...In the late 90s of last century in Moldova, since then part of the former Soviet Union, grew up a democratic and national liberation movement, which ends on 27 August 1991 with the independence of Republic of Moldova. After the failed coup attempt in Moscow, Republic of Moldova became, on 27 August 1991, the seventh Soviet republic which is separated from the Soviet Union. Moldova's independence has been recognized at international level by becoming a member of several prestigious international organizations, primarily the United Nations (1992). Declaration of Independence represents aspirations for freedom, independence, and national unity. Thus, through the laws and decisions of the Moldovan Parliament were adopted establishment of Romanian as the official language and the reintroduction of the Latin alphabet - 31 August 1989, the state flag - 27April 1990, the coat of arms - on 3 November 1990 and the change of the official name of the state - on 23May 1990. After independence, Republic of Moldova followed other documents aimed at strengthening of the independence of the country. Thus, on 3September 1991 was created National Army of the Republic of Moldova, and in 1994 adopted the Constitution, under which human rights, freedoms, free development of human personality, justice and political pluralism represent supreme values and are guaranteed by the state. Moldova's political system during the 24 years of independence has been amended twice: mixed system (1994-2000) in which...
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...plans to expand internationally to the country of Moldova, located in Eastern Europe, will conduct a country risk assessment. Any organization contemplating a business venture into a foreign country could encounter multiple risks. Therefore, prior to embarking on an international expansion, extensive, in-depth research of the target country is a necessity for success in the foreign marketplace. Team A will conduct a risk analysis of Moldova and its winery production and analyze all aspects of risk involved from entry to an exit plan. This paper will also describe the market risks and include a SWOTT analysis of the country. Political, Legal, and Regulatory Risks BDSD will encounter several risks when entering Moldova on a business level. A political risk is the current inability of the country’s parliament to elect a president. The country, divided over the election of leaders, disenchanted with the current leadership, and facing ongoing power struggles with neighboring countries has caused political deadlock. In addition, Moldova faces internal uprisings and tense relations with other nations in the region. If the country does not elect a president this year then the Moldovan Constitution calls for the dissolution of parliament. Dissolving parliament could have the potential to cause an uprising of the population creating an uncertain political forecast for the country (BBC News 2011). The legal risks of entering Moldova include financial, security, and the success of...
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...LIDL (the food retailer from Europe) in the context of a potential expansion to Moldova, my home country. This particular industry was chosen because there are no major food retailers in our country besides the Metro Cash & Carry. Therefore, our market is relatively young and with potential to grow. Political Factor The Republic of Moldova is a relatively young country as it gained its independence in 1990 when the USSR had collapsed. From that year on, the Moldavian people have struggled to install democracy. Until 2000 Moldova has been governed by democratic forces and has already achieved some progress in installing a fair and efficient legal system. Unfortunately for many persons, the elections of 2000 have identified the Communist party as the winner. The Communists have governed the country until 2008 when they have lost the elections in favour of the three democratic parties: Liber Party, Liberal-Democratic Party and the Democratic Party. However, the disparity of votes between the opposition and the winning forces was relatively insignificant and in order to have a consolidated majority in the Parliament and to be able to efficiently adopt legislation, the three democratic parties have come together to create the so called – Alliance for European Integration. Obviously, from the name of the coalition it is evident that their main objective was to drive Moldova towards the integration in the EU. This objective derived from the wish of the Moldavian people who truly...
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...MILITARY INTEGRATION AND EUROPEAN UNIONS ROLE ON THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL Introduction The European Union as a sole entity is comprised of 27 countries and its total population ranks third highest in the world, following behind China and India. Not only is the European Union considered to be one of the largest populated regions of the world, it is also considered to be one of the most important and influential leaders on the global stage. The Union impacts tremendously on the following: trade, financial aid and assistance to those countries less fortunate and poverty stricken, anti-terrorism activities, civilian conflict prevention measures, security and defence policy along with also tackling environmental issues such as global warming and carbon emission. In the development of this essay I will primarily focus on Europe’s road towards military integration, understanding the political, institutional, technological developments towards a Common European Security and Defence Policy. In order to discuss the above mentioned topic and to create a clearer and more concise linkage I will also briefly introduce the following: Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), Common European Security and Defence Policy (CESDP), Treaty on the European Union (TEU), European Defence Community (EDC), Qualified Majority Voting (QMV), Western European Union (WEU), Inter-Governmental Conference (IGC), Synchronized Armed Forces Europe (SAFE), and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)....
