...Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.[8] Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims.[9] The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.[10] Oghuz Turks began migrating into the area now called Turkey (derived from the Medieval Latin Turchia, i.e. "Land of the Turks") in the 11th century. The process was greatly accelerated by the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert.[11] Several small beyliks and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion. Starting from the 13th century, the Ottoman beylik united Anatolia and created an empire encompassing much of Southeastern...
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...Turkey in the 1980s and the Islamist Aftermath During the 1980s, the military attempted to re-bolster its authoritarian rule. The 1961 coup, one that attempted to clamp down on politicians collaborating with religious groups, had not produced the pristine secular regime the military desired, nor prevented the political gridlock between partisan political authorities. In order to defend itself from the Marxist threat, an ideology promoted during the Cold War by the Soviet Union, the military began to relegate more funds towards building up conservative Islam as a bulwark against leftist ideology. Due to the alienation of minorities in Turkey, the military became nervous of a communist takeover (Taspinar 137). During this decade, Kurdish unrest expressed itself as a rebellious Kurdish Separatist movement known as the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), which threatened threaten Turkish sovereignty. Ironically, Kemal’s ethnic nationalist agenda would serve as a role model for the PKK, which has sought to unify Kurds and establish a Kurdish state. In order to regain control in Turkey, the military relegated more funds towards building up conservative Islam as a bulwark against leftist...
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...Alan Kurdi was a refugee child that was found dead on a Turkish beach. While trying to escape Turkey on a boat with his family, the boat flipped over and Alan, his mother and his brother drowned in the ocean. His father, Abdullah, was the only one to survive. The photographer who took the picture of Alan and made it viral stated,” I wished there was no problem in their country, that they hadn’t left it and hadn’t tried to leave Turkey and that I hadn’t taken this photograph.”(Smith, Helena) Many people were deeply saddened by the image, especially Abdullah. Soon after the image was taken, many false accusations have been made about Abdullah and Alan Kurdi which put Abdullah under a lot of stress. In this essay, I will argue that although the media has brought a lot of attention on refugees such as Kurdi and Hamo. The Kurdi family was making their way to Canada from...
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...RUNNING HEADER:WHAT IS THE COOPERATION BETWEEN TURKEY AND ISRAEL? Abstract: This paper addresses the relations between nations of Turkey and Israel. It reviews the history of the relations since Israel’s independence and Turkish government and politics towards this. It summarizes the declining of relations between these two countries and their continuing relations that are worsened through last years and also it explains the solution to this problem. 2 RUNNING HEADER:WHAT IS THE COOPERATION BETWEEN TURKEY AND ISRAEL? History Background of Turkey and Israel relations: Israel, created a nation in the land of the Palestinian Arabs, millions of Palestinians have fled their homeland forced with weapons used by Israel Army. The government of USA was the first country to recognize Israel. Turkey was the first Muslim country to recognize the state of Israel. Israel, in fact, destroyed the Ottoman state and order in the region as the last nail in the coffin nailed. Nevertheless, the Republic of Turkey, on the contrary on March 28th 1949 was the first Muslim country to recognize Israel. This recognition took place during the reign of Ismet İnönü, the help from the United States, according to experts, was to underline the country's Western identity and to get the international Jewish support. According to Turkish Foreign Minister Sadak Israel had now become a reality all over the world and Turkey had to recognize the fact that Israel was an independent...
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...From Africa to East Asia, a new Islamic movement is attracting millions of followers and a lot of money. Even though Gulen movements do not call themselves an Islamic movements they Inspired by a little-known Turkish imam his name is Fethullah Gülen.The. Gulen movement is linked to more than 1,000 schools in 130 countries, newspapers, TV and radio stations, universities and even a bank. They describe themselves as civil society movement. It started out as a local service group of students, teachers, parents, and small business owners around the Turkish scholar and preacher Fethullah Gulen in the city of Izmir, Turkey. The movement gives a lot of attention to education and science. These schools have attracted Muslim and non-Muslim. The chief characteristic of Gulen’s followers is that they do not seek to disrupt modern secular states; rather, they encourage Muslims to use the opportunities offered. Gulen sees science and faith as not only harmonious but also complementary. He encourages scientific research and technological advancement for the good of all humanity .In this paper we will write about the founder his ethnic origin, his Islamic education, his teachings and the history of the movement. Also, the demographic characteristics of the movement, and the historical transformations to modern times. Also, the relationship with the other parties and movements. We will be looking into how the movement begin and what made this movement grew so popular. One of the areas we...
