownership variable was found to be non-significant in both textile and non-textile sectors. Other control variables were found to have the results as hypothesized. Period of study used in this study is 2006-2009 and sample comprises of KSE listed firms. Keywords: Ownership concentration, capital structure...
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...DO FIRMS TARGET CREDIT RATINGS OR LEVERAGE LEVEL IN PAKISTAN SUBMITTED TO: Dr. SOHAIL YOUNIS SUBMITTED BY: JAMSHAID ALI BBS GROUP C IM|SCIENCES, HAYATABAD, PESHAWAR ABSTRACT The topic selected for this study “Do firm Target Credit Ratings or Leverage Level”. In this study 20 Pakistani non-financial firms are proposed to be included to observe the different determinants of capital structure which influence the leverage ratio and the study is also proposed to find out relationship of different explanatory variables with each other whether positive or negative influence exists. The variables taken in this study are Leverage, earnings before interest and tax, business size, fixed asset, depreciation and market to book value. This study also includes expression of different economic and financial analyst about the determinants of capital structure and this study also relates to the theory of capital structure by M.M and all other analyst. TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Section 1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH PROPOSAL ............................................................................. 4 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction to research question and underpinning theories ................................................................ 4 Introduction to the context ............................................................
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...DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE Introduction Modern theory of capital structure instigated with the seminal paper of Modigliani and Miller [1]. In brief, the MM theory states that the market value of a firm is determined by its earning power and the risk of its underlying assets, and is independent from its corporate financing decisions. In fact, the MM theory provided conditions under which a firm’s financial decisions do not affect the value of the firm. The fundamental conditions under which a firm’s leverage becomes irrelevant to its market value, hence the MM proposition hold includes: * No taxation * No transaction costs exist * No default risk * Perfect and frictionless markets * Firms and investors can borrow at the same interest rate The MM theorem might seem extraneous but it provides cornerstone for corporate finance. However, the classic question “How do firms choose their capital structure?” remain unanswered. In finance, the term ‘capital structure’ refers to the technique followed by corporations to finance its assets through combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities [2]. In simple terms, a firm's capital structure is the symphony of its liabilities. For example, a firm that possesses $40 billion in equity and $60 billion in debt is said to be 40% equity-financed and 60% debt-financed. The firm's ratio of debt to equity that is 60% is referred to as the ‘firm's leverage’. Leverage and Gearing are two terms that are often used...
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...Mekelle University College of Business and Economics Department of Accounting and Finance THE DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE Evidence from Commercial Banks in Ethiopia By K i b ro m M e h a ri F i s s e h a Reg.No.-CBE/PR0025/01 Research Project Submitted to the Department of Accounting and Finance, College of Business and Economics, Mekelle University, for the partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Finance and Investment Under the Guidance of Aregawi Gebremichael (Ph.D. Candidate) Assistant Professor May, 2010 Mekelle, Ethiopia i THE DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE Evidence from Commercial Banks in Ethiopia By Kibrom Mehari Fisseha Reg. No. CBE/PR0025/01 ii DECLARATION I, Kibrom Mehari Fisseha, hereby declare that the project work entitled “The Determinants of Capital Structure: Evidence from Commercial Banks in Ethiopia” submitted by me for the award of the degree of Master of Science in Finance and Investment of Mekelle University, is original work and it hasn’t been presented for the award of any other Degree, Diploma, Fellowship or other similar titles of any other university or institution. Place: Mekelle Signature: Date: May, 2010 ………………….. KIBROM MEHARI FISSEHA iii CERTIFICATION I certify that the project work entitled “The Determinants of Capital Structure” is a bona-fide work of Mr. Kibrom Mehari who carried out the research under my guidance. Certified further, that to the best of my...