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...operations related to peacekeeping and peace enforcement. Foreign policy of the European Union has a history of about two decades during which the EU has managed to overcome the characterization of “political dwarf” and became one of the key centers of global politics. In this dynamic world where everything is changing so fast, the development of foreign policy of the European Union acquires excessive actuality. While talking about the EU, it is necessary to mention the fact that in the relations between different countries the it always tends to be in the dominant position and is trying to be one of the global political actors. That is why this topic is very actual. I am focusing on my paper from the analytical point of view. My research paper consists of three parts. The first part is dedicated to the formation of the EU. I’ll speak about the enlargement processes, especially the fifth enlargement identifying its positive and negative aspects. In the second part the main stress is placed on the development of the EU. Here is going to be examined the candidate countries, Turkey’s integration perspectives. The third part is about relations with NATO. In the last part of this chapter is spoken about the “Eastern Partnership” which is considered to be one of the elements of the European politics. Here are examined the relations between the Republic of Armenia and the EU within the framework of this partnership. Then, in conclusion...
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...Introduction “There is no commerce without community,” (Jennae as cited in Goodreads, n.d.). Indeed, commerce has pervaded the global stratosphere, linking countries in a communal bond of trade. Designated as trade blocs, these bonds are a type of intergovernmental agreement, usually associated with geographically aligned intergovernmental confederations, “where regional barriers to trade, (tariffs, and non-tariff barriers) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states” (Boundless, n.d.). As such trade blocs enable politico-economic ventures to flourish in the benefaction of its member nations. Albeit, trade blocs also represent diverse forms of economic integration, markedly, the preferential trade area, free trade area, custom union, common market, economic union and complete political integration (“What are trading blocs?”, n.d.). Customarily, the preferential trade area denotes the lowest level of commitment to reducing tariff barriers; typically member nations reduce trade barriers sans eliminating any amoung themselves (Finance Train, 2012). Whereas, the free trade area exists under the terms whereby trade barriers are removed on all member country imports, whilst independent tariff policies for non-member imports are retained (Finance Train, 2012). Comparatively, within the custom union, trade barriers are not only removed on all imports from member states, but a set of common policies are authorized in dealing with imports from non-member countries (Finance...
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...n t r e f o r e a s t e r n s t u d i e s Tadeusz Iwański The countries of Eastern European and China have been increasingly interested in deepening bilateral contacts over the past few years. In the case of Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova this has been caused by the bad economic situation which was in part caused by the consequences of the global economic crisis of 2008 and the desire to establish closer political relations with a country whose significance on the international arena is continually growing. Each of these countries has different expectations regarding the scale and the nature of co-operation with China. Chisinau wishes only to boost trade, whereas in Minsk and Kyiv, Beijing is also presented as a strategic partner whose investments may not only help the indebted economies recover but also strengthen the position of these countries in their dealings with the EU, and especially with Russia. Beijing sees co-operation with these countries in differently, and its offer is much more modest than Belarus and Ukraine are expecting. Eastern Europe is one of the last parts of the world with which China is activating its co-operation. This is not a priority region for Beijing. China wants to derive economic benefits and to diversify the markets on which it invests its financial surplus, and it does not intend to extend its political dialogue with Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova beyond the framework which determines its economic interests. The main reason for this is the...
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...the growing interdependence of countries resulting from the increasing integration of trade, finance, people, and ideas in one global marketplace. International trade and cross-border investment flows are the main elements of this integration. Globalization started after World War II but has accelerated considerably since the mid-1980s, driven by two main factors. One involves technological advances that have lowered the costs of transportation, communication, and computation to the extent that it is often economically feasible for a firm to locate different phases of production in different countries. The other factor has to do with the increasing liberalization of trade and capital markets: more and more governments are refusing to protect their economies from foreign competition or influence through import tariffs and nontariff barriers such as import quotas, export restraints, and legal prohibitions. A number of international institutions established in the wake of World War II—including the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), succeeded in 1995 by the World Trade Organization (WTO)—have played an important role in promoting free trade in place of protectionism. Empirical evidence suggests that globalization has significantly boosted economic growth in East Asian economies such as Hong Kong (China), the Republic of Korea, and Singapore. But not all developing countries are equally engaged...
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...“Globalization” refers to the growing interdependence of countries resulting from the increasing integration of trade, finance, people, and ideas in one global marketplace. International trade and cross-border investment flows are the main elements of this integration. Globalization started after World War II but has accelerated considerably since the mid-1980s, driven by two main factors. One involves technological advances that have lowered the costs of transportation, communication, and computation to the extent that it is often economically feasible for a firm to locate different phases of production in different countries. The other factor has to do with the increasing liberalization of trade and capital markets: more and more governments are refusing to protect their economies from foreign competition or influence through import tariffs and nontariff barriers such as import quotas, export restraints, and legal prohibitions. A number of international institutions established in the wake of World War II—including the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), succeeded in 1995 by the World Trade Organization (WTO)—have played an 66 important role in promoting free trade in place of protectionism. Empirical evidence suggests that globalization has significantly boosted economic growth in East Asian economies such as Hong Kong (China), the Republic of Korea, and Singapore. But not all developing countries are equally engaged in globalization...
