...UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONAL DATABASES Student’s Name Instructor’s Name Course Name 03/05/2016 RELATIONAL DATABASES Being a data administrator is to handle and organize the bulk of data masses for easy and convenient retrieval of the information at any point of time. I generally believe that compiling a bulk of data is very difficult task for anyone who has the responsibility to manage the information. Therefore, here we go through and understand the concept of relational databases and use of tables designed to manage the data for the problem cases in our daily life. A relational database is a defined group of data items systematized and controlled as a set of formally defined tables from which the collected and unmanageable data can be reassembled or accessed in various different techniques deprived of having to restructure the pre-arranged database tables (Rouse, n.d.). According to Codd (1982), “Relational processing entails treating whole relationships as operands. Its primary purpose is loop-avoidance, an absolute requirement for end users to be productive at all, and a clear productivity booster for application programmers” (p.298). It comprises of designed data tables that are connected together in some important way. For instance, consider an organization that offers items to clients. The organization keeps up a database of the items it offers. Every item has a one of a kind code so it can be uniquely recognized. The item database comprises of a table, and each...
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...Relational Model of Shared Data Banks Abstract How does one decide best practice for a database management design? Who has used mathematics and science as a basis to assist organizations with a baseline relational model for database management? Well for over the last forty years credit has been given to entrepreneur Edgar F. Codd. The evolution of relational databases remain ever changing, however the foundation laid by Cobb remains best practice for the vast majority of organizations. Simple principles defined in his writing “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks” exhibits pros and cons in comparison to other databases. Although databases range in size, durability, and ease all plays a significant role in an organization growth, success, and failure. Relational Model of Shared Data Banks The paper “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks”, written by E. F. Codd explains the advantages of a relational database model primarily in comparison to the tree-structure and network model. The author points out the importance of derivability, redundancy and consistency of relations within the relational model versus other prototypes. One of Cobb’s example cites, “The network model, on the other hand, has spawned a number of confusions, not the least of which is mistaking the derivation of connection for the derivation of relations” (Cobb, 1970, p. 377). Cobb’s overall goal is to make sure readers see how effective and how successful an organization...
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...Relational Databases Jason A. Mizener Professor Merkel Intro to Information Technology 17 August 2014 Relational Databases As technology as grown throughout the years, so has the information it utilizes. Early on databases were organized through the hierarchical model, which was the earliest representation of the parent-child structure (each parent can have multiple children, but each child can only have one parent). Shortly thereafter the network database model was incorporated to more effectively represent complex data relationships. Large amounts of data became better organized, which improved database performance. Additionally, the parent-child structure was improved to where children could now have multiple parents. Despite these advances, databases continued to grow increasingly cumbersome and complex, and further advances were necessary to keep everything manageable. The relational database, designed in 1970 by E. F. Codd, represented a major breakthrough in database technology for both designers and users alike. The relational model is very simple, yet very effective in concept. As strange as it may be to think, the relational database pioneered the concept of using tables to hold and organize data. An Excel spreadsheet is probably the most obvious example of a relational database that the end user can relate to today. Essentially, a relational database is the logical view, rather than the physical view, of information. (Carlos Coronel, 2013) ...
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...of a Relational database Relational databases are the standard when creating industrial standard efficient and scalable databases. They are based on a structure of tables which are logically connected to each other and can be queried in complex way to extract relevant and meaningful information. The querying of a relational database is done using a high level language called SQL which stands for structured query language. SQL is very easy to understand and unlike traditional programming languages does not rely on arcane syntax, rather structured query language uses English like meaningful syntax in its operations. As opposed to flat file databases this logical organization of data across tables in the form of columns greatly simplifies the organization and retrieval of highly complex data. As the business needs of the client rises so will the size and complexity of data, on of the biggest advantages of relational databases is the scalability associated with them, so as the company grows expanding the database will not be a problem and making sense of the data and extracting meaningful information from it will only get slightly harder. Relational databases come with a plethora of security options and views can be enforced to ensure that unauthorized access to the sensitive information in the database is not allowed. Relational databases also avoid redundancy of information and such databases can be highly optimized by methods such as normalization and good database design...
