...that image. The ferocity of a tiger would belong to the tattooed person. That tradition holds true today shown by the proliferation of images of tigers, snakes, and bird of prey. Egypt is the place where earliest tattoos can be found during the time of the construction of the great pyramids. As they expanded their empire, the art of tattooing spread as well. Around 2000 BC tattooing spread to China. Tattoo was used for the communication among spies in Greek. Romans marked criminals and slaves. This practice is still carried on today. The social status is showed through tattoo by Ainu people of western Asia. In New Zealand a facial style of tattooing called Moko was developed and still being used today. There is evidence that the Mayan, Incas, and Aztecs used tattooing in the rituals. While tattooing diminished in the west, it thrived in Japan. At first, tattoos were used to mark criminals. The Japanese body suit originated around 1700 and only...
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...International Trade & Academic Research Conference (ITARC ), 7 – 8th November, 2012, London.UK. COCA-COLA: International Business Strategy for Globalization Michael Ba Banutu-Gomez William G. Rohrer College of Business, Rowan University, USA Key Words International Differentiation Strategy, Global Strategy, International Marketing Strategy, Culture in International Marketing Strategy, Coca-Cola Strategy, International Distribution Strategy, Choosing Distributors and Channels, The Challenge of Distribution, Hidden Costs And Gains In Distribution, International Collaborative Strategy, International Labor Relations and Management Strategy, and International Diversification Strategy. Abstract The purpose of this research was to analysis the efficiency of global strategies. This paper identified six key strategies necessary for firms to be successful when expanding globally. These strategies include differentiation, marketing, distribution, collaborative strategies, labor and management strategies, and diversification. Within this analysis, we chose to focus on the Coca-Cola Company because they have proven successful in their international operations and are one of the most recognized brands in the world. We performed an in-depth review of how effectively or ineffectively Coca-Cola has used each of the six strategies. The paper focused on Coca-Cola's operations in the United States, China, Belarus, Peru, and Morocco. The author used electronic journals from...
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...Coca-Cola: International Business Strategy For Globalization Dr. Michael Ba Banutu-Gomez, Professor, Management and Entrepreneurship, William G. Rohrer College of Business Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to analyze the efficiency of global strategies. This paper identified six key strategies necessary for firms to be successful when expanding globally. These strategies include differentiation, marketing, distribution, collaborative strategies, labor and management strategies, and diversification. Within this analysis, we chose to focus on the Coca-Cola Company because they have proven successful in their international operations and are one of the most recognized brands in the world. We performed an in-depth review of how effectively or ineffectively Coca-Cola has used each of the six strategies. The paper focused on Coca-Cola's operations in the United States, China, Belarus, Peru, and Morocco. The author used electronic journals from the various countries to determine how effective Coca-Cola was in these countries. The paper revealed that Coca-Cola was very successful in implementing strategies regardless of the country. However, the author learned that CocaCola did not effectively utilize all of the strategies in each country. Key Words: Coca-Cola, International Business, Strategy, Globalization, International Marketing, Labor Relations, Distribution, Diversification, Management, Channels, Costs, Gains and Collaboration. INTRODUCTION...
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...Macro Context Of Management And Organisations Stream 18: Postcolonial Stream Proposal Pedro Castellano-Masias Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas – UPC Escuela de Postgrado en Dirección de Negocios Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas - UPC (Postgraduate Business School – UPC) Av. Salaverry #2255, San Isidro, Lima 27, Peru, Sud America Telephone: 511 419 2800 Fax: 511 419 2828 pedrocastellano@hotmail.com pcastell@upc.edu.pe Macro context of management at organisations Prof. Pedro Castellano-Masias Introduction Management literature is frequently involved with the practicalities of bearing organisational control in order to achieve the shareholders interests (Daft, R.; 2000), (Hodge, Anthony and Gales, 1998), (Kotter, J.; 1997). It seems to be assumed that in so doing the organisations ensure their profitability and survival. Main focus is then placed on technologies of control and efficiency while criteria regarding other stakeholders’ interests are not considered. There is little or none awareness whatsoever of the situation that it is imposed to the workers and their families, there is little account of the organisational impact on the community, there is a very limited awareness and attention regarded to the environmental implications of managerial and organisational activities. In addition, not enough is being said regarding the ways in which the past is shaping the future while preserving a system of privileges and exclusion. A social system of domination...