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...Terrorist Activities Turkey is at a turning point in the world’s geographic and political scene. The developing relationships of the nation have spread opposition and wars on a global level. Terrorist organizations in Turkey are triggering the country into internal turmoil with continuous threats against the government, military, and civilians. Major terrorist groups in Turkey are the nationalist Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), and Al Qaeda known to use improvised explosive devices (IEDs), suicide bombing, and kidnapping to further their causes. This essay will review articles on terrorist organizations in Turkey comparing and contrasting the sources rendering of perspective or slant on the information given. Terrorism in Turkey Two distinct sides within this nation are both fighting for control; the Turkey’s Justice and Development Party commonly known as the AKP for Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi and the (PKK) Kurdistan Workers’ Party (Bajalan, 2011). The Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) has been fighting against Turkish authorities and rival Kurdish groups since 1984. The government and media have yet to label the PKK that fist began in 1978 as a terrorist organization causing an outcry by the public. According to Cable News Network (2011), “The PKK is a terror group established during the Cold War with the aim of fulfilling a nationalist dream” (para. 5). The public made an exhibition of their discontent by having protests in western Turkey after the violent deaths...
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...Running head: GLOBAL BUSINESS CULTURAL ANALYSIS: TURKEY Abstract A global business cultural analysis is a tool used in order for one to become more familiar with a culture, more attune to the implications that the culture has on the business conducted by the people group of the culture, and more aware of the attitudinal and behavioral implications a member of a different culture should expect when working with members of the people group. In exploring the varying cultural elements, one examines the role and perception of women, the role and influence of religion, and the role and perspective of time. The cultural elements have an impact on business that should be considered by a U.S. American seeking to conduct business with members of this people group. Global Business Cultural Analysis: Turkey Primary sources serve to provide a foundation for definitions when pursuing a research project. They are also beneficial for defining terms and establishing reasons behind why one might pursue a particular research topic. When beginning a global business cultural analysis, it is important to understand what is meant by the term culture. Hofstede defines culture as “the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 9). The people group focus for this study is the members of the Republic of Turkey. Though the culture in Turkey differs from that of other people groups around the world, this...
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...exclusively populated by denizens whose ethnic identification is classified as Greek. The northern third of the island, occupied by self-avowed Turkish Cypriots, recognizes itself as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The only other country in the world that recognizes the TRNC is Turkey, while the Republic of Cyprus is recognized internationally. While the international community recognizes the Republic of Cyprus as having jurisdiction over the island as a whole, in fact the Republic’s authority stops at the green line, a fact which has led at a number of confusing international issues, including Cyprus’ and Turkey’s EU accession bids. The Beginnings of Cypriot History Cyprus is an island state that has only recently achieved sovereignty. Inhabited for well over two thousand years, it has a four hundred year colonial history of shared culture, language, and mores between the Turkish and Greek Cypriots that populate its scenic mountains, plains, and beaches. These shared mores and sense of culture will prove essential to my discussion of how to best address the current conflict between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. The island’s strategic location approximately 40 miles south of Turkey and 400 miles east of Greece in the Eastern Mediterranean, at the crossroads of three continents, coupled with its expansive coastline and small size (approximately 3,572 square miles), has historically made it an...
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...powerful than hard power. Cultural diplomacy is one of the strongest soft power items of last century. With right strategy of cultural diplomacy, a new image of a country can be created at other countries. This can affect so many statistics of a country in a positive way, such as tourism and trade. There are still many countries which are not aware of the strength of soft power and cultural diplomacy. In the other hand there are countries which are aware of this strength and it is easy to see how they are successful to create an impressive image. United Kingdom, Germany and United States can be three examples to see success and power of cultural diplomacy. Turkey has been trying to attempt to European Union since so many years. All of attempts were not successful. What can be the reason for that? , Culture? , Impression of Turkey? , Politics? , Population? , Economics? , Religion? Or another question can be asked is, what is Turkey’s image at European Countries? What is Culture? The origin of the word “culture” in Latin “cultura” is a modern concept based on a term first used in classical antiquity by the Roman orator, Cicero: “cultura animi.” The term “culture” appeared first in its current sense in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, to connote a process of cultivation or improvement, as in agriculture or horticulture. In the 19th century, the term developed to refer first to the betterment or refinement of the individual, especially through education, and then to the...
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...Every year, every Thanksgiving, Americans look forward to the President of the United States to present the pardoned turkey. For the last seven years, it has been President Obama with both his daughters, Sasha and Malia cracking dad jokes and finishing with a Queen-knighting like process where the President pardons a turkey. Naturally, the media coverage is abnormally large, maybe due to the fact that it humanizes the Obama family or maybe because it’s a funny American tradition. Rewinding slightly back in time, Harry Truman was the first to really receive a live turkey but it was actually on Christmas instead of Thanksgiving. John F. Kennedy first got a turkey in which he celebrated for being just the a turkey for the white house. President...
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...THE ALEVI COMMUNITY IN TURKEY AFTER 1980: AN EVALUATION OF POLITICAL GROUP BOUNDARIES IN THE CONTEXT OF ETHNICITY THEORIES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF THE MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ALİ MURAT İRAT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION APRIL 2006 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Feride Acar Head of Department This is to certify that we read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pınar Akçalı Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ayata Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pınar Akçalı Assist. Prof. Dr. Aykan Erdemir (METU-ADM) (METU-ADM) (METU-SOC) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Ali Murat İrat Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE ALEVI COMMUNITY IN TURKEY AFTER 1980: AN EVALUATION OF POLITICAL GROUP BOUNDARIES IN THE CONTEXT OF ETHNICITY THEORIES ...