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...A relational database is a collection of relations or tables. The rows of a table in a relational database are known as tuples and each column of a table is called an attribute. By definition, a relation becomes a set of tuples having the same attributes. Operations, which can be performed on the relations are select, project and join. The join operation combines the relations. The select queries are used for data retrieval, and the project operation identifies attributes. The information of the organization can be captured, manipulated, managed, and shared using relational database. The value database brings to the organization will be immense. To name few advantages of a relational database it can contribute in a huge manner to sound logical design: it is easy to understand and program, and it is amenable to change as business requirements change. The main earlier systems include file-based systems and Codasyl databases. Both systems are currently used in our company. File-based systems are complex and tended to be inherently restrictive and quickly reached the point where a complete rewrite becomes necessary if business requirements change. It is also very time consuming compare to using database. Codasyl databases are a vast improvement on the old file-based systems, but it requires high level of expertise to design properly, and just like file-based system it will be unable to support changes to business requirements. A properly designed relational database reflects business...
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...Relational Database- Semester 2 ------------------------------------------------- Assignment 1 Due date: 5 August 2014 Question 1 a. Why are tuples in a relation not ordered? b. Why are duplicate tuples not allowed in a relation? c. What is different between a key and a superkey d. Why do we designate one of candidate keys of a relation to be the primary key? e. Discuss the characteristics of relations that make them different from ordinary tables and files. f. Discuss the various reasons that lead to the occurrence of NULL values in relations g. Discuss the entity integrity and referential constraints. Why is each considered important? h. Define foreign key. What is this concept used for? i. What is a transaction? How does it differ from an update operation [3 marks each] Question 2 2.1 Specify the following queries in SQL on the database schema of figure 1 a. Retrieve the names of all senior students majority in CS (computer science). b. Retrieve the names of all courses taught by Professor King in 2013 and 2014 c. For each section taught by Professor King, retrieve the course number, semester, year, and number of students who took the section. d. Retrieve the name and transcript of each senior student (class=4) majority in CS. A transcript includes course name, course number, credit hours, semester, year, and grade for each course completed by the student. [4 marks each] 2.2 Write SQL update...
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...The life cycle of a relational database is the cycle of development and changes that a relational database goes through during the course of its life. The cycle typically consists of several stages. There is a possibility that the database designer/developer can go back to any of the previous stages. This represents an admission that a full understanding of a problem, and its solution is likely to evolve as the various stages of design and implementation proceed. The typical eleven stages involved in the life cycle of a relational database are as follows: Process[edit] The designer must try to obtain as complete as possible an understanding of the real world problem that is going to be helped by the introduction of a database. This understanding of the nature of the problem and the constraints and outline feasible solutions is often performed using some systems analysis methodology. The entity relationship diagram is drawn, and this diagram in its modified form serves as an essential part of the logical schema. Attributes of the entity types so produced are then added. Primary and foreign keys are specified. Normalization is used to check the entity-relationship model. Some splitting and even recombination of entity types may result from normalization and the entity relationship model will have to be updated accordingly. The entity relationship model and the table definitions resulting from normalization should be consistent. Set of Table(s) definition for the required...
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...A relational database solution or relational databases have helped many companies gain more information about their operations by supporting simple operator queries, answering questions such as "What customer had the largest demand?" of "What customer ordered the largest shipment?" They are built to manage relationships and are ideal for starting contextual or genealogical information about processes. Before I continue I would like to explain what a relational database is and what it is derived from. Databases have been a staple of business computing from the very beginning of the digital era. In fact, the relational database was born in 1970 when E.F. Codd, a researcher at IBM, wrote a paper outlining the process. A database is an application that can store and retrieve data very rapidly. The relational bit refers to how the data is stored in the database and how it is organized. Since then, relational databases have grown in popularity to become the standard. A relational database allows you to easily find specific information. It also allows you to sort based on any field and generate reports that contain only certain fields from each record. Relational databases use tables to store information. With a relational database, you can quickly compare information because of the arrangement of data in columns. The relational database model takes advantage of this uniformity to build completely new tables out of required information from existing tables. In other words, it uses...
