...Broad Topic: Incarceration Narrowed Topic: Effects of imprisoned mothers on under-aged girls. Research Question: How does the imprisonment of mothers affect the development of under-aged girls negatively in America? According to (Raising Children Network, 2018) child development is " the term used to describe the changes in your child’s physical growth, as well as her ability to learn the social, emotional, behaviour, thinking and communication skills she needs for life. All of these areas are linked, and each depends on and influences the others". The first five years of a child's life is where their brain develop quickly and where they make sense of the world around them. At such an early age a child needs support and affection from their...
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...conscience remains unshackled.” The length of time Davis will stay behind bars is – for now – at her own discretion. It’s not rare for someone to be jailed for contempt of court but it’s unusual for people to “refuse to comply with court orders”, said Adam Winkler, a UCLA law professor. “The purpose of contempt is not punitive; the goal is not to punish the person, merely to enforce the court’s order,” Winkler told the Guardian. “The court is trying to gain compliance with its order. Sometimes threatening someone with jail is going to be the only thing that will prompt compliance.” Winkler said Judge Bunning may have been concerned that Davis could have raised funds to cover any financial penalties he assessed, “and thus the fines would not have their coercive effect”. Davis could remain in jail for years, Winkler said. He recalled a case where an individual jailed for contempt stayed locked up for 14 years. Eventually, he said, a judge will consider whether incarceration will “coerce compliance with the...
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...Prison Overcrowding In today’s society, crime happens nearly every 5 seconds. Depending on the type of crime determines where an individual is placed either in jail or prison. This leads to an ongoing problem today, prison overcrowding. Prison overcrowding is when the demand for space in prisons in a jurisdiction exceeds the capacity for prisoners in the place. Prison Overcrowding has many dangers that can lead to major destruction to society and those captivated behind bars The dangers of overcrowded prison, is that it can become very toxic for both prisoners and guards. Overcrowded conditions contribute to stronger inmate misconduct, more competition for prison services such as educational or vocational training programs and a lack...
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...well as morality. This becomes the foundation on which the medical profession gets autonomy of practice from the society and a chance to experience self-regulation. Pharmacy is one of the medical professions whose practitioners help people to utilize medications to the best. It is notable that since professionals own specialized knowledge which the client does not have, the possibility of the professional exploiting the client exists. It is however important to note that such exploitation leads to very severe consequences since it has violated the guiding regulations for pharmacists. While executing the duties of a pharmacist, it is possible to make mistakes that have serious consequences. There are a number of ways in which professional misconduct among pharmacists can be handled. The Board of Pharmacy may take action against the pharmacists where a hearing is made before any disciplinary action is taken. The violation of regulations may also be presented before a civil court or before a criminal court. In case of a compliant being presented before a Board of Pharmacy, the complaint is usually presented by the customer before the Board prompting the Board of Pharmacy to launch investigations. The findings of the investigation are used to determine the disciplinary action to be taken, if any. Complaints that are handled by the Board of Pharmacy involve violation of the regulations governing the board and may not...
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...Prison Violent Misconduct Sylwia Chamot April 20th, 2011 Dr. Hassett- Walker Senior Seminar CJ 4600, Section 02 Spring Semester 2011 Incarceration rates rose to unprecedented levels in the history of the U.S.’s imprisonment. Therefore, concern about social control of the incarcerated, that is, prisoners’ behavior, has increased. High inmate disciplinary infractions, especially violent infractions, are a threat to the safety of prison, of correctional staff, and of other inmates. Nevertheless, the issue of discipline in prison is important from an economic perspective, because an estimated average cost per infraction at a medium security prison is $970 (Jiang & Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). For these reasons, Jiang & Fisher- Giorlando conducted a research to help explain violent incidents, incidents against correctional staff and incidents against other inmates in prison. Identifying the risk factors of inmates to commit violent acts of misconduct is of great importance to prison administration. This type of research can assist in the classification process of inmates entering institutions as well as the ongoing classification adjustments of inmates already in custody. This study will identify and investigate factors for violent institutional misconduct. These factors include; however, are not limited to race...