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...Thank You Julie! Good morning Capt Stancy, Mr. Bevington, Capt Goyet, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to this celebration of the Hispanic Heritage Month. It is my distinct honor to speak to you today. Hispanic culture is deeply intertwined with the history of this Nation. We live on the same side of the world with the largest Spanish speaking population due to our proximity to Mexico, Central, South America and the Caribbean. So it is important to recognize the contributions of the Hispanic culture as well as other cultures to celebrate and acknowledge how the history, culture, values and traditions of the United States were and continue to be shaped by the make-up of its ever changing population profile. When I started to think about what I would say, it occurred to me that perhaps I should do a little research and review history instead of presuming I know everything about my heritage. I am glad I did because I learned many facts that challenged my own understanding of history. I want to share some of these facts with you today. On September 1968, Congress authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to proclaim National Hispanic Heritage Week, observed during the week that included Sept. 15 and Sept. 16. The observance was expanded in 1989 by Congress to a month long celebration (Sept. 15 – Oct. 15), America celebrates the culture and traditions of those who trace their roots to Spain, Mexico and the Spanish-speaking nations of Central America, South America and...
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...corporations in the EU, this paper aims at investigating in a quantitative way the main factors explaining: (i) the decision of firms to increase their R&D investment effort in the near future; (ii) the main drivers explaining the favorite location choice for R&D; and (iii) the impact of direct and indirect policies to support R&D activities in the EU. Main findings suggest that competitive pressures from the US are the main determinants for increasing R&D investments. Public support to R&D and proximity to other activities of the company explain the decision to locate R&D in the home country while considerations on the cost of employing researchers appear also to matter for firms preferring a location outside their home country, in particular in China and India. Key words: R&D internationalisation; drivers; R&D policies; EU large R&D corporations JEL code: O33 1. Introduction In the last decade, theoretical (Dunning and Narula, 1995; Kuemmerle, 1997) and empirical studies (among the others: Kuemmerle, 1999; Kumar, 2001; Von Zedwitz and Gassmann, 2002) on the internationalization of R&D have highlighted a shift from the so-called home-base exploiting to the home-base augmenting R&D strategies. Within such framework, MNEs set R&D laboratories abroad not only for adapting technologies and products developed at home to local ∗ European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), Edificio Expo, Calle Inca Garcilaso 3. 41092 Seville...
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...University Carbondale Ken-ichi Shinoda National Science Museum, Tokyo Julie Farnum Montclair State University Robert Corruccini Southern Illinois University Carbondale Hirokatsu Watanabe Terra Information Engineering Company Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/anthro_pubs © 2004 by The Wenner‐Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Published in Current Anthropology, Vol. 45, No. 3 ( June 2004) at 10.1086/382249 Recommended Citation Shimada, Izumi; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Farnum, Julie; Corruccini, Robert; and Watanabe, Hirokatsu, "An Integrated Analysis of PreHispanic Mortuary Practices: A Middle Sicán Case Study" (2004). Publications. Paper 8. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/anthro_pubs/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Anthropology at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact jnabe@lib.siu.edu. C u r r e n t A n t h r o p o l o g y Volume 45, Number 3, June 2004 2004 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. All rights reserved 0011-3204/2004/4503-0004$3.00 An Integrated Analysis of PreHispanic Mortuary Practices A Middle Sican Case Study1 ´ by Izumi Shimada, Ken-ichi Shinoda, Julie Farnum, Robert Corruccini, and Hirokatsu Watanabe Recent debate has raised serious questions about the viability of the social and ideological reconstruction of prehistoric culture on...
