...The European Union (EU) is a union of twenty-seven independent states based on the European Communities and founded to enhance political, economic and social co-operation. Formerly known as European Community (EC) or European Economic Community (EEC). All information about EU: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union The business implication of the EU: http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=73nQYLkj4lIC&pg=PA519&lpg=PA519&dq=eu%27s+effect+on+international+business+law&source=bl&ots=jZi4MvJL_n&sig=UZV5j9RNWCPcvCUyZin5nYd3DHU&hl=vi&ei=jHSbTI3FDo2osQPK8LzVBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 518/ Text book: IBL and its environment. The impact of EU on international trade The European Union has had a significant influence upon international trade, especially in respect of the countries that are member states in the Union. However, it has also had an impact on global trade generally. Internally, trading between the member states within the European Union has become less restrictive, because of the laws and regulations passed. Trade barriers between member states have been virtually eliminated and strict regulations have been applied to ensure fair competition for all. It is partially resulting from these moves that countries like those in the Baltic States are clamoring to join the EU. The EU also protects its member states from unfair competition tactics that other nations might use. The economic power of the Union is such that...
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...Key issues in the international relations between Turkey and the EU International relations between Turkey and the European Union are very complicated. The main ground considered while analyzing this problem is Turkey's aspiration to become member of the EU. From the very beginning, those attempts have been the subject of many controversies and Turkey had to face the strongest opposition of all the countries applying for accession. Unlike the other states, Turkey's integration is not as simple as inviting another member to the EU structures and its situation is difficult for many various reasons. First of all – there is Turkey's insufficient progress towards meeting all the required Copenhagen criteria: “- stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities, the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union, the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union [1]”. Country is still struggling with maintaining stable democracy – military is too involved in the political life, ethnic and religious minorities are not respected enough, broadcast media is not entirely independent and some key issues between Turkey, Greece and Cyprus are still unresolved. There are also many additional factors that are taken into consideration in the public...
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...Michael Willar Professor Walton International Relations 04-14-2013 “Major war will not occur in the future because the international community has created a set of international institutions that make it impossible.“ Many people believe that a major war will not happen again because international institutions would prevent it. I tend to agree with that notion because I believe that many things have changed since the last great power war in the 20th century. The League of Nations was the primary international institution after World War I. The United States however was not a member and the League of Nations, often failing to resolve conflicts in a diplomatic manner. Post World War II, many other international institutions were created which had the objective to manage the world economy and prevent another major war. These institutions included the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The league of nations turned into the United Nations (UN), which today has a total of 193 member states. The UN suggests that every country has a desire to solve conflicts diplomatically first and not start a war immediately. In case a country has a conflict with another country , both can state their cases and opinions in front of the United Nations. The United Nations then tries to mediate between those countries and solve the conflict diplomatically without any military...
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...problem solving concerning the issues of the world. One party is stating what they believe that is better for the world while the other party will beg the difference. Both parties will make each other out to be liars but in all reality, Politian’s are just that; liars. Debates are great to have to know which party will win, back down and which party will get caught up in a lie. My all time favorite of listening to Politian’s is that when they are debating, they will refuse to answer a question and will walk away. All a political debate is just a conflict between parties having disagreements about Medicare, welfare, health insurance, etc. This research paper will inform you of the United Nations Union, the European Union and the conflicts involving each group. The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to...