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...topic. 1 Determinants Of Capital Structure in cement industry of Pakistan 2 Impact of interest rate on stock market 3 A study based on the effects of interest rate (KIBOR) on share price 4 Market Interest rate and commercial bank profitability in Pakistan 5 Determinants of Corporate dividend payout policy 6 Effects of Free Cash flow on profitability of firms 7 Determinant of dividend payout ratio: A study of Pakistani fertilizer sector 8 Fundamentals and stock returns in Pakistan 9 Effects of mergers and acquisition in banking sector of Pakistan 10 Impact of Privatization of banks on profitability 11 Can risk aversion indicators anticipate financial crises? 12 Cash flow and capital spending relationship: evidence from automobile sector 13 Impact of Privatization on profitability and efficiency of banks in Pakistan 14 To study the relationship between price earning ratio and return on investment 15 A test of price earning ratio to predict future growths 16 Factors affect on the dividend payout ratio (sugar industry) 17 Impact of macro-economic variables on stock sector of Pakistan 18 Relationship between Cash flow and investment spending in textile industry 19 Impact of taxation on firm’s dividend payout/ratio 20 Share price volatility explicatedmeasured by fundamentals 21 Stock price and economic variables ( Interest rate, inflation and GDP) 22 Determinants of P/E Ratio 23 Impact of capital structure on profitability 24 Impact of interest rate changes on...
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...1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Financial strategy is the largest corporate financial decisions that are made by the financial management committee and it is the most crucial for all organization or company for their strategy to make profit to their firms. Financial strategy also will influence the capital structure. The theory of Capital structure is closely related to the firm’s cost of capital. It is one of the effective tools of management to manage the cost of capital. Capital structure is the mix of the long-term sources of funds used by the firm. The primary objective of capital structure decisions is to maximize the market value of the firm or achieving the maximization of shareholders wealth through an appropriate mix of long-term sources of funds and an optimal capital structure is reached at a point where the cost of the capital is minimum. To design the capital structure, the element that should consider is first, the wealth maximization is attained and second, is the best approximation to the optimal capital structure. In finance, capital structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities (Saad, 2010). In short, capital structure is a mixture of a company's debts (long-term and short-term), common equity and preferred equity in financing its assets. Capital structure is essential on how a firm finances its overall operations and growth by...
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...Determinants of firm Short term Financing behavior: Evidence from Listed firms in Pakistan Muhammad Shahbaz 0132-BH-BAF-10 Faizan Saeed 1091-BH-BAF-10 Session: 2010---2014 Department Of Economics GC University, Lahore Determinants of firm short term financing behavior:Evidence of Listed firms in Pakistan | Submitted to GC University, Lahore in Partial fulfillment to the requirement For the award of degree of BS (Hons) In Business Accounting and Finance By Muhammad Shahbaz Faizan Saeed Roll No | 0132 | BH | BAF | 10 | Roll No | 1091 | BH | BAF | 10 | Session: 2010-2014 Department Of Economics GC University, Lahore RESEARCH COMPLETION CERTIFICATE It is certified that the research contained in this dissertation titled “Determinants of firm short term Financing behavior: Evidence from Listed Firms in Pakistan”, has been carried out and completed by Mr. Muhammad Shahbaz (Roll No 0132-BH-BAF-10) and Mr. Faizan Saeed (Roll No 1091-BH-BAF-10) under my guidance and supervision. The quantum and the quality of the work, contained in this dissertation, are adequate for the award of Degree of BS (Hons.) in Business Accounting and Finance Date: ______________________ ___________________ Mr. Nisar Ahmed Supervisor Department of Economics ...
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...Empirical Capital Structure: A Review Christopher Parsons1 and Sheridan Titman2 1 2 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA, Chris Parsons@kenan-flagler.unc.edu University of Texas at Austin, USA, Sheridan.Titman@mccombs.utexas.edu Abstract This survey provides a synthesis of the empirical capital structure literature. Our synthesis is divided into three parts. The first part examines the evidence that relates to the cross-sectional determinants of capital structure. This literature identifies and discusses the characteristics of firms that tend to be associated with different debt ratios. In the second part, we review the literature that examines changes in capital structure. The papers in this literature explore factors that move firms away from their target capital structures as well as the extent to which future financing choices move firms back toward their targets. Finally, we complete our review with a set of studies that explore the consequences of leverage, rather than its determinants. These studies are concerned with feedback from financing to real decisions. For example, we explore how a firm’s financing choices influences its incentive to invest in its workers, price its products, form relationships with suppliers, or compete aggressively with competitors. 1 Introduction Corporations fund their operations by raising capital from a variety of distinct sources. The mix between the various sources, generally referred to as the firm’s capital structure, has attracted...
