...A relational database is a collection of relations or tables. The rows of a table in a relational database are known as tuples and each column of a table is called an attribute. By definition, a relation becomes a set of tuples having the same attributes. Operations, which can be performed on the relations are select, project and join. The join operation combines the relations. The select queries are used for data retrieval, and the project operation identifies attributes. The information of the organization can be captured, manipulated, managed, and shared using relational database. The value database brings to the organization will be immense. To name few advantages of a relational database it can contribute in a huge manner to sound logical design: it is easy to understand and program, and it is amenable to change as business requirements change. The main earlier systems include file-based systems and Codasyl databases. Both systems are currently used in our company. File-based systems are complex and tended to be inherently restrictive and quickly reached the point where a complete rewrite becomes necessary if business requirements change. It is also very time consuming compare to using database. Codasyl databases are a vast improvement on the old file-based systems, but it requires high level of expertise to design properly, and just like file-based system it will be unable to support changes to business requirements. A properly designed relational database reflects business...
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...A relational database solution or relational databases have helped many companies gain more information about their operations by supporting simple operator queries, answering questions such as "What customer had the largest demand?" of "What customer ordered the largest shipment?" They are built to manage relationships and are ideal for starting contextual or genealogical information about processes. Before I continue I would like to explain what a relational database is and what it is derived from. Databases have been a staple of business computing from the very beginning of the digital era. In fact, the relational database was born in 1970 when E.F. Codd, a researcher at IBM, wrote a paper outlining the process. A database is an application that can store and retrieve data very rapidly. The relational bit refers to how the data is stored in the database and how it is organized. Since then, relational databases have grown in popularity to become the standard. A relational database allows you to easily find specific information. It also allows you to sort based on any field and generate reports that contain only certain fields from each record. Relational databases use tables to store information. With a relational database, you can quickly compare information because of the arrangement of data in columns. The relational database model takes advantage of this uniformity to build completely new tables out of required information from existing tables. In other words, it uses...
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...CIS 510 DATABASE DESIGN (WEEK 2) Submitted by: ShaileshwarParimala Arshad Ahmed Mohammed Mohammed WajahathHussain SajjadHussain Syed Uma Devi Singam Types of Database Management Systems A database management system (DBMS) is system software for creating and managing databases. The DBMS provides users and programmers with a systematic way to create, retrieve, update and manage data. [pic] Advantages of DBMS: • Data abstraction and independence • Data security • A locking mechanism for concurrent access • An efficient handler to balance the needs of multiple applications using the same data • The ability to swiftly recover from crashes and errors, including restartability and recoverability • Robust data integrity capabilities • Logging and auditing of activity • Simple access using a standard application programming interface (API) • Uniform administration procedures for data Another advantage of a DBMS is that it can be used to impose a logical, structured organization on the data. A DBMS delivers economy of scale for processing large amounts of data because it is optimized for such operations. A DBMS can also provide many views of a single database schema. A view defines what data the user sees and how that user sees the data. The DBMS provides a level of abstraction between the conceptual schema that defines the logical structure of the database and the physical schema that describes the...
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...Benefits of Relational Models to ACME Global Consulting Geoff Roberts Professor Rahat Zafar Intro to Relational Database Management Systems 1/16/13 Businesses thrive on information. To succeed, you must have the most current knowledge to stay competitive in a rapidly changing industry, such as Information Technology. The trick is, not only knowing where to find the information, but how and where to secure it. Databases are the keystones to any business looking for organization and quality management. They will allow your company to track expenses, market trends, employees, equipment, and most importantly, clients. The question? How do I deploy an efficient database? In order to implement a database, it should be planned out to ensure it meets all requirements of the organization. Consider your own company’s needs for a moment. Organizational charts, certifications, client accounts, investments. How are these examples mapped so that the information is readily accessible in an efficient way? The answer, employ Relational Models from which a functional database that meets all level requirements can derive from. This is a major step in becoming a prepared, well organized, and respected consulting firm. A Relational model or entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a data modeling technique that creates a graphical representation of the entities, and the relationships between entities, within an information system (http://searchcrm.techtarget.com). Relational models help...