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...that I have taken directly from the Norwegian Cruise Line is an evidence of showing research of client requires. http://www.ncl.co.uk/booking.php?stage=sailing_details&offer_id=86153&search_url_id=1&showing_intermediate_page=1 The research I have done was based on client brief description. My role was take into consideration all the client enquires which was consist of history & culture, explore 2 destinations within their holiday, long-haul flight and they would like to have an outside cabin possible with a balcony. I have tried to match with the client enquiries and I have resulted with: * Starting point from Venice, Italy to Spain, Barcelona * 12 nights holiday * Cultural or historical places such as Turkey (Istanbul), Greece (Athens) * Long Haul flight London Heathrow- Italy, Venice * Accommodation (hotel) with a balcony http://uk.cruises.com/cruise-ship/ncl-cruises/norwegian-spirit.html?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_term=+cruise_+norwegian_+spirit_+ship&dtp=%2Bcruise%20%2Bnorwegian%20%2Bspirit%20%2Bship|pcrid|23526878134|mt|b|mkwid|sasxbEuoq Onboard of this ship are lots of things to do and take part in such as: * Karaoke Rooms (Deck 7) * Stardust Theatre (Deck 7) * Starlight Video Arcade & Disco * Charlie’s Child Care Centre (Deck 10) * Maharajah’s Casino (Deck 7) * The Card Room (Deck 12) * The Writing Room (Deck 12) * Photo gallery (Deck 8) The cruise ship of...
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...Republic of Turkey is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by eight countries and five main seas. Istabul is the largest city in Turkey, and Turkey’s capital is Ankara. About 48% of the population lives in the cities or towns. The rest lives in rural areas. Most of people in Turkey are Muslim, which are followers of Islami. Also, in this paper, the culture of Turkish, the life in Turkey such as health care system, transportation, and education system are also mentioned. The Turkey republican parliamentary democracy and the economy are discussed later in the paper. The last part is business etiquette talking about some important customs that business foreigner should know. Background Turkey, also known as the Republic of Turkey, is a land-bridge linking Europe and Asia. The history of Turkey encompasses, first, the history of Anatolia before the coming of the Turks and of the civilizations – Hittite, Thracian, Hellenistic, and Byzantine – of which Turkish nation is the heir by assimilation. Second, it includes the history of Turkish people including Seljuks, who brought Islam and Turkish language into Anatolia. Third, it is the history of the Ottoman Empire, a cosmopolitan – Islamic state that developed a small Turkish amirate in Anatolia. Finally, Turkey was established in 1923, after the fall of Ottoman Empire, under “Father Turk”. It is immediately started on a course of modernization in all walks of life (Turkey, 2011.) Turkey...
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...EU and TURKEY In a recently done research study, people in Turkey and the people in the EU countries were compared in their contentment and their concerns and hopes about the future. The results demonstrated that Turkish people were much less optimistic about their lives and the future. People become content or discontent with their lives depending on many circumstances. Purchasing power and living conditions are the main factors affecting the happiness of citizens in a country. The first reason for the Turkish people to be pessimistic is the low purchasing power of the people in our country. It is, in fact, such a big problem for Turkey that some people even suffer from hunger. Although the government proclaims that the inflation rate, which has been very high for the last three decades, has been decreasing, people are not satisfied because they cannot see any difference in their lives, or changes which should be observed following a drop in the rate of inflation. Living conditions, which are very poor in Turkey, affect the contentment of the people significantly. In EU countries the people know that if something bad happens to them, like having important health problems or losing their jobs, the government will not let them down and they will at least be able to look after themselves. However, in Turkey there is no such confidence because everybody knows that they are all by themselves and there is nobody to help them. There are people dying in hospitals just because...
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...Introduction Turkey, known officially as the Republic of Turkey, is a Eurasian country and it is located between Western Asia and Southern Europe. Turkey is surrounded by four seas; Mediterranean Sea in the south, Black Sea in the north, Aegean Sea in the west, and Marmara Sea in the north-west. The Bosporus and Dardanelles divide the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia. Neighbors of Turkey are Bulgaria, Greece, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. According to CIA data (2012), population of Turkey is almost 80 million, 17th highest population of the world. The capital of Turkey is Ankara, and the population of the capital city is 3.8 million. Therefore, the largest city of Turkey is Istanbul, located at between Europe and Asia, with 10.3 million people. According to Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Turkey’s long-term economic prospects are bright. Economy of Turkey grew an average of 6.0% in 2002-2007, and that average is one of the highest sustained growths in the world. On the other hand, Turkey grew only 1.1% in 2008, and -4.7% in 2009 because of the global economic circumstances. However, strong baking system, stable growth, privatizations, and telecommunications sectors helped Turkish economy to raise foreign investment. Turkish economy grew 9% in 2010, and 7.5% in 2011. Turkey and European Union signed an agreement for free movements of goods in 1996, and in October 2005, European Union opened accession...
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