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...PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT Report on Capstone Project “Impact of financial risk on capital structure decision in cement industry of India” Submitted to Lovely Professional University In partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the award of Degree of Master of Business Administration Supervisor: Mr. Rohit Bansal Submitted by: Shalini Sahay 10808654 Khalid Anwar 10805151 Suman Saurabh 10808885 Varun Kakkar 10810014 Gurpreet Singh 10806126 DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY JALANDHAR NEW DELHI GT ROAD PHAGWARA PUNJAB 1 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project report titled “Impact of financial risk on capital structure in cement industry of India” carried out by Miss. Shalini sahay has been accomplished under my guidance & supervision as a duly registered MBA student of the Lovely Professional University, Phagwara. This project is being submitted by him/her in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Master of Business Administration from Lovely Professional University. Her dissertation represents her original work and is worthy of consideration for the award of the degree of Master of Business Administration. ___________________________________ (Name & Signature of the Faculty Advisor) Date: 2 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project report titled “Impact of financial risk on capital structure in cement industry of India” carried out by Mr.Khalid anwar has been accomplished...
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...Research Vol. 3, No. 3; July 2010 Ownership Structure and Cash Flows As Determinants of Corporate Dividend Policy in Pakistan Talat Afza (Corresponding Author) Faculty of Business Administration, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Jinnah Building Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan E-mail: talatafza@ciitlahore.edu.pk Hammad Hassan Mirza COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan E-mail: al_hammd@hotmail.com Abstracts Dividend Policy is among the widely addressed topics in modern financial literature. The inconclusiveness of the theories on importance of dividend in determining firm’s value has made it one of the most debatable topics for the researchers (see for example, Ramcharan, 2001; Frankfurter et. al 2002; Al-Malkawi, 2007). The present study investigates the impact of firm specific characteristics on corporate dividend behavior in emerging economy of Pakistan. Three years data (2005-2007) of 100 companies listed at Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) has been analyzed using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression. The results show that managerial and individual ownership, cash flow sensitivity, size and leverage are negatively whereas, operating cash-flow and profitability are positively related to cash dividend. Managerial ownership, individual ownership, operating cash flow and size are the most significant determinants of dividend behavior whereas, leverage and cash flow sensitivity do not contribute significantly...
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...Alicja Nowak-Igwe ID D03509235 FI 516 Advance Managerial Finance Mini Case a) Provide a brief overview of capital structure effects. Identify the ways in which capital structure can affect the WACC and FCF. Capital structure presents how a company finance its operations. It is expressed as percentage of debt, preferred stock, common equity used in financing a company's operations.[1] WACC calculates a company's “cost of capital in which each category of capital is proportionately weighted. All capital sources - common stock, preferred stock, bonds and any other long-term debt - are included in a WACC calculation.”[2] “WACC depends on percentage of debt and common equity (wd) and (ws), the cost of debt (rd) and cost of stock (rs ) and the corporate tax rate (T)”.[3] WACC = wd(1 – T)rd + wsrs The effect of debt on WACC and Free Cash Flow is influenced by impact of the capital structure on value.[4] Capital structure affects the WACC and FCF of a company in many ways. The debt holders have a right to a cash flow before shareholders, which means that dividend can't be paid out unless all obligations toward debt holders for the specific period of time are met. Because of that, the cost of stock, rs goes up.[5] A high debt increases the risk of bankruptcy for a company, which might able to meet all payments. This risk of bankruptcy causes pre-tax cost of debt, rd, to increase.[6] In addition, increased risk of bankruptcy reduces ed free cash flow, which can be...
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...Importance of financial management is to create the shareholder value. Ehrhard and Bringham (2003) stated that the value of expected going concern business is market value of all the expected future cash flows that will be produced by assets which are discounted at company’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC). By analyzing this view, it can be observed that WACC is directly proportional to the business value (Johannes and Dhanraj, 2007). To choice of selecting among debt and equity is to make right capital structure which helps in increasing stockholder’s wealth. WACC is used to be defined as discounting the future cash flows by firm’s value. By decreasing WACC, the value of any firm can be increased (Messbacher, 2004). The equity ownership...
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