...relationship modeling is extremely valuable in a complex data environment. In relational database management system, entity relationship modeling becomes essential when dealing with a large number of entities and/or complex relationships. In addition, some entities that have many different relationships, or even multiple relationships with a single entity, can be difficult to conceptualize without the assistance of a well-thought-out model. As pointed out by Allen (2005), entity relationship modeling provides a highly intuitive reference for developers of a database system. ACME Global Consulting is an organization that services a vast number of clients across many domains. They deal with thousands of orders and products on a daily basis. From their customer service department to their order fulfillment department, the need for an efficient, accurate information system is self-evident. However, when dealing with so much information in such a complex system, the importance of proper planning and design cannot be overstated. There is no area of the system development lifecycle more critical than planning and design. The purpose of the entity relationship model to be developed for ACME Global Consulting is to visualize the entities and relationships that will exist within the relational database. As is discussed by Chilton (2006), it can be difficult to wrap one’s mind around the concept of relational databases at first. It really is not that difficult. It is exactly what it sounds...
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...Relational Model of Shared Data Banks Abstract How does one decide best practice for a database management design? Who has used mathematics and science as a basis to assist organizations with a baseline relational model for database management? Well for over the last forty years credit has been given to entrepreneur Edgar F. Codd. The evolution of relational databases remain ever changing, however the foundation laid by Cobb remains best practice for the vast majority of organizations. Simple principles defined in his writing “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks” exhibits pros and cons in comparison to other databases. Although databases range in size, durability, and ease all plays a significant role in an organization growth, success, and failure. Relational Model of Shared Data Banks The paper “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks”, written by E. F. Codd explains the advantages of a relational database model primarily in comparison to the tree-structure and network model. The author points out the importance of derivability, redundancy and consistency of relations within the relational model versus other prototypes. One of Cobb’s example cites, “The network model, on the other hand, has spawned a number of confusions, not the least of which is mistaking the derivation of connection for the derivation of relations” (Cobb, 1970, p. 377). Cobb’s overall goal is to make sure readers see how effective and how successful an organization...
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...Query and * Implement database systems. Unit abstract An understanding of: * Database tools and * Database technologies * Database * Complex data structures and interface Databases provide the infrastructure to many organisations and they offer support to key business applications and information systems. The most common database model used commercially is the relational one. The aim of this unit is to: * Provide a knowledge and understanding of database systems, including * Design principles * Practical implementation and development skills for both the system designer and software engineer. The importance of structured query languages should be stressed, in terms of how they can be used to manipulate data and how they are used for a variety of tasks including querying and report writing. On completion of this unit the learner should be able to understand, design, query and implement a database(s). Learners will also have a theoretical insight into the requirement for designing a database that meets a given user or system requirement and that is functional, user friendly and robust. Learning outcomes On successful completion of this unit a learner will: 1. Understand data models and database technologies 2. Be able to design and implement relational database systems 3. Be able to use manipulation and querying tools 4. Be able to test and document relational database systems. Unit content ...
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...data are stored unnecessarily at different places. This can lead to poor data security, and data inconsistency. 3. What is data independence, and why is it lacking in file systems? b. Data independence is when you change the data storage characterizes and it doesn’t affect the program’s ability to access the data. 4. What is a DBMS, and what are its functions? c. A DBMS (database management system) is a collection of program that stores and manages data and control access to the data in the collection. It is responsible for creating, editing, deleting and maintain all the data inserted. 5. What is structural independence, and why is it important? d. Access to a file is dependent on the structure of the database. Without structural independence new changes such as adding a field, or a decimal in a record would make the new file or query inoperable and unusable. 6. Explain the differences among data, information, and a database. e. Data: raw information that has not yet been processed. It refers to the collection of facts stores in the database. Example is a date of birth. Medical record number, etc. f. Information is usually used interchangeably with data; however they...