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...TExES I Texas Examinations of Educator Standards Preparation Manual 133 History 8–12 Copyright © 2006 by the Texas Education Agency (TEA). All rights reserved. The Texas Education Agency logo and TEA are registered trademarks of the Texas Education Agency. Texas Examinations of Educator Standards, TExES, and the TExES logo are trademarks of the Texas Education Agency. This publication has been produced for the Texas Education Agency (TEA) by ETS. ETS is under contract to the Texas Education Agency to administer the Texas Examinations of Educator Standards (TExES) program and the Certification of Educators in Texas (ExCET) program. The TExES program and the Examination for the Certification of Educators in Texas (ExCET) program are administered under the authority of the Texas Education Agency; regulations and standards governing the program are subject to change at the discretion of the Texas Education Agency. The Texas Education Agency and ETS do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, or disability in the administration of the testing program or the provision of related services. PREFACE The State Board for Educator Certification (SBEC) has developed new standards for Texas educators that delineate what the beginning educator should know and be able to do. These standards, which are based on the state-required curriculum for students—the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS)—form the basis for new Texas Examinations...
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...COR 130 Individual Research Paper The Aztecs and the role of Human Sacrifice The Aztec was a culture that dominated the Valley of Mexico in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. All the Nahua-speaking peoples in the Valley of Mexico were Aztecs, while the culture that dominated the area was Tenochca. At the time of the European conquest, they called themselves either "Tenochca" or "Toltec," which was the name assumed by the bearers of the Classic Mesoamerican culture, stated in Manuel Aguilar-Moreno’s book, Handbook to Life in the Aztec World. Sadly, many of the Aztec didn't survive after the arrival of the Europeans. But during the earlier years, the Aztec became one of the most advanced civilizations because of their religion, war, and agriculture. The Aztecs gained an infamous reputation for their bloodthirsty human sacrifices with explicit tales of the beating heart being ripped from the still-conscious victims, decapitation, skinning and dismemberment. All of these things did happen but it is important to remember that for the Aztecs the act of sacrifice was a strictly ritualized process that gave the highest possible honor to the gods and was regarded as a necessity to ensure mankind’s continued prosperity. The Aztecs were not the first civilization in Mesoamerica to practice human sacrifice; human sacrifice was practiced to some extent by many peoples in Mesoamerica and around the world for many centuries. But it was the Aztec empire that really took the ritual...
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...About the Author: Jared Diamond is a professor of physiology at UCLA School of Medicine. He is a recipient of a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship and was awarded a 1999 National Medal of Science. He is also the author of The Third Chimpanzee. SUMMARY The book asks and attempts to answer the question, once humankind spread throughout the world, why did different populations in different locations have such different histories? The modern world has been shaped by conquest, epidemics, and genocide, the ingredients of which arose first in Eurasia. The book’s premise is that those ingredients required the development of agriculture. Agriculture also arose first in Eurasia, not because Eurasians were superior in any way to people of other continents, but because of a unique combination of naturally occurring advantages, including more and more suitable wild crops and animals to domesticate, a larger land mass with fewer barriers to the spread of people, crops, and technology, and an east-west axis which meant that climate was similar across the region. The book is well written and contains not only information about the history of cultures around the world, but excellent descriptions of the scientific methodologies used to study them, from how archeologists study the origin of agriculture to how writing evolved to how linguistics can trace the movements of peoples across huge geographic areas. There are useful examples, maps and charts throughout, which make principles discussed in the...
