...Global Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms Global Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms International financial institutions are very important for the world to function. International institutions provide capital, improves the standards of living in developing countries. International institutions include World Bank, IMF, and the regional development banks. This essay defines the roles of international financial institutions; as well as how they are used in financing operation. International financial comes with risk and the importance of managing the risk. Roles of international financial insititutions The role of international financial institutions is firm so that we can move forward to expanding to additional countries. The role of international financial institutions is to providing financial support and stable advice for project in developing countries. The role of international financial institutions is to provide stability in the developing countries. The role includes being governed by international laws because it involves more than one country. The international financial also supports the private sector in struggling countries by providing support and give initiatives to help the developing countries such as Africa. The international institutions provide loans and other aids to the countries ("Unisdr", n.d.). For example, with the Keystone pipeline project; this is project that is head by a company called TransCanada. Canada...
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...``Push-pull'' factors influencing international student destination choice Tim Mazzarol Graduate School of Management, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia Geoffrey N. Soutar Graduate School of Management, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia Keywords Students, Decision making, Learning, Country of origin Introduction Why do students choose to study overseas? Demand for education, particularly higher education, has traditionally been driven by expectations of its ability to raise the economic and social status of the graduate. For people in less developed countries, limited access to education in their own countries led to a significant rise in the number of international students studying overseas. Between 1960 and 1970, the average growth in international student flows was around 9 per cent, and continued at about 6 per cent from 1970 to 1980 (Hughes, 1988). While there is some evidence of a slowing in the overall flow of international students during the 1980s and 1990s (Kemp, 1995), a global industry has been created. The global pattern of international student flows may be explained by a combination of ``push and pull'' factors that encourage students to study overseas. ``Push'' factors operate within the source country and initiate a student's decision to undertake international study. ``Pull'' factors operate within a host country to make that country relatively attractive to international students. Some of these factors are inherent...
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...Roles of International Financial Institutions Marcus Jenkins MGT448 January 10, 2011 Paul Bogert Introduction When listening to the latest television report concerning global business news or world economics, names of financial institutions such as World Bank, International Monetary Funds, and Asian Development Bank may be the center of some discussion. A major player on the global forefront, international financial institutions function much differently from local neighborhood banks. In this paper the author will define the roles of international financial institutions and explain the role international financial institutions play in global financing operations. Also the author describes how international financial institutions can help in managing risks. Defining International Financial Institutions “The international financial institutions (IFIs) are global institutions established to promote economic development and trade” (Arvanitakis, 2001). Governed by international law, these financial institutions are generally established by more than one country. Funded by taxpayers these institutions are also very influential. Each year these institutions lend billions of dollars to help fund economic development and projects in some of the poorer nations in the world. The most prominent example of international financial institutions is the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were the first...
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...technology have led to the era of international expansion and globalization. This new age has brought about shrinking of theof the globe and tighter global communication. The emergence of this new revolution has changed and elevated the roles that financial institutions play in global functions and their importance. It has also increased their significance in managing risks. This paper intends to first define the roles of financial institutions and describe how they are applied to global financial operations. Then it will elucidate the significance of these institutions in managing risks. Defining International Financial Institutions Financial institutions are institutions that act as financial intermediaries and provide their members and customers with financial services and support. Like their counterparts, international financial institutions serve the same purpose, but are institutions by two or more countries and are subject to international laws (International Financial Institutions). Other functions of international financial institutions are stabilizing the exchange rate, regulating currency conversion, economic and social restructuring, and assisting countries in financial crisis. There are various types of international financial institutions that include Bretton Woods Institutions, Regional financial institutions, and Bi-lateral development banks. Some examples of these financial institutions are the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, Asian...
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...Abstract This paper discusses the importance of MIS in the decision-making of commercial banks in Butembo city. The discussion starts with the review of literatures on the importance of MIS in our world today. The qualitative method of research is applied where; some bank managers were interviewed to collect data. The findings reveal that commercial banks in Butembo city are integrating technology in their daily activities. Mangers do use information systems in making every day decision at their level. Since all the banks in Butembo city are branches that does not need to make high-level strategic decisions. Therefore, the integration of MIS in high-level decision-making is done at the higher level (head office) from the information provided at the lower levels (that is branches like Butembo). However, the banks do share real-time information among branches and the head office. Introduction The history of Management Information System (MIS) starts since long. In 1968, Michael S. Scott Morton wrote a research paper in which he emphasizes the use and emergence of MIS in future. He emphasizes that the future companies will be affected by two things technology and the human comprehension and understanding of decision-making process. According to Morton (1968), it is not only about the emerging of new technologies rather how man will use the information from technology to make decisions. He predicted that in future organizational decisions will...