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...CCIS2701 – Database Design and SQL Chapter 1 Review Questions Page 1 of 3 1. Discuss each of the following terms: a. data - Data are raw, unprocessed facts about a thing. They have little meaning unless organized. b. field – A field is a group of characters with a specific meaning, used to store data c. record – A connected set of fields. A record containes fields used to describe a specific person, place, thing or event. d. File – A collection of related records. A file may contain records for all students enrolled at a university, for example. 2. What is data redundancy and which characteristics of the file system can lead to it? Data redundancy occurs when the same data are store in multiple locations. It can lead to data inconsistency, where different and conflicting versions of the data appear in different places. It can also cause data anomalies, as a change event may require more than one change to the data. 3. It is said that some file systems lack data independence. Discuss. All programs that access a file system will need to be changed if any characteristics of the file system’s data changes. This is referred to as data dependence. 4. What is a DBMS, and what are its functions? A database management system is a collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the information stored in a database. Consistent organization and controlled access allows the information in a database to be shared...
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...millions to transmit data at the same time. * Understand the importance of standards (protocols) * What problems are and tasks are involved in networks and why are standards important for networks to run? Computers and applications of different kinds need to use the same network. Packets could get altered/lost/out of sequence. Many computers send packets simultaneously. There are lots of different destinations, routes, and sometimes some of them ‘close down’. * Bandwidth Bandwidth is transmission capacity of a computer or communications channel, measured in bits per second (bps). * TCP/IP protocol and layered standards of the Internet * Application layer, network layer (TCP/IP) Applications layer (e.g. HTTP, FTP) specifies how application programs communicate. Network layer (e.g. TCP/IP) consists of transport layer and internet layer. Transport layer (TCP) breaks, reassembles messages into packets. Internet layer (IP) specifies the address a packet is headed to. * Internet addressing and architecture: means to finding stuff * Describe the major parts of a URL and implications of URLs and domain names URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is means of identifying files on the web. “Application transfer protocol://host name.domain name.top-level domain/path/file” Domain name is the unique name assigned to an IP address. * Describe how DNS works DNS is a distributed database of...
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...information using standard database management systems such as SQL. The commoditization of computer technology has created a new paradigm in which data can be analyzed more efficiently and effectively than ever before. This report analyzes the some of the most important changes that are currently taking place within this new paradigm. The first part of this report covers trends in database analysis by analyzing the field of data mining. The report covers the topic of data mining by providing an explanation of it, and then by providing examples of real-world examples of data mining technology. Benefits and challenges of data mining are then provided. The second part of the report outlines an even more recent trend in data science, which is the increasing usage of noSQL databases to analyze “big data,” also referred to web-scale datasets. The most recent and major technological developments in the industry are then provided and described. Data Mining Background & Definition Data mining involves the process of discovering and extracting new knowledge from the analysis of large data sets. This is most often done through the use of data mining software, which identifies correlations between different variables in a given data set. Data mining is primarily used to analyze data stored in relational databases, which consists of tables joined together by key variables in each.1 For nearly thirty years, relational database systems have been the primary type of database used to store data...
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...Database Final Exam review 1. What is data? Data are values of qualitative or quantitative variables, belonging to a set of items 2. What is information? Data becomes information after it has been processed to add context, relevance and purpose. 3. Role of data and information – Data and information allow users to make better decisions based on good information and data 4. Field – a column in a table which is a property of an entity (attribute) 5. Record – A row or tuple in a table 6. Tuple – A record or row in a table 7. ACID - ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. Atomicity means if one part of the transaction fails, all of the transaction fails, leaving the database unchanged. Consistency means the data written must be valid according to all the rules and the rules are applied from state to state. Isolation means that the data used during the execution of a transaction cannot be used by a second transaction until the first one is completed. It is executed as if it were being executed serially. Durability ensures that once transaction changes are done, they are permanent and cannot be undone or lost, even in the event of a system failure. 8. What is data redundancy and which characteristics of the file system can lead to it? Data redundancy exists when unnecessarily duplicated data are found in the database. It is the result of poorly designed databases which allow the data to be stored in different locations...