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...companies understand this, thus enabling the drug companies to maximize product sales and royalties for many years (Goodman, 2008). These factors along with a declining economy, new healthcare regulations, political influences, changes in patent law, a change of the mentality from profits first, science secondary has lead to the decline in profits for the pharmaceutical industry. Although late adaptors to the “change”, unlike the banking and retail industries, pharmaceutical have been impacted as well and in order to stay competitive must make some serious changes (Goodman, 2008). Merck & Co., Inc is one of the top-tier drug makers. This corporation faces the multiple issues and challenges pertinent to pharmaceutical industry. This paper provides an overview of existing change models in within the framework...
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...and Tourism? Cambridge AICE (Advanced International Certificate of Education) Diploma How can I find out more? 2. Teacher support .............................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Support materials 2.2 Resource lists 2.3 Training 3. Assessment at a glance ................................................................................................. 7 4. Syllabus aims and assessment objectives...................................................................... 9 4.1 Aims 4.2 Scheme of assessment 4.3 Assessment objectives and their weighting in the exam papers 5. Syllabus content ........................................................................................................... 12 5.1 Paper 1: Core paper 5.2 Paper 3: International business and leisure travel services 5.3 Paper 4: Specialised tourism 6. Coursework...
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...Municipal Bond Market Development Edited and with an introduction by: Priscilla Phelps, Senior Finance Advisor, Research Triangle Institute November 1997 Environmental and Urban Programs Support Project Project No. 940-1008 Contract No. PCE-1008-I-00-6005-00 Contract Task Order No. 06 Conducted by Research Triangle Institute Sponsored by the United States Agency for International Development Office of Environment and Urban Programs (G/ENV/UP) COTR Sarah Wines Finance Working Papers Table of Contents Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Part I: Municipal Bond Market Development in Developing Countries: The Experience of the U.S. Agency for International Development . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The Changing Situation of Local Governments and Their Financing Options . . . . . 4 Defining Municipal Financial Market Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Strategic Context for Municipal Bond Market Development at USAID . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Technical Summary of Municipal Bond Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 USAID Experience...
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...Eiteman-2 US CHAPTERS 31/7/07 4:01 PM Page 39 International Trade Finance The purpose of this chapter is to explain how international trade—exports and imports—is financed. The contents are of direct practical relevance to both domestic firms that merely import and export and to multinational firms that trade with related and unrelated entities. The chapter begins by explaining the types of trade relationships that exist. Next we explain the trade dilemma: exporters want to be paid before they export and importers do not want to pay until they receive the goods. The next section explains the benefits of the current international trade protocols. This discussion is followed by a section describing the elements of a trade transaction and the various documents that are used to facilitate the trade’s completion and financing. The next section identifies international trade risks; namely, currency risk and noncompletion risk. The following sections describe the key trade documents, including letters of credit, drafts, and bills of lading. The next section summarizes the documentation of a typical trade transaction. This section is followed by a description of government programs to help finance exports, including export credit insurance and specialized banks such as the Export-Import Bank of the United States. Next, we compare the various types of short-term receivables financing and then the use of forfaiting and countertrade for longer term transactions. The mini-case...
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...in Growth and Development Massachusetts Institute of Technology Daron Acemoglu Harvard University and Weatherhead Center for International Affairs James Robinson Abstract: In this paper we argue that the main determinant of differences in prosperity across countries are differences in economic institutions. To solve the problem of development will entail reforming these institutions. Unfortunately, this is difficult because economic institutions are collective choices that are the outcome of a political process. The economic institutions of a society depend on the nature of political institutions and the distribution of political power in society. As yet, we only have a highly preliminary understanding of the factors that lead a society into a political equilibrium which supports good economic institutions. However, it is clear that it is the political nature of an institutional equilibrium that makes it very difficult to reform economic institutions. We illustrate this with a series of pitfalls of institutional reforms. Our analysis reveals challenges for those who would wish to solve the problem of development and poverty. That such challenges exist is hardly surprising and we believe that the main reason for such challenges is the forces we have outlined in this paper. Better development policy will only come when we recognize this and understand these forces better. Nevertheless, some countries do undergo political transitions, reform their institutions, and...
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