...“Inclusion is a philosophy that brings diverse students, families, educators, and community members together to create schools and other social institutions based on acceptance, belonging and community.” (Salend 6) “Inclusion recognizes that all students are learners who benefit from a meaningful, challenging, and appropriate curriculum, and differentiated instruction techniques that address their unique strengths and needs.” (Salend 6) “Inclusion programs provide all students with access to a challenging, engaging and flexible curriculum that helps them to be successful in society.” (Salend 6) Inclusion not only benefits those children who are disabled but also the children without disabilities because it is an opportunity for them to learn about disabilities and learn to accept the differences that everyone has. While inclusion may not be for every child out there, the benefits greatly outweigh the negatives, thus why an inclusive classroom has been more and more pushed as the way to go for education of younger children. (Browne 117-118) “Children with disabilities need the same things in their environment as other children. They need an environment that is safe, secure, and predictable and one that provides a balance of the familiar and novel, so that there are materials and activities that provide for their development.” (Browne 342) There is no one law that forces classrooms to be inclusive, but when the Americans with Disabilities Act was passed in...
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...Delimitations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8 5 Definition of terms……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8 6. Importance of the study…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….11 7. Literature Review .................................................................................................................................12 8. Methodology 16 9. Timeframe 18 10. Bibliography 19 Introduction For many teachers, students entering general education classrooms are just more difficult to deal with due to the many complex issues that they bring from different aspects of their lives. Teaching children who come to school hungry, stressed out, angry and sleepy interferes with the transfer of learning, even more, if the issues are compounded by other challenges such as language, speech, brain and other disorders. Today’s classrooms are more diverse as education is more inclusive (Mckay, 2012, p.1). The term “inclusion” have recently emerged to address the changing philosophy and school practices in order to better meet the needs of students with disabilities (Deng, 2008). “The exclusion of children and adolescents from the education system is a complex issue that has been widely researched and...
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...Full Inclusion is the theory that children with disabilities, particularly those with learning disabilities, should be placed in regular classrooms full time. It refers to the movement that all students with disabilities, regardless of type or severity, are educated full time in a general education classroom and program. This method would allow disabled children to make friends with “normal” children and be given the opportunity to learn in a stimulating environment, where they can get the “real world” education that they will need to be able to fit into society and flourish as productive members. Under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, students with special needs are entitled to a full, free, public education in regular educational programs and settings. The inclusion classroom would provide exactly that, a setting for these students to interact with their peers of all ability levels, thus most accurately mirroring the real world outside of school. At current most schools in the United States do not use the method of full inclusion. The current trend in education is to use either mainstreaming or what is considered the least restrictive environment (Feldman 273). Mainstreaming refers to the practice of educating students with special needs in regular classes during specific time periods based on their skills. This means regular education classes are combined with special education classes. Least Restrictive Environment refers to the concept that children with...
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...Topical Reference List: Inclusion of Autism Spectrum Disorder Students Lindsey Liermann Liberty University Abstract This paper includes a reference list of literature relating to components of successful inclusion for students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. In general, the literature seems to indicate what practices are effective for successfully including ASD students with typical peers, as well as, if inclusion is right for all ASD students. The literature includes evidence that the different components support students’ progress in general education settings. More empirical data needs to be collected to see if different components work for all students with Autism Spectrum Disorder while with typical peers. Keywords: students with ASD, inclusion, typical peers, successful strategies, perceptions of inclusion, support, and modification for students. Topical Reference List: Inclusion of Autism Spectrum Disorder Students Until recently, the common practice was to pull children with Autism or other disabilities out of regular education classrooms for majority of the day or even have them completely segregated. It seemed more efficient to provide specialized instruction in separate classrooms where children with Autism could received individualized attention without having to alter the mainstream curriculum that typical peers received. But, different practices were proposed in the 1980’s for greater efforts to “include”...
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...Early Childhood Environment The Nebraska Department of Education and the Iowa Department of Education (1994) describe an appropriate learning environment for the young child: "The primary learning environment provides time and opportunities for children to experience and respond creatively to their world. The learning environment is social in nature, providing a secure and stimulating climate for all children. It provides time and opportunities for children to take appropriate risks and to explore and investigate their world. Children have experiences which encourage them to interact with others, to develop interpersonal skills, and to work and learn cooperatively." (p. 3) Lombardi (1992) notes that the early childhood environment should be based on developmentally appropriate practice: "Programs for young children should not be seen as either play-oriented or academic. Rather, developmentally appropriate practice, whether in a preschool or a primary classroom, should respond to the natural curiosity of young children, reaffirm a sense of self, promote positive disppositions towards learning, and help build increasingly complex skills in the use of language, problem solving, and cooperation." Effective Grouping Practices An important organizational issue in early childhood education is the grouping of children. Traditionally, children have been grouped by grade-level designations according to age and ability. Many effective early childhood programs do not follow this...