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...Forensic Misconduct: Dr. Pamela A. Fish Kirstin L. Daniels Professor Ian Rodway George Mason University Forensic Misconduct: Pamela A Fish Forensic science is defined as the practice of utilizing scientific methodologies to clarify judicial inquiries. The field of forensic science contains a broad range of disciplines and has become a vital aspect of criminal investigations. Some forensic disciplines are laboratory-based; while others are based on an analyst’s interpretation of observable patterns (Kourtsounis, 2009). According to the Innocence project’s website; in greater than fifty percent of wrongful convictions, the use of invalidated or improper forensic techniques played a role in cases; which were later overturned by DNA testing. Unlike other forensic methods, serology has been subjected to rigorous scientific testing to achieve validation. Even still, these methods can be inaccurately conducted or counterfactually conveyed during the trial (Innocence Project, 2012). Since the evidence presented during a trial can be the difference between freedom, and incarceration in many cases and death in some cases, misconduct in the forensic field is not tolerated. Some types of forensic misconduct include exaggeration of statistics, false testimony and laboratory fraud. Evidence offered by forensic scientists is often called “expert testimony”. Nevertheless, what is an expert? Is it someone who has gone to school and earned an undergraduate, graduate...
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...The policies during this time show how the public and politicians were supportive of indeterminate sentences and believed in rehabilitation and reintegration. These political and societal beliefs are exactly what came to an end in the 90s due to Polly’s murder and other similar crimes. In the 70s the focus was on rehabilitation and the idea that inmates can reintegrate back into society without detrimental effects. After numerous cases in which serial offenders were paroled early from prison and quickly re-offended the socio-political milieu shifted from one of rehabilitation to one of retribution. The ideas of how to sentence and punish criminals completely flipped from the time of Gacy’s crime to the time when Davis shocked the world by kidnapping...
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...form. Not only do corrections refer to jails and prison systems but they also pertain to community-based programs, such as probation, parole, halfway houses, and treatment facilities. Past, present, and future trends in regard to the development and operation of institutional and community-based corrections vary between states but corrections have grown immensely since the early 1800s and have continued to expand over time. Corrections are adamant to continue to expand into the future because crime is not slowing down so there will remain a strong need for corrections throughout society. The subject of this paper pertains to research of past, present, and future trends in the development and operation of corrections. In some ways corrections are similar to the operation trends of two decades ago. In other ways the development of corrections has come far compared to corrections in the beginning. Other subjects of the paper include current and future issues for prisons and prison administrators and an explanation for why these issues overwhelm corrections. A last topic for discussion is the roles of alternate corrections as a developing trend. Conditions in the early era were inhumane because of prisoners starving, and trends of punishment were in the form of physical punishment. Examples of this were punishments, such as prisoners hanged, tortured, beheaded, or mutilated. This punishment was popular in England, but it had an effect on its American predecessors. Although...
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...to this complication, the problem is present in nearly all prison systems worldwide, with some systems more prone to it than others. In America, homicide inside jails and state prisons has remained relatively low in recent years at 3 per 100,000 on average (Mumola, 2005). The same cannot be said for Brazilian prisons, however; in 2013 alone, around 60 inmates were killed in Brazilian prisons, and three others died through decapitation and heavy mutilation at the beginning of the year (Cawley, 2014). Violence in prison systems is by no means limited to physical violence or individual assaults. In the first place, “violence in prison” is a broad category, which involves a range of situations and actions from certain parties, with violence as their common factor. It may involve riots, mutinies, and individual assaults. It may also, in fact, be taken to mean any form of violence—usually physical and/or sexual—done by inmates to fellow inmates, or prison staff to inmates. For example, while physical violence is an all-time low in American prisons, sexual violence is on the rise there. Prison rape, alongside other abusive and nonconsensual sexual acts, is a rampant problem in both inmate-to-inmate and staff-on-inmate. In 2011 alone, around 2,002 alleged cases of inmate-to-inmate and 1,992 staff-on-inmate sexual misconduct have been reported, and—granted the present difficulty of ascertaining such allegations inside prisons—with a heavily discrepant number of substantiated...