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...Contents 1.HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL ACCOUNT OF EU-MOLDOVA RELATIONS 2 1.1.Political situation in Moldova. 2 1.2. Establishement of EU-Moldova relations. 3 2. EC-MOLDOVA PARTERSHIP AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT 6 3. THE TRANSNISTRIAN ISSUE AS A SECURITY THREAT FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION 9 4.THE FUTURE OF EU-MOLDOVA RELATIONS 12 REFERENCES: 18 ‘’You are well aware that the values on which the EU is built-freedom,democracy,respect for human rights and fundamental freedom,and the rule of law-lie precisely at the heart o the political association and economic integration process which the Eastern Partership offers and which we are pursuing with Moldova.(…) We want to create a new reality where all the citizens of Moldova, without exclusion, can enjoy all the benefits of a modern and effective political and economic system, respectful of their fundamental right’’. President Barroso. 1.HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL ACCOUNT OF EU-MOLDOVA RELATIONS 1.1.Political situation in Moldova. 1.The independence of the Republic of Moldova, which was declared in 1991, raised a great number of crucial questions for the future of the new country- problems that had to be solved without delay. One of them was them was the orientation of its foreign policy and external allies. Moldova is literally situated on the border between East and West the countries that have chosen a ‘Euro-Asian’...
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...to represent the EU internationally? The president of the European Commission, the high Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, the head of delegation of the EU to third countries (e.g. the US),and the president of the European Council. 2. Of which of the following international organisations is the EU a (full) member? The FAO and WTO, two conditions need to be fulfilled: 1) The EU must have the power (as conferred by the Member States in the Treaties) to become a member, 2) the international organization must allow the EU (which is not a state) to become a member. Consult, for instance, Art. 4 of the UN Charter 3. What is the EU in international law? Rights and obligations. It is not a state or is a regional integration organization with a very extensive measeur of international legal personality (at 47 TEU) 4. Who represents Europe in the world, in external affairs and treaty negotiations with 3rd countries or international organizations, High representative of EU for foreign affairs and policy: created by the Lisbon treaty , it is also the vicepresident to the European Comissions. Head of state, Europe is represented by 2 persons: permanent president of European Council and President of the European Commission (more for classical competences of the EUUU). And Rotatic council. World wide diplomatic network of the European Union: EU ambassadors, EU delegations of the European Action Service (EEAS, it has more than 141 embassies and...
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...widest-ranging political actors in the international system and has gradually expanded to encompass foreign policy initiatives towards nearly every corner of the globe, using a full range of foreign policy tools: diplomatic, economic, and now limited military operations related to peacekeeping and peace enforcement. Foreign policy of the European Union has a history of about two decades during which the EU has managed to overcome the characterization of “political dwarf” and became one of the key centers of global politics. In this dynamic world where everything is changing so fast, the development of foreign policy of the European Union acquires excessive actuality. While talking about the EU, it is necessary to mention the fact that in the relations between different countries the it always tends to be in the dominant position and is trying to be one of the global political actors. That is why this topic is very actual. I am focusing on my paper from the analytical point of view. My research paper consists of three parts. The first part is dedicated to the formation of the EU. I’ll speak about the enlargement processes, especially the fifth enlargement identifying its positive and negative aspects. In the second part the main stress is placed on the development of the EU. Here is going to be examined the candidate countries, Turkey’s integration perspectives. The third part is about relations with NATO. In the last part of this chapter...
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...International Organizations Final Exam Essay Question # 1: Regional Institutions; the Future of International Relations Cecilia Keimyung University. International Organizations Final Exam: Essay #1 Throughout the course of the semester we have analyzed a plethora of international organizations. Needless to say some international organizations appeared to be more influential and have a positive image on a global scale while others seem to have difficulty in maintaining credibility and in some cases transparency. The following essay outline why international organization are not, ipso facto, the future of international relations and that regional institutions will gradually come to replace them. The International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol), the East African Community, and the European Union will be used to illustrate this stance. Interpol is a reformed modern version of a Gestapo information gathering and sharing network that was founded in Austria in 1923. This organizations initial goal is to bridge cross-border police integration. Interpol is presently the 3rd largest international organization after the United Nations and the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) and has 190 member states. Contrary to popular belief Interpol’s sole purpose is strictly to gather and share information on persons wanted for criminal offenses. According to the Interpol website, an estimated $85 million (€60 million) was the...