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...The Benefits and Challenges of full Inclusion for Youth on the ASD Spectrum: Which Environments are Least Restrictive? With Autism on the uprising in society we have to become more inclusive in our academic environments in order to allow these individuals with Autism to have the opportunity to grow and develop in their social, emotional, physical, intellectual and behavioural aspects of their lives. Although it would be beneficial to become more inclusive in all-academic environments there may be many challenges that inclusion can create in these individuals lives. The benefits and challenges of full inclusion for youth on the ASD spectrum is the main topic of this paper and which environments are the least restrictive to the inclusion of...
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...COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT By Jean Piaget Kyzeah Coleen Tababa GJ Coleen Panaguiton Claudette Trespuentes Dr. Cynthia Dy STAGE 1: SENSORIMOTOR THOUGHT (BIRTH-2 YEARS) Babies are stuck in the HERE AND NOW world. They “know the world only in terms of their own sensory input (what they see, smell, taste, touch, and hear) and their physical or motor actions on it (e.g. sucking, reaching, grasping). (Littlefield Cook & Cook, 2005/2009, p. 157) Babies lack REPRESENTATIONAL THOUGHT or ability to think through the use of symbols (Littlefield Cook & Cook, 2005/2009, p. 158) Evidence of representational thought emerges from the use of language and OBJECT PERMANENCE “the fact that objects, events, or even people continue to exist when they are not in the infants direct line of sensory or motor action” (Littlefield Cook & Cook, 2005/2009, p. 159) STAGE 2: PREOPERATIONAL THOUGHT (2-7 YEARS) * Intuitive Though – logic bases only on experiences * Symbols in play * Egocentrism * lack of conservation Symbols in Play * Symbolic play: use one object to stand for another * Fantasy play: pretend to be something, or pretend activities that are impossible * Make-believe play: use toys as props Egocentrism “Child’s inability to take in others perspective” (Littlefield Cook & Cook, 2005/2009, p. 163) Three Mountain Test Timmy’s egocentrism prevents him from seeing Davie’s perspective… Timmy would draw the big mountain. Conservation ...
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...Classroom Behavioural Strategies and Interventions 5. CLASSROOM BEHAVIOURAL STRATEGIES AND INTERVENTIONS This section will • • • examine classroom techniques for addressing behavioural issues explain the process and strategies for working with behavioural concerns provide examples of the positive strategies and resources available to address behaviour Before anything else, This section will focus on classroom strategies and interventions that address the discipline/behavioural challenges of students who are alcohol-affected. It is getting ready is the important to remember that these students have permanent neurological damage secret of success. that will make changing behaviour difficult. Some of the behaviour management strategies used with other students may not be successful for the child who is alcohol-affected. Unique and individual interventions are more important than any prescribed behaviour program. Some examples of useful interventions include building relationships, adapting the environment, managing sensory stimulation, changing communication strategies, providing prompts and cues, using a teach, review, and reteach process, and developing social skills. The classroom teacher needs to ensure acceptance for all students in the classroom. Teachers’ actions that can promote acceptance include • choosing learning materials to represent all groups of students • ensuring that all students can participate in extra activities • valuing, respecting, and talking about...
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...group of people, and the Lord was already bringing in the broken-hearted, the sick and the maimed” (The Rock Church, 2013). With the promise from Isaiah 12:3, “With joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation”, The Rock Church begins a life-long difference in a broken city. Then after many years, a mother and her son with Down syndrome named “Brian” came to service. The church was developing and expanding its structures at the time. The Pastor was preaching about how the members could help by donations to pay off the upgraded church. Pledges were being made, and Brian was only a young child at the time. He wanted to pledge. He wanted to get involved. His mother was astounded by Brian’s need to be involved. At first, the mother did not think of Brian being able to determine his involvement in the pledge; however she did not want to confuse the love of the Lord that Brian was clearly showing. She did not think it was possible for him to get, but she quickly learned she was wrong. This is when RCWOC decided to make a fully inclusive children’s youth ministry program, and they named it after Brian. RCWOC is dedicated in meeting the needs of all children that attend the church. Down Syndrome: A Full Inclusion Plan for The Rock Church Like today’s many churches, The Rock Church & World Outreach Center (RCWOC) is a Nondenominational Church located in the older part of San Bernardino, California. The...
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...provides information for educators as far as strategies and accommodation needed to make the classroom successful. The education arena holds the responsibility of learning strategies and interventions in assisting an individual with AS. Asperger’s Syndrome According to Lee and Park (2007), “‘Autistic psychopathy’ (as cited in Asperger, 1944, p.76) was the first term used to describe Asperger’s Syndrome” (p. 132). In 1943 the condition of autism was discovered by Dr. Leo Kanner. His description of autism reflects the lack of involvement of children socially with other people, but reflects the consistency of routines and differences in mannerisms. In 1944 Dr. Hans Asperger, who was unknowing of Kanner’s work with autism, introduced children with a milder form of Autism. He published his work; however, the audience of the research was very limited. Asperger revealed in Asperger’s Syndrome (AS) when his works were published in Germany. The United States was not introduced to this disability until the work of Dr. Lorna Wind in 1981 (Smith, 2007). Asperger’s Syndrome has specific characteristics and signals for people to identify in children. Reading comprehension is a major obstacle for AS children to overcome. These children will require additional guideance from teachers and parents. Often time the AS child can be successful in the general education classroom with certain inclusion...