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...to examine the concepts of industrial revolution, neo-liberalization, international corporate governance, millennium development goals, the need for international institutions and the international regulatory framework in different areas like international trade, financial services sector, environmental protection etc., with a view to question the relevance of the traditional concept of sovereignty in the present globalized world. * Origin of the research problem: Research Question Whether the traditional concept of sovereignty of states has undergone a sea change in the wake of massive globalization? The Industrial Revolution which is referred to the period from the 18th to the 19th century brought the winds of change during which major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, transport, and technology had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the human race. Starting in the United Kingdom, and then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world, the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants. In the two centuries following 1800, the world's average per capita income increased over 10-fold, while the world's population increased over 6-fold. While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and political importance has...
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...list, the variable of which is the GDP per capita across the world nations, enjoy yearly income exceeding $ 30000, while in the 30 countries placed at the bottom of the list, the average income per year remains below $ 2000 - These statistics provided by the International Monetary Fund(IMF) in 2012 indicate the persistence of a problem in the 21st century , on account of which the world has remain polarized for many centuries. Pointed out by these IMF –presented statistics is the income disparity across the world countries, an issue that has drawn the lines dividing the world and challenging its unity. The coexistence of the prosperous nations with flourishing economies and high income, which are mainly the Western nations and recently the states of the Far East, and the poverty-stricken third-world trapped into intractable socio-economic problems is one of the many striking contrasts of today’s world. At a time when the international development is discussed more than at any time in the history, the study of the reasons for the income disparity between the poor and the rich countries remains of great interest and importance for the world. Increasing the importance of such studies is the endeavors of the international organizations to redress the economic imbalance in the world. Despite the presence of a plethora of literature attempting to shed light on the reasons for this economic imbalance between the affluent and poor countries, still, in the academia, various schools...
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...Human rights are moral principles that set out certain standards of human behaviour, and are regularly protected as legal rights in national and international law. They are "commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being." Human rights are thus conceived as universal (applicable everywhere) and egalitarian (the same for everyone). The doctrine of human rights has been highly influential within international law, global and regional institutions. Policies of states and in the activities of non-governmental organizations and have become a cornerstone of public policy around the world. The idea of human rights suggests, "if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights." The strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerable skepticism and debates about the content, nature and justifications of human rights to this day. Indeed, the question of what is meant by a "right" is itself controversial and the subject of continued philosophical debate.However, the aim of this essay is to explore the meaning of human rights and comment on human rights violation in Zambia since 1964. To begin with, it is worth mentioning that in order to gauge the future of human rights, it is vital to look at both the past and the present. In comparison to the early days of the 21st century, individuals are far...
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...increasingly been studied as a particular kind of international actor with a focus on the ways in which its international policies are made and pursued. Such scholarly endeavors reflect both empirical importance and analytical challenge regarding the EU’s status as a global actor. Empirically, the EU carries importance in global economy, international diplomacy, soft security, and broader world order. Analytically, it poses major challenge by virtue of its status as a something more than an intergovernmental organization but less than a fully-fledged European state. Therefore a tendency has prevailed that the EU’s external behavior can be understood through a combination of understanding the EU’s sui generis qualities, and a reliance on the tools of comparative politics. Consequently, the subject of international relations of the European Union’ is a neglected one. This volume/book widens the perspective from ‘the EU as a global actor’ to ‘international relations and the EU’. This focus does not rule out consideration of the EU’s credentials as an international/global actor, rather it connects this issue to the broader study of IR and of international policy-making. Thus ‘International Relations and the European Union’ is about both the place of Europe in the world and the way the world contributes to the shaping of Europe. At the same time, it is about the place, actual and appropriate, of the EU in the academic subjects International Relations. Previous Stages of Knowledge: In...
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...CAVEHILL SCHOOL OF BUSINESS | Code and Title: Business Research GEMA6160 | Lecturer: Professor Jason Marshall | | Student ID: | 3/28/2014 | | RESEARCH TOPIC: Preventing Money Laundering: An assessment of an indigenous and a International Bank operating in Antigua and Barbuda Table of Contents Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4 Background………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 Rationale……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….5 Purpose of Study………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6 Literature Review…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...6 Methodology………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………9 Research Design………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..9 Participants……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….9 Material…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….9 Procedures………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10 Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11 Presentation of Findings…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15 Analysis of Findings………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………17 Recommendations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...18 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19 References……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..20 Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………21 Appendix A………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
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...How useful are theories of integration to understanding the development of the European Union? BY IRABOR PETER ODION 07037830536 p24real2000@yahoo.com. “There is no historical precedent for the creation of a multinational, multicultural, and multilingual federation of states with mature social, economic, political and legal systems. In this regard the EU is a colossal and original enterprise.” From the beginnings of its development, there have many causes for the development of what is now the European Union (EU). This essay examines theories of integration and evaluates their validity in explaining the development of the EU. Then, by scrutinising these theories, this essay will seek to establish which, if any provide a comprehensive explanation for the development of the EU. Theories of integration offer explanations of how and why supranational governance has developed. Whilst there are undoubtedly many different causes and factors which have contributed to the development of the EU, this essay primarily focuses on neo-functionalism and intergovernmentalism as well as some new theories of integration which seek to explain the development. Although federalist and functionalist...