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...5. Assumptions 8 6. Mandatory/Optional Dependencies 9 6.1 Proposal and Customer 9 6.2 Proposal and Invoice 9 6.3 Proposal and Work order 9 6.4 Work order and Work assignment 10 6.5 Work order and Task 10 6.6 Work Assignment and Employee 11 6.7 Work assignment and Materials 11 6.8 Work Assignment and Employee 12 7. M: N Relationships 13 7.1 Work_Assignment and Employee 13 7.2 Work_Assignment and Materials 13 7.3 Work_Order and Tasks 13 8. All possible tables of the ER Design 14 9. Why we need ER Diagram for the Scenario 18 10. Why we used relational model rather than using the hierarchical model 19 10.1 Hierarchical Model 19 10.2 Relational Model 19 10.3 Why we used Relational Database 19 11. Suggestions for the Improvements 21 12. Importance of the Database Modeling phase in a Database Development Project 22 12.1 Modeling Steps 22 12.2 Database Deigning Process 22 * Abstract Short Message Technology (SMS) is commonly used among the students modern world as it is a reliable mobile technology. Thus, to simplify the process of assignment booking and to save time SMS technology can be used effectively. In this project, the development of an SMS based assignment booking system is presented. Using the SMS interface, students would be able to send requests for time slots and receive the availability of that slot. Online assignment booking system completely depends on internet connection and also it consumes time. However...
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...Assignment 8: Distributed Databases The reason for writing this paper is to clarify the importance of distributed database and why national chain restaurant should implement it. Given the situation presented in the assignment a small restaurant has grown to become a national restaurant chain and now they are concerning more on the distribution of data among different sites chains. For this approach distributed database architecture is suggested and reasons to implement the distributed database I will explain throughout the rest of this paper. The three reasons why an organization may have a need for distributed databases and best practices for implementation of distributed database would be that it provides the distributed transaction management. It provides the provision to do the distributed transactions like select, update and delete on the data without worrying about concurrency or locking problems and they distributed database are independent of given hardware. Today’s world involves a diversity of different machines like Sun machines, PCs, IBM machines, HP machines, and workstations of various kinds. In distributed DBMS all these machines are able to incorporate the data on all of those systems. The plan is to be able to run the same DBMS on a different hardware platform. Operating system independence distribute DBMS is independent of the underlying operating system like UNIX, Linux, Sun Solaris or Windows. All the databases in this model are compatible with different...
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...DATABASE DESIGN AND THE IMPORTANCE OF DESIGNING A FUNCTIONAL PROCESS CIS475 Instructor: IBRAHIM ELHAG, PhD 3/6/2012 DATABASE DESIGN One of the most important if not the most important aspect of a database is the database design process. It is a must that the design is good and functional. A database consists of many different parts of an engineer’s design, which together makes up a complete database system. A database system is designed to manage large bodies of information. Database design is the construction of a database as a subsystem of an information system. Therefore, the database design process is an integral component of the information system design process. ( Chilson and Kudlac, 1983). One of the greatest problems in the application design process is the lack of foresight. During the design process there must be a thorough evaluation of your database, what it should hold, how data relates to each other, and most importantly, whether it is scalable. When it comes to the maintenance of your database it should be easy to maintain, this means storing as limited amount of repetitive data as possible. Let’s say you have a lot of duplicate data, and one instant of that data undergoes a name change, that change has to be made for all occurrences of that data. You can overcome this duplication problem by creating a table of possible values and use a key to refer to the value. That way, if the value changes names, the change occurs only...