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...This paper discusses the path of Croatia to the European Union. It explains all the different challenges Croatia faced in order to be able to comply with the EU standards and obligations. There is the Fundamental Rights chapter that presents the arguments that showing the great effort that Croatia has put in adopting new frameworks in all areas of the chapter. After, there are the benefits and risks that Croatia could face after EU accession. Some concerns about the economic crisis are mentioned from the public opinion and other EU members’ point of view. Finally there is a conclusion explaining what Croatia could benefit from or be deprived of by joining the EU, followed by a last explanation if there are still challenges in the political criteria. The path to the European Union The war in Croatia cost them loss of a whole decade in the path to European Union. In particular the war was detrimental for the economy. Was Croatia lagging behind to meet EU standards back then? Was there enough stability or any limitations toward accession to EU? The first step towards EU was on 29th October 2001 when Croatia signed the Stabilisation and Association Agreement in Luxembourg, becoming a potential candidate for joining the EU. All candidates which aim in joining the EU have to adopt the EU’s legal patrimony known as acquis which contains 31 chapters. The process of integration is monitored by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament [1]. As for Croatia, it had not only...
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...What, if anything can trade Unions’ do to challenge the employment strategies of multinational strategies of multinational companies? In the 1990’s globalization took the world by storm, it overcame into the way businesses were run, the products and goods we use and employment used. Globalization allowed good to be traded at an international level, increased the level of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), increased the number of international transactions and trade barriers decreased, making it easier and cheaper to buy goods from abroad (Ferner, 2003). Not only has globalization seen the increase of migrants workers but has also increased the number of Multinational Companies (MNC) and many of them have moved production from their home country to less developing countries, for cheaper labour and looser regulations. The deregulation of working conditions, demographics and labour markets as well as cheaper labour will lead to companies moving their work away from the UK and damage the economy (Williams and Adam-Smith, 2010). As Moody (1997) states “It will increase pressure to cut costs in order for businesses to stay competitive...pressure on labour costs”. Globalization has caused an increase in the number of mergers and acquisitions and has in affect created and introduced more MNC, it has allowed companies to move labour and production to where labour is cheaper. Trade Unions’ have been at the forefront of the debate of whether globalization is a good thing. Due to MNC operating...
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...International Comparative Trends in Collective Bargaining Susan Hayter Collective Representation, Coverage & Scope As Figure 1 shows, trade union membership has declined in many countries. There are a number of reasons for this. First, structural changes in labour markets, involving a decline in the share of manufacturing in total employment and increase in the share of services, eroded the traditional membership base of trade unions. In some regions, the dramatic decline in public sector employment as a result of structural adjustment and privatization had a detrimental effect on union membership. Second, legal reforms introduced in some countries prohibited compulsory unionisation (closed shops) and encouraged individual contracts. Third, the increase in international competition as a result of globalization undermined the bargaining power of trade unions and strengthened the hand of management. Finally, the growth of non-standard forms of employment, for example part-time or fixed-term contracts put a brake on union Trade union membership has declined in many countries. Collective bargaining is a key means for improving wages and conditions of work and for regulating employment relations. Integration into global markets has intensified competition. In response, enterprises sought to be more flexible by introducing new forms of work organization and changing their employment practices. These changes present important challenges for collective bargaining. Collective bargaining...
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... Finally the Lausanne Peacem Treaty of July 24, 1923 established the international status and boundaries of the new country. The Republic of Turkey was formally declared on October 29, 1923. It immediatly started on a course of modernization in all walks of life.... [tags: essays research papers] 929 words (2.7 pages) $19.95 [preview] Turkey - Because of the war women gained the right to vote to vote. In 1946, the multiparty era began. A military junta seized power and governed from 1960 to 1961. In 1961, a new constitution was ratified, and elections began. The 70’s were a time of political violence and economic uncertainty. Because of this, in 1980 a second junta was formed, which instituted martial law and abolished all political parties. The second junta was dissolved because of a new constitution, adopted in 1982. Turkey then became a republican parliamentary democracy.... [tags: essays research papers fc] :: 3 Sources Cited 1986 words (5.7 pages) FREE Essays [view] Benefits Of Franchising System In Turkey - Benefits Of Franchising System In Turkey Franchising system has lots of adventages for economic growth of Turkey such as it creates job opportunity , competition improves the domestic campanies and global campanies brings many adventages. FRANCHISING IN TURKEY Franchising is one of the most important ways for global campanies and Turkey is seen as a profitablemarket for international franchisors.In Turkey , there are many franchisors in different sectors...