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...Nicholas Asemota Globalism Name of organization: The Council of Europe Year founded:5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London. Original Members: Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Original objectives: In 1945, at the end of the second World War, Europe was marked by unprecedented devastation and human suffering. It faced new political challenges, in particular reconciliation among the peoples of Europe. This situation favored the long held idea of European integration through the creation of common institutions. In his famous speech at the University of Zurich on 19 September 1946, Sir Winston Churchill called for a United States of Europe and the creation of a Council of Europe. He had spoken of a Council of Europe as early as 1943 in a broadcast to the nation. The future structure of the Council of Europe was discussed at a specific congress of several hundred leading politicians, government representatives and civil society in The Hague, Netherlands in 1948. There were two schools of thought competing: some favored a classical international organization with representatives of governments, while others preferred a political forum with parliamentarians. Both approaches were finally combined through the creation of the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly under the Statute of the Council of Europe..This vision also led to the creation of the motto and the underlying...
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...International Burch University, Sarajevo Managment Department Introduction to Economics I TRADE AGREEMENTS AND WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION PROFESSOR ASSISTANT STUDENTS Nataša Tandir Nedžad Isaković Sejid Abaz Sarajevo, December 2011. CONTENT Trade Agreements.......................................................................................................................... 3 Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements................................................................................. 3 Trade Agreements and Trading Blocks............................................................................... 3 Different types of trade agreements..................................................................................... 3 1. Free Trade Areas (FTA)........................................................................................... 3 2. Common Monetary Area (CMA)............................................................................. 5 3. Customs Union......................................................................................................... 5 4. Common Market...................................................................................................... 6 5. Monetary Union....................................................................................................... 6 6. Economic Union......................................................................................
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...Introduction. According to the United Nations definition, the following ten countries were classified as Eastern Europe: Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, and Ukraine. Starting from dissolution of Soviet Union, these countries went through political and economic movements which cause changes in international business, trade and investment. The Breakup of Yugoslavia and The Dissolution of Czechoslovakia in the early 1990s had shown two different types of political upheavals and conflicts: the situation in Yugoslavia led to the civil war and to the foreign intervention, while a non-violent transition of power in Czechoslovakia, usually called ‘Velvet revolution’, caused the formation of two new states - The Czech Republic and Slovakia. As a result of these changes, the economy of countries was also affected: some people were sure that dissolution would quickly start an era of high economic growth of a new country; some of them faced a problem of economic collapse. Furthermore, there are always the same problems after political movements such as, chronic lack of productivity, fuelled by the country's leaderships' decision to enforce a policy of full employment, long-term fiscal irresponsibility, a failure to take steps to improve the low domestic labor productivity. Consequently, it had a negative impact...
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...Transition The First Ten Years Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union Transition The First Ten Years Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C. © 2002 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 5 05 04 03 02 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is copyrighted. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or inclusion in any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the World Bank. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc, 222 Rosewood...
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...------------------------------------------------- Accession of Turkey to the European Union | Turkey's application to accede to the European Economic Community, a predecessor of the European Union (EU), was made on 14 April 1987. Turkey has been an associate member since 1963.[2] After the ten founding members, Turkey was one of the first countries to become a member of the Council of Europe in 1949, and was also a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1961[3] and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in 1973. The country has also been an associate member of theWestern European Union since 1992, and is a part of the "Western Europe" branch of the Western European and Others Group (WEOG) at theUnited Nations. Turkey signed a Customs Union agreement with the EU in 1995 and was officially recognised as a candidate for full membership on 12 December 1999, at the Helsinki summit of the European Council. Negotiations were started on 3 October 2005, and the process, should it be in Turkey's favour, is likely to take at least a decade to complete.[4] The membership bid has become a major controversy of the ongoing enlargement of the European Union.[5] ------------------------------------------------- History After the Ottoman Empire's collapse following World War I, Turkish revolutionaries led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk emerged victorious in the Turkish War of Independence, establishing the modern Turkish Republic as it exists today. Atatürk, President...
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...to understanding crime trends in Dhaka city, as well as overall crime scenario of Bangladesh, we will be looking for it. The study will cover major trends of crimes in the past years, for coming days. Simultaneously how crime trends could possibly be changed, with the socio-economic variables related to crime in urban areas. The following literature reviews attempt to demonstrate and support the objectives of the study. In a research article by J. Walker, et al. (1990) was emphasized on the sectors and trends though. Australian rates of crime are in some respects very high compared with most other comparable countries. Australia is ranked third highest of the fourteen countries in terms of overall victimization, behind the other two non-European countries, the USA and Canada. In assaults involving force, in the less serious types of sexual incidents, in burglary and in motor vehicle thefts, Australia ranked highest of all the...
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