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...Database Design: Relational Database Management Systems Marvin E. Eubanks CIS111: Introduction to Relational Database Management Systems Strayer University Professor: Emelda Ntinglet-Davis November 22, 2011 Introduction Regardless of the size of a company or business, the employees are usually considered the most important asset. However, data should rank equally important as the employees do. It is very vital that a company’s data is stored and maintained as accurately and as quickly as possible. Having a Database Management System allows a business to do just this. Database Management System (DBMS) Webopedia (2011), states it simply: “A DBMS is simply the software program on a computer that is used to store and manipulate data.” Manipulation of data consists of adding new data such as adding personal information about an employee; deleting unwanted data such as deleting the personal information of an employee who has quit or been terminated; or changing existing data such as changing the pay rate of an employee who has been promoted. Advantages to having a DBMS are it aides in data security, data integrity, data sharing, data concurrence, data independence, and data recovery to name a few. Database management systems are important because it allows businesses to manage data more efficient and effective; query language allows quick responses to ad hoc queries; improves access to more data; and reduces the chance that data will be inconsistent. Features...
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...University of Phoenix Material Database Records and Relational Data Worksheet Complete Parts A and B of this worksheet. Cite your sources. Part A: Database Records l Answer the following patient information questions using the table provided. Refer to figure 4-10 on p. 83 of Health Information Technology and Management for assistance. 1. What patient resides in California? What is the patient number? The patient that resides in California Sofia Yakaria Pallares. Her patient number is 10259. Gartee, R. (2011). 2. Who is the provider of Sofia Yakaria Pallares? What credentials does her provider have? Ruth Ann Raymond is Sofia’s provider and Ruth Ann Raymond has her MD license. Gartee, R. (2011). 3. What patient was seen on 11/05/2010? What is the patient’s date of birth? John Peters was seen on 11/05/2010 and his date of birth is 05/25/1965. Gartee, R. (2011). 4. What date and time did patient #1298 visit the doctor’s office? What is the patient’s name and date of birth? The patient had a visit to the doctor on 06/04/2011 at 17:15 or 5:15. The patient is Lucy Ann Johnson and her date of birth is 06/12/1975. Gartee, R. (2011). 5. What patient lives in 1704 N. Atlantic Ave Ontario, AZ 85320? What is its encounter number? John Peters lives at 1704 N. Atlantic Ave Ontario, AZ 85320 with and encounter number of 111218. Gartee, R. (2011). Patient Info Table Pat# Last_Name First_Name Middle_Name Birthdate 10259 Pallares Sofia Yakaria...
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...every organization endeavors to improve almost daily. Most important is the data cleaning and data transformation processes. In actual sense, relational database offers a solution to this menace. Data organization, keeping, storage, and retrieval among other essentials can easily be realized by adopting relational data management model. In this kind of model, tables are made use of in such a way that data items are formally described and organized according to their level of relations. The data item contained in a given table represents a relation. I am convinced beyond reasonable doubt that through the use of relational database model, an organization can be able to effectively manage their wide range of information encountered on a daily basis. Relational database model offers a more efficient means of managing data. Some of the huge benefits are discussed as follows. WHY RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL? This model is very unique and provides very sufficient means of data management. Its benefits are manifested in diverse ways which among others are its ability to enable you to store, manage, and retrieve your data in a flexible manner while maintaining vital data veracity. This is just but a tip of the ice berg (R. Snow, 2008). Accessing and transforming data Nowadays, the relational database models available are so powerful that they allow you an access to a query that easily transforms and retrieve data. This is actually a big solution...