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...SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND IT Diploma in Information Technology March 2014 Semester Assignment Introduction to Database (DIT2503) Assignment Topic Task 1: Knowledge Discovery – Individual (100 Marks) – SUBMISSION WEEK 8 Name: Kevin Yeap Kong Shien Nie Justin Ling Student ID: 0319297 0319226 0319826 No. Title Page 1 Cover Page 1 2 Table Content 2 3 Question 1 3-7 4 Question 2 8 5 Question 3 9 6 Question 4 10-11 7 References 12 Database Question 1: Data Model/Database Model Flat file Flat file data model is model where data was store as a plain text file in a single table. Each line of the table hold each record with field and it is separated by commas or tabs. It cannot contain multiple tables like relational database. All the data stored by flat file, a computer file system will be store in a single...
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...Video on Demand (Multimedia databases). - -Video on Demand (Multimedia Databases Introduction Video on Demand (VoD ) is an interactive multimedia system . The fundamental process of its working is same as that of cable television In this , the customer has the option of selecting a movie from a large video database and can watch different programs as and when required . It seems that the video rental shop is present at home . Research is going on to improve the quality of VoD-related services . Some of the VoD-related applications are providing Video Films on Demand , Local news and Weather Forecasting , Games , music and Leisure , Education and Remote Learning Facilities , Home Shopping and Other Consumer Services , Banking etc . This system has three main components . These are Video server : it stores and provides access to programs Data delivery network : it is the linking source for subscriber Set-top box : It is the interface between TV equipments and VoD services MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group ) is a group of people who work for ISO (International Standards Organization ) to generate digital video standards i .e producing sequences of images in time and to generate audio compression . Various kind of MPEG are ranked on the basis of the speed (in CD-ROM data rates ) at which they deliver video to consumer devices . For example , the speed of MPEG-1 was 1 .5 Mbit /s , MPEG-2 with improved resolution deliver broadcast and HDTV quality video . Over...
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...Database management system (DBMS) A database management system (DBMS) is a program, or a collection of programs, through which users interact with a database. The actual manipulation of the underlying database is handled by the DBMS. In some cases, users may interact with the DBMS directly. In other cases, users may interact with programs such as those created with Visual Basic, Java, Perl, PHP, or C++; these programs, in turn, interact with the DBMS, as shown in Figure 1-9. In either case, only the DBMS actually accesses the database. It typically supports query languages, which are in fact high-level programming languages, dedicated database languages that considerably simplify writing database application programs. Database languages also simplify the database organization as well as retrieving and presenting information from it. A DBMS provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency control, recovering the database after failures and restoring it from backup files, as well as maintaining database security. Entity An entity is a person, place, object, event, or idea for which you want to store and process data. The entities of interest to Premiere Products, for example, are sales reps, customers, orders, and parts. Attribute, Column, Field An attribute is a characteristic or property of an entity. The term is used in this text exactly as it is used in everyday English. An attribute is also called a field or column in...
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...Strayer University Introduction to Relational Database Management System CIS111019VA016-1132-001 Jean-Robert Bokino January 11, 2013 Logical Design, Part I In this assignment, I will write a two to three page paper titled “Logical Design, Part 1” whereas I am a recently hired consultant for ACME Global Consulting to procure requirements for a large database. In this scenario, “Logical Design, Part 1”, I will develop a database management systems to convince a set of clients of the benefits of using the Entity–Relationship model (E-R) in developing a database. In addition, my management would like the following points addressed in my design: (1). List the advantages of a relational model specific to ACME Global Consulting. (2). Summarize the purpose of an Entity–Relationship Model (E-R) specific to ACME Global Consulting. (3). List and describe essential components of the model such as entities, attributes, keys, relationships, roles, and dependencies specific to ACME Global Consulting. (4). Describe the need for the enhanced E-R model and how we can create sophisticated models to help us in complex environments. (5). Outline and describe the advantage of using the relational model. (6). Create an E-R diagram using graphical depicting software that could theoretically be used in a restaurant application. Now that you know the purpose of this assignment, I will define three key terms that will be discussed in this assignment. The first term is Database (DB), which is a collection of...
