...Poverty and Inequality in Japan Compared to other countries, Japan was an equal community until the beginning of the 1990s. Almost every single person was feeling that they belonged to the middle class. Yet, income inequality has been increasing drastically since around 1990, as a result of rapid changes of Japanese society such as “population aging and declines of birthrate” as well as Japanese experience of the bubble economy from 1986 to 1989 (Japan’s Declining Birthrate). In addition, some might think that the most significant cause of the rising income inequality is the technological development. According to Keiko Takanami, a professor in San Diego State University, “there is a shift in demand from unskilled workers to skilled workers largely due to the technical changes and globalization.” This actually ended up with an increase of income inequality, because the wages would go up for workers who have well trained or high skills, while the wages would go down for unskilled workers. Recently, there is no doubt to say that Japan has been struggling with poverty and income inequality. This is also true for many other industrialized countries such as the U.S.A. and South Korea. Reasons why poverty was not a big social problem in Japan until the early 1990s is that the rate of poverty, majored by poverty survey of OECD, was not as high as other countries, and the rate of unemployment and income inequality were low (Poverty). In addition to this fact, even if there were a...
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...and recognises the multidimensional nature of development. However, there are no environmental factors