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...STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT – HRM 3138 LECTURE NOTES 2AGEM Strategic management deals with the managerial aspect of strategy. A number of concepts that are often confused will have to be considered, namely, strategic decisions, strategy, and strategic management. 1. Strategic Decisions These are the decisions that affect the long-term well-being of the organisation. Such decisions involve major resource commitments and are difficult to reverse, implying a long-term commitment. Decisions that are regarded as strategic may occur at all levels of the organisation. There are usually two levels of decisions – corporate and business. Corporate-level decisions are those that affect the entire organisation or firm, whereas Business-level decisions affect the particular business or division. If there is only one business in the firm, then both the corporate and business levels are identical. 2. Strategy This is the common theme underlying a set of strategic decisions. The strategy may be to change the scope of the firm or become global, and the decision to acquire a particular firm is part of that strategy. Strategy is about the firm’s relationship with the environment and developing the capabilities and competencies to enable it attain success. It must be borne in mind that all firms have a strategy and that this strategy may be explicit or implicit, developed with extensive analysis or not. An organisation or firm’s strategy can generally be expressed in relatively...
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...How To Become A Web Developer How To Become A Web Developer. Are you interested in becoming a web developer? If so, you’ve found the right place for information. Learn more about this exciting career path in this article. What Is A Web Developer? First of all, let’s go over what a web developer is: A web developer is someone who programs web sites. They write the code, whether it is to display a web page using HTML or to perform complex functions using PHP or another language. They may also need to access a database or other systems in order for the web page to work correctly. As you might have realised, there are many different languages that a web developer can use. HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, .NET, SQL, and many others. This makes them versatile but also means they need to learn a lot more than other developers. Web developers may also need to learn design skills, depending on the kind of work they want to do. There is a whole different area of developing web sites related to the design work, which is usually done by Web Designers, but for some small projects or clients, the web developer often does that work as well. Hopefully that has cleared it up. Let’s get into what you need to do to become a web developer. You Don’t Necessarily Need a Degree Web development is one of the few IT roles that I’ve noticed that you don’t actually need a degree for. This might be a good thing for many of you, as I’ve had a lot of questions about getting into IT without getting a...
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...Cardiff Metropolitan University MODULE TITLE/ Strategic Information System draft Subject to University Approval SEMESTER: 2 COURSE(S) – (leading to): MSc IT SEMESTER: February 14-May14 1. Module Description This subject requires students to stand back from the technicalities of information systems and look at the field in a broader way. It attempts to give students a business awareness so they can determine how best to align technology with business needs. 2. Learning Outcomes: On successful completion of the module, the student will be able to: i. Understand the need for, and methods of, strategic planning. ii. Select appropriate tools and techniques for the strategic planning of a corporation’s information system. iii. Discuss the nature, integration and use of the various forms of information systems within the corporate setting. iv. Discuss the alignment of a corporation’s information system with their business strategies. v. Make informed comment on the societal issues raised by information management. 3. . Grading Criteria i. Research and adaptation of theory - Task 1 & 2 (30%) ii. Analysis and application of knowledge – Task 3, 4 & 5 (40%) iii. Structure and logic (20%) iv. References (10%) SIS Assignment THIS ASSIGNMENT IS 40 % OF YOUR OVERALL ASSESSMENT AND AN INDIVIDUAL REPORT The purpose of this assignment is to evaluate your understanding of the use of information system...
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....................................................................... III Anlagenverzeichnis................................................................................................. V 1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................ 1 2 Relationale Datenbankmanagementsysteme in der Cloud .................................. 2 3 Vorstellung ausgewählter Anbieter..................................................................... 4 3.1 Microsoft SQL Azure .................................................................................. 4 3.2 Amazon RDS ............................................................................................... 5 3.3 Oracle Database Cloud Service ................................................................... 5 4 Vergleich der relationalen Cloud Datenbankdienste .......................................... 7 4.1 Vergleich 1: Einrichtung und Verwaltung ................................................... 7 4.2 Vergleich 2: Kompatibilität ......................................................................... 9 4.3 Vergleich 3: Datenbankgröße .................................................................... 10 4.4 Vergleich 4: Kosten ................................................................................... 11 4.5 Vergleich 5: Skalierbarkeit ........................................................................ 16 4.6 Vergleich 6: Performance .........
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