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...1. List the advantages of a relational model specific to ACME Global Consulting. Relational models can provide some very significant advantages over other methods. First, they are very easy to read due to the nature of two-dimensional tables. Columns and row format is straightforward and consists of a collection of similar data among rows that allow for the user to easily locate what they need. One of the biggest advantages of the relational model of database design is that its foundation is formal mathematical theory. It allows its concepts to be defined and examined with great precision. In other systems, the calculations may need to be done separately prior to using the database. 2. Summarize in your own words the purpose of an E-R model specific to ACME Global Consulting. The E-R model can provide ACME Global with a specific, but open-ended design that is tailored to the company’s needs. This also allows us to sketch the design of a database informally and incorporate changes in order to avoid problems later on. The E-R model allows for growth beyond its ideas at inception. It lays the groundwork for later database relational designs. 3. List and describe essential components of the model such as entities, attributes, keys, relationships, roles, and dependencies specific to ACME Global Consulting. Entity: real-world object or thing with an independent existence and which is distinguishable from other objects. Examples are a person, car, customer, product, gene...
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...Relational Database Management Systems TVSN Murthy Assistant Professor – DFT NIFT Hyderabad Disclaimer: These slides are just for the purpose of easy reading and are not comprehensive in nature. Thus the slides have to be read together with the class lectures, reading material, and statutes dealing with the subject RDBMS/Slide 1 Introduction Flat files - 1960s - 1980s Hierarchical – 1970s - 1990s Network – 1970s - 1990s Relational – 1980s – present Object-oriented – 1990s – present Object-relational – 1990s – present Data warehousing – 1980s – present Web-enabled – 1990s - present RDBMS/Slide 2 1 Introduction Data Models Classification Data models can be classified as: 1. 2. 3. File-based systems Traditional Data Models Semantic Data Models File-based Systems: Entities or objects of interest are represented by records that are stored together in files. Relationships between objects are represented by using directories of various kinds. RDBMS/Slide 3 Introduction Data Models Classification Traditional Data Models: Traditional data models are the Hierarchical, Network and Relational Models. Hierarchical Model:- Evolved from the file based system Network Model:- Is a superset of the Hierarchical model. Relational Model:- Is based on the mathematical concept of relation. Semantic Data Models: This class of data models was influenced by the semantic networks developed by artificial intelligence researchers. Semantic networks were developed to...
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...Relational Model of Shared Data Banks Abstract How does one decide best practice for a database management design? Who has used mathematics and science as a basis to assist organizations with a baseline relational model for database management? Well for over the last forty years credit has been given to entrepreneur Edgar F. Codd. The evolution of relational databases remain ever changing, however the foundation laid by Cobb remains best practice for the vast majority of organizations. Simple principles defined in his writing “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks” exhibits pros and cons in comparison to other databases. Although databases range in size, durability, and ease all plays a significant role in an organization growth, success, and failure. Relational Model of Shared Data Banks The paper “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks”, written by E. F. Codd explains the advantages of a relational database model primarily in comparison to the tree-structure and network model. The author points out the importance of derivability, redundancy and consistency of relations within the relational model versus other prototypes. One of Cobb’s example cites, “The network model, on the other hand, has spawned a number of confusions, not the least of which is mistaking the derivation of connection for the derivation of relations” (Cobb, 1970, p. 377). Cobb’s overall goal is to make sure readers see how effective and how successful an organization...