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...Relational Database: Design This paper evaluates four similar web databases and concludes with an overview of considerations for designing web databases. The web databases reviewed are: (a) the Academy of Motion Pictures and Arts (Academy, 2013), (b) IMDb (IMDb, 2013), (c) Complete Index to World Film (Complete Index, 2013), and (d) Labor Film Database (Labor Film, 2013). Table 1 summarizes each database in terms of purpose, target audience, functions, and usability. Table 1 Summary of Web Database Reviews Academy IMDb CITWF Labor Films Purpose • Digital artifact preservation for movie industry • Movie industry research • Search vast amounts of information on just about any film, game or actor • Search fair amount of information on just about any film in the world • Educate • Research Audience • Journalists • Filmmakers • Students • Hobbyists • General public • Film buffs • Journalists • Hobbyists • Gamers • Students • Researchers • Film buffs • Hobbyists • Researchers • Activists • General public Functions • Basic and advanced searches • Six advanced query functions using: fill-in-the-box, check-a-square, and pre-filled drop-down database values • Collects information in user-defined lists. • Watch lists • Simple Search: user selects film or person from a drop-down box and enters a search phrase • Advanced Search: user builds multiple-condition • One-size-fits-all search via a drop-down box of extensive search categories • On-demand streaming •...
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...Week One: Database Architecture | | Details | Due | Points | Objectives | 1.1 Explain database architectures. 1.2 Define database systems. 1.3 Define relational database architecture. | | | Reading | Read Ch. 1, “Database Systems,” of Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management. | 9/24 | | Reading | Read Ch. 2, “Data Models,” of Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management. | 9/24 | | Reading | Read Ch. 3, “The Relational Database Model,” of Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management. | 9/24 | | Reading | Reference Ch. 1, “Getting Started,” of Database Concepts as a supplemental reading. | 9/24 | | Reading | Read Ch. 1, “Introduction to Access,” of Exploring Microsoft® Office Access 2010 Comprehensive. | 9/24 | | Reading | Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | 9/24 | | Participation | Participate in class discussion. | All week | 2 | Nongraded Activities and Preparation SkillSoft® Registration | The first time you access SkillSoft®, you need to register.Do the following to register for SkillSoft®: Go to https://uopx.skillport.com Register by clicking on Register. The Register button is in the lower right corner, below the login boxes.Leave the Organization Code field blank.Use your phoenix.edu e-mail address.Use your student website login name as your user ID (the name before the @email.phoenix.edu).Click Submit. | 9/24 | ...
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...Give an explanation as to why M:N relationships are not valid in a relational database: Many-to-many relationships are not valid in a relational database because they result in records having multiple values in one cell (field). For example, in a many to many relationship, one sales number may return 10 inventory numbers in one cell. This causes a database to become extremely complex and confusing. It is much easier to understand a relationship when each record has only 1 unique value in each of its fields. To solve this issue, we must break up the many-to-many relationships by adding a new entities. Describe the rules for placing Foreign Keys in an ER Diagram: After we have eliminated the many-to-many relationships, there are two main rules for placing foreign keys. First, if there is a one-to-many relationship or many-to-one relationship, the foreign key goes into the table touching the many symbol. Second, in a one-to-one relationship, the foreign key can go into either table. However, there is one exception. If the one-to-one relationship is between 2 events, the foreign key goes into the entity with a minimum closest to zero. Explain the purpose of Foreign Keys: A foreign key is a primary key from one table that is put into another table to help show a relationship between the two tables. In essence, it links two tables together. In accounting and auditing, this is extremely beneficial because it allows an accountant or auditor to cross reference...
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...of E.F. Codd’s relational model concepts on how to protect a system and its users. An introduction to relational normal forms is explored in addition to its added benefits. Lastly, the summary highlights the importance of redundancies and the pros and cons associated. As data grows within a data bank, it is important to understand how to keep the integrity of the system in place. Codd states the benefits of a relational model is its ability to withstand large amounts of data languages alongside its data independence and the redundancies that can contain data inconsistencies. And, unlike the network or tree-structured models, relational models can avoid the infamous connection traps protecting them and making them resistant to change. Codd indicates the importance of data to be independent highlighting the need for ordering, indexing, and access path dependencies to be removed from the collections of data. For example, ordering dependencies can be difficult if the sequence at which they are entered entails the output, thus making and reposting or reordering difficult to process. Indexing is somewhat considered performance orientated, but can slow down the response times. Lastly, changes to the access path dependencies are difficult to make because if one structure fails the others associated will follow suite. Relations and how they correspond with the data is a large part of what makes the database flow more efficiently. Codd exploits the importance of columns of...
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