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...Massive Incarceration: A Racial Perspective Sociology 350N Abstract In 2010 there was a significant imbalance in the incarceration rate of males within the U.S.; these differences were among the ethnic groups of Caucasian (white), Hispanic and African American (black). In reference to the number of people incarcerated per 100,000 in their individual group, black males had the highest number of inmates, followed by Hispanic males; however, white males had the lowest number of prisoners (Wagner, 2012). We must ask the question “why”. Why and how is this occurring? The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world; so, is the system that was designed to protect and serve abusing its power. Some factors that can possibly be contributing to this disproportion is socioeconomic status, prejudices within the criminal justice system and power investments. Massive Incarceration: A Racial Perspective Introduction Today the US makes up for about 5% of the world’s population and carries 25% of the world’s prisoners, this 20% difference shows that the US imprisons more people then actually living in the country (NAACP, 2015). This is the highest prison population when compared to other countries. Records show from 1980 to 2008, the number of individuals that have been incarcerated has quadrupled from 500,000 to 2.3 million (NAACP, 2015). During that time frame crime & poverty rates have also increased dramatically, while unemployment & educational...
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...Programs while in DJJ (Insiders Program, welding, culinary arts) Earned machinery certification from Boeing Compliant and good working relationship with Probation Officer Completed everything asked while on probation No significant behavioral incidents at Al Cannon Classes or groups at Al Cannon (none to date but DM was moved to new jail - verify?) Role in the crime Likable guy Calm demeanor Potential for turning life around and...
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...Racism in the Criminal Justice System Racism in police treatment of minorities has created great disparities in incarceration amongst the races. Blatant cases of racist law enforcement that are covered in the news are a testament to the fact that racism within police departments exists from coast to coast. However, these are only the cases that people find out about; there are countless other cases of police racism and brutality that are not reported. A series of reports that have been published in the last few years have shown that young black men are being incarcerated at a rate far greater than their number in the overall population. In the fall of 1995, Vincent Schiraldi, executive director of the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice in San Francisco, released a study that found that nationally 33% of the black men in their 20~s were under the control of the criminal justice system in some way, shape or form. This shows an increase from 1991, when 25% of the black men nationwide ages 20 to 29 were incarcerated, on probation, or on parole (Butterfield 1996). Schiraldi, attributed the higher incarceration rates for black men to tougher punishment for the use of crack cocaine than for other drugs; harsh new sentencing laws; the prison construction boom; and poverty, lack of good jobs and poor education in inner cities. We will address how tougher punishments have resulted in worse treatment for minorities in the criminal justice system. The tougher punishment for the...
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...The main form of punishment for breaking the law in the United States is incarceration. The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) reports that at the end of 2010, there were 2,266,800 adults incarcerated in the U.S. federal and state prisons, and county jails (Prisoner Statistics, 2012). When one adds the reported 493,100 corrections staff working inside the prison or jail, the total number of people interacting on a daily basis in this closed society creates conditions where corruption at some level is likely to occur (Bureau, 2012). Research suggests corruption of correction officers, also known as detention officers, or guards is a serious issue that should be continually addressed by facility management because it occurs for many reasons and takes on many forms that can pervert the justice system. This paper will explain some main forms of corruption, give outrageous examples of documented corruption, and spell out why, given the ethics expected of the profession, corruption must be continually addressed and prevented. The first step for criminals is finding the officer with a mindset that can be corrupted. Low to median pay scales for these officers and an increase in offenders affiliated with the gang element of society has increased the potential for corruption related manipulation of prison staff (Diaz, 2009). “Corrections and law enforcement work by its very nature involves the...potential for gradual deterioration of social-moral inhibitions and perceived sense of...
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...waiting for trial, as well as the time they spent in jail. These victims need to be compensated because these convictions can ruin their reputation and...
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...years. This paper aims to convey the positives and negatives of parole and in turn determine whether parole is under utilized or over utilized in Australia, or whether we have struck the right balance. Parole is defined as the "supervised conditional release of a prisoner before the expiration of his or her sentence." (Legal Terms Website, 2004). Parole is seen as a back end model of community corrections and is usually approved to a prisoner after they have completed the minimum, required time in prison set by a judge. However parole is only granted if the prisoner has behaved well in prison and cooperated with staff by abiding by set rules (Queensland Parole Orders Act, 1984). When a prisoner has completed the minimum time in incarceration of their sentence they are put before a parole board to plead their case. The parole board takes a number of things into consideration, such as their behavior and cooperation with in the prison and their likelihood to reoffend if let out on parole. The parole board may grant or deny a prisoner the freedom of parole. While on parole the inmate must cooperate with the rules and regulations placed upon him or her. And any deterrence from these rules means they will be sent back to prison to complete his or her entire sentence (White and Perrone, 2004). If granted parole the parolee is placed back into the community under supervision from a parole officer who is there to provide help and support to the offender. The parole officer...
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