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...The European Union and its power over opinion: what can Belarus tell us about the European identity? Contents Abstract Page 4 Introduction ` Page 5 Chapter 1: Constructing a European identity Page 8 Chapter 2: The European Union as a normative actor Page 21 Chapter 3: The Belarusian problem Page 30 Conclusion Page 49 Bibliography Page 52 Abstract Europe has embarked upon an unprecedented process of state integration witnessing the widespread deferral of policy making to intergovernmental institutions. The European Union’s institutionalism has facilitated an assimilation of values into an increasingly coherent, if complex regional identity. A normative self-conception has emerged that Brussels has sought to project onto its external relations through the Common Foreign and Security Policy. Brussels increasingly considers itself a transformative actor in global politics offering an alternative to great power realpolitik. This paper finds that while European multilateralism offers an environment conducive to a normative foreign policy, the extent to which it is able to exert any ideational influence is constrained by the level of engagement it is willing to pursue. Europe maintains a policy of isolating the Lukashenko regime and has failed to engage Belarusian civil society. As a result it has had a negligible impact on Belarusian political culture. Europe’s failure to adequately engage Belarus also...
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...1. Introduction The most important factor in the fate of societies and nations is command of energy. Energy is defined as the ability or capacity to do work. Energy policy in the European Union represents one of the core policies since the beginning of the European Integration. The treaty of Paris to establish a European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM or EAEC) were the first attempts to an energy cooperation within the European Community. As the size of the European Union grows (reached twenty eight member states as of March 2013), it needed more energy sources as energy plays an important role for economic development. Now the European Union is the largest importer of energy (oil and gas) in the world, and the second largest energy consumer. Therefore, member states of the EU need more secure access to energy resources. Beside the North-South and East-West energy corridors, Europe ingests the South-North corridor, connecting it with North Africa and the Middle East. In 2007 Oil and Gas Journal estimated stocks and supplies of oil at 114 billion barrel and natural gas at 13, 9 billion cubic meter. Almost one third of European imported oil comes either from the Middle East or from North-West Africa. Europe pipeline interests in the south are focused exclusively on natural gas. In 2006 Algeria delivered 16, 7% of Europe gas, and it’s considered to be the biggest third land delivers natural gas, including LNG (Liquefied Natural...
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...treaty on the EU and the European Community’s treaty without replacing them. The EC treaty is renamed “The treaty of the functioning of the EU”. According to the provisions of the Lisbon Treaty, the EU replaces and succeeds the community. Therefore, the following terms will no longer be used: European Community, European communities or community law. Reference will be made only to the EU and the EU law. Following the treaty of Lisbon, the articles within the treaty on EU and the EC treaty, now the treaty on the functioning of the EU, are renumbered as part of the simplification process. According to the amendments brought by the Lisbon Treaty, the EU has legal personality, and therefore it has the capacity to enter into international treaties and agreements on behalf of the member states. In addition, the 3 pillars of the EU provided by the Treaty of Maastricht are now merged, but special procedures are still maintained in the field of foreign policy, security and defense. However, reference will no longer be made to the 3 pillars of the EU. The main reforms introduced by the Treaty are as follows: * More powerful role for the EU parliament, within the European legislative process * A greater involvement of the national parliaments in the work of the EU * Changes concerning the institutional framework of the Union; thus the treaty recognizes the following seven institutions of the EU: European Parliament, European Council, the Council, European Commission, the Court...
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