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...Kenneth Meniatis Ajan Wannapa International Relations Globalization Looking back on high school, I can recall walking through the hallways, seeing people and groups of all kinds. The hallways were lined with various groups of different people with diverse ideas and opinions. I, myself, was part of one of these groups. However, my clique inter-mingled with others as we exchanged our ideas, opinions, and experiences. There were some various cliques that did the same; as they did not isolate themselves from the rest of high school life. However, there were also other kinds of groups which committed themselves to their group solely, isolating themselves from everyone else. Now, let’s take these cliques and groups and turn them into full-scale nations. The high school, in turn, becomes the world. The cliques that stayed isolated would be classified under the term, localization. The people that intertwined with others would be classified under the term, globalization. There are advantages and disadvantages to both globalization and localization. Globalization encourages going beyond territorial boundaries to discover new political, economic, and social aspects that would benefit the citizens and the nation. Politically, globalization supports developments that expand authority, policies, and interests beyond these boundaries. Governments now will look to foreign governments for assistance if they are facing a difficult situation. Governments will also incorporate foreign political...
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...FITTskills: International Trade Finance Sixth Edition Course Objectives • Define and discuss the “Four Pillars” of trade finance— payment facilitation, risk management, financing and the provision of information related to a transaction • Describe the impact of technology on trade finance • Describe the major products and services related to trade finance, including the role and requirement of each party to a transaction • Discuss the importance of export credit agencies and international financial institutions in international trade • Describe the importance of adequate planning relative to the financial aspects of international trade 10/20/2015 TF 1-2 An Introduction to Trade Finance The bottom line of global business Dollars and cents of import and export • Some complexity in arranging payment cross-border, while assuring delivery of goods as agreed • Evolution: partly technology, partly changing global practices • Effective financing solutions key to competitiveness and profitability • Due diligence • Gradual shift from paper-based to Internet-based efinance • Financing timelines: Short term—up to 2 years Medium term—2 to 7 years Long term—7+ years, extending 15-20 years TF Ch 1-4 The four pillars of trade finance 1. Payment 2. Risk Mitigation 3. Financing 4. Information TF Ch 1-5 A business of relationships • Domestic vs...
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...Introduction In 1944, delegates from the most influential nations met at Mount Washington Hotel, New Hampshire, Bretton Woods in a conference later called the ‘Bretton Woods Conference’, to discuss their vision for rebuilding the world economy after the ravaging war. John Maynard Keynes, perhaps the biggest economist celebrity of his time, attended the conference with his own idea of how the post-war economy should shape up. Unfortunately for him, and perhaps for us all, his ideas were overruled in favor of American treasury secretary, Harry Dexter White’s plan, and was lost in the annals of history, before seeing renewed resurgence in the context of contemporary instabilities in the international monetary system, forcing a rethink of what was lost in the conference years ago. The Bretton Woods Conference was a defining event in world history, as it established the monetary system that we see today. Dollar hegemony and its status as a reserve currency has been called an ‘exorbitant privilege’, against which there have been voices time and again, but never has the wave been as strong as today. From a concern by economists, such as Triffin, Monbiot, Skidelsky, the overreaching impact of the economic recession of the late 2000s has led to significant doubts about the current system for policymakers and national leaders. In 2008, Monbiot recalled Keynes while analysing the financial instability of 2008, “John Maynard Keynes had the answer to the crisis we’re now facing; but it...
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...Project Management Q. 01. What is 'Project Finance'? Project finance is defined by the International Project Finance Association (IPFA) as the following: The financing of long-term infrastructure, industrial projects and public services based upon a non-recourse or limited recourse financial structure where project debt and equity used to finance the project are paid back from the cash flow generated by the project. Q. 02. Discuss long-term & short-term source of project financing? Sources of financing a business are classified based on the time period for which the money is required. Time period are commonly classified into following three: * Long Term Sources of Finance: Long term financing means capital requirements for a period of more than 5 years to 10, 15, 20 years or may be more depending on other factors. Capital expenditures in fixed assets like plant and machinery, land and building etc. of a business are funded using long term sources of finance.. Long term financing sources can be in form of any of them: * Share Capital or Equity Shares * Preference Capital or Preference Shares * Retained Earnings or Internal Accruals * Debenture / Bonds * Term Loans from Financial Institutes, Government, and Commercial Banks * Venture Funding * Asset Securitization * International Financing by way of Euro Issue, Foreign Currency Loans, ADR, GDR etc. * Preference Capital or Preference Shares * Debenture / Bonds * Lease...
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