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...socialization- All communities and culturally distinct subgroups have fairly well understood set of customs and practices regarding childcare. The child with disability receives parental care underscored by these customs, the specifics being guided by caste, social class, and ethnicity. 3) Parental beliefs of behaviour expected of children i.e. familial & community experience in socialization of children. It is important that while analyzing the situation of the child with disability, the child be viewed in the context of these three subsystems, which share the function of mediating the child’s developmental experience within the larger culture. In an attempt to understand childhood disability, this section will discuss important issues under the following themes: ➢ Defining Disability ➢ Early...
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...Risk Factors of Behavior Ausha Johnson ECE 201: Intro to Early Childhood Behavior Management Instructor: Carmen Balgobin October 13, 2013 Risk Factors of Behavior Intro When the question is asked, “Why are some children more challenging than others”, many assumptions can come to mind such as: different age range, difference in the raising/parenting, and I have even heard people say that some children are just “bad”. People make these assumptions and don’t even know the true history of the child and what the child has been through or currently going through; I have been one of these people myself. It’s important to know that something seriously could be wrong with our children rather in development issues or home based issues. In this paper I will be discussing different risk factors and how they can influence a child’s behavior; I will also enlighten you on how you as well as other teachers, and parents can help change these behaviors. Risk Factors Educators and parents must be able to identify risk factors in order to be able to successfully understand and help a child in need. There are many factors that should be known about such as: Poverty, Violence, and problem with brain function (Development). * Poverty- Child poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon and can be measured in many ways. It is imperative that governments make a commitment to child poverty reduction, recognizing and responding to child poverty is the first priority, alongside building expertise...
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...with increasingly diverse learning characteristics have access to and achieve high academic performance in the general education curriculum. The changing demographics of the United States have also played a role in diverse learning characteristics of the American learners in classrooms today. With an educational system that serves approximately 76,355,000 students, 30,982,000 or 40.58% are of an ethnically diverse background and 5% of school age children have a disability (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008). These changing legal requirements and student demographics in United States educational systems combine pointing to the need for increased collaborative planning and teaching among school personnel attempting to comply with these legal mandates to serve all students fairly and equitably in general education classrooms. Co-teaching is an approach that helps educators meet both IDEIA and NCLB mandates, and is defined as “two or more people sharing responsibility for teaching some or all of the students assigned to a classroom” (Villa, Thousand, & Nevin, 2008, p. 5). In schools within the United States, co-teaching often involves general education and special education teachers working together in one classroom and used as a supplementary aid and service that can be brought to general education to serve the needs of students with (and without) disabilities through IDEIA. Co-teaching requires a re-conceptualization and revision for traditional teacher preparation. Recent studies...
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...Constructivism Vygotsky Personal Perspectives & Intelligence Piaget & Problem solving Special needs students Gender o Male vs Female o Cognition & Behavioural differences Direct instruction & Discovery Learning Teaching Students with Additional Learning Needs Special Children Have special needs and require assistance at some stage in our schooling The notion of ‘fairness’ is not giving our students the same, but rather giving them what they need to learn and succeed. A look at the importance of resilience o Resilience is the ability to rebound, develop and thrive in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, hardship or even significant sources of stress. o How does resilience develop? Who are we talking about when we discuss children with special needs? o Those students with learning needs that are so diverse they need individual consideration and support. o A continuum of support in the classroom. Definition of Disability Social Model o socially created problem o not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions o management of the problem requires social attention o collective responsibility of society at large o human rights issue of major concern o in the educational setting we ask what can we do in the classroom to give these students access to the curriculum Medical/Deficit Model o disability is viewed as a problem of the person o directly caused by disease, trauma, or other health ...
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...Acknowledgements This report would not have been possible without the support of two research assistants, Caroline Scott and Karin Barty. We thank them for their enthusiasm for the project and the many hours they spent searching the literature. The Early Childhood Education Research Team would also like to acknowledge the parents, primary school teachers, school principals, early childhood professionals and other support staff who were willing to provide their views on what they considered to be a successful transition to school. A very special thank you to the kindergarten teachers who, at the time, were very busy writing Transition Learning and Development Statements yet somehow put time aside to answer our questions. Finally, we would like to acknowledge the support and colleagueship provided by the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, especially Pippa Procter, Gina Suntesic and Karen Weston. This has been an interesting and stimulating project for us all. The Early Childhood Education Research Team Victoria University December, 2009 Table of Contents Acknowledgements Introduction • Background • Purpose Methodology • Literature Review • Participants • Data Collection • Victorian Early Years Learning & Development Framework (Victorian Framework) • Outcomes • Indicators • Measures • Tables Outcomes & Indicators of a Positive Start to School • For Children • For Families • For Educators • Table 1: Outcomes & indicators of a positive start to school...
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