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...Database Design: Relational Database Management Systems Marvin E. Eubanks CIS111: Introduction to Relational Database Management Systems Strayer University Professor: Emelda Ntinglet-Davis November 22, 2011 Introduction Regardless of the size of a company or business, the employees are usually considered the most important asset. However, data should rank equally important as the employees do. It is very vital that a company’s data is stored and maintained as accurately and as quickly as possible. Having a Database Management System allows a business to do just this. Database Management System (DBMS) Webopedia (2011), states it simply: “A DBMS is simply the software program on a computer that is used to store and manipulate data.” Manipulation of data consists of adding new data such as adding personal information about an employee; deleting unwanted data such as deleting the personal information of an employee who has quit or been terminated; or changing existing data such as changing the pay rate of an employee who has been promoted. Advantages to having a DBMS are it aides in data security, data integrity, data sharing, data concurrence, data independence, and data recovery to name a few. Database management systems are important because it allows businesses to manage data more efficient and effective; query language allows quick responses to ad hoc queries; improves access to more data; and reduces the chance that data will be inconsistent. Features...
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...Relational Database Management Systems Object Oriented Databases The database world is in a constant change! New techniques for concurrency control, cloud platforms, object databases, and service platforms are all being changed and talked about in the industrial and academic world. OODB has been around since the seventies when object oriented programming was first being developed. That being said; companies have only started using object oriented databases in the last ten to fifteen years. In the early 1980’s a Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation employee begins ORION. ORION is able to handle schema evolution and complex object looking. During the late 1980’s the first wave of commercial OODMS hits. In this time period we get the beginning of Graphael, which later becomes Matisse. Designed to benefit all perspectives of object oriented databases, Matisse combines native support for SQL, Object and XML all in a single database. Next we get the GemStone Systems, the earliest OODB that supports object identity, inheritance and encapsulation. On into the late 1980’s France starts the development of O2. It is C++ compatible and supports multiple inheritances. Later on Vbase was produced, which use the language COP. COP is changed into a C++ based system that supports encapsulation, ability to construct complex objects, and inheritance. (“Short History”, 2005) Once we get into the 1990’s the first standard is released, ODMG 1.0. During this time frame a common query...
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... ➢ Business Goals and Business Logic ➢ Execution Services Like Interactive Logistics ➢ Nomadic Computing (Location Independent) capabilities ➢ Object-Oriented Solutions and Network Agents ➢ Intelligent Devices Assuring Most Basic Services The main differences between each functional view that each includes a different level of sophistication. Page 21 bottom of page 3. Why does the gap between the size of business challenges and the sophistication of technological solutions increase over time? Answer: Because a large majority of senior managers and board members are computer illiterate, they have failed to realize that, as business challenges grow, the sophistication of computers, networks, databases, and software must also increase significantly. Question 2: pg 113 4. What is the difference between an Enterprise Architecture and a Systems Architecture? (Chap 2 p.26) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architecture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_architecture 5. Describe how technology of ERP can benefit and can position an organization in a competitive environment?...
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...1. List the advantages of a relational model specific to ACME Global Consulting. Relational models can provide some very significant advantages over other methods. First, they are very easy to read due to the nature of two-dimensional tables. Columns and row format is straightforward and consists of a collection of similar data among rows that allow for the user to easily locate what they need. One of the biggest advantages of the relational model of database design is that its foundation is formal mathematical theory. It allows its concepts to be defined and examined with great precision. In other systems, the calculations may need to be done separately prior to using the database. 2. Summarize in your own words the purpose of an E-R model specific to ACME Global Consulting. The E-R model can provide ACME Global with a specific, but open-ended design that is tailored to the company’s needs. This also allows us to sketch the design of a database informally and incorporate changes in order to avoid problems later on. The E-R model allows for growth beyond its ideas at inception. It lays the groundwork for later database relational designs. 3. List and describe essential components of the model such as entities, attributes, keys, relationships, roles, and dependencies specific to ACME Global Consulting. Entity: real-world object or thing with an independent existence and which is distinguishable from other objects. Examples are a person, car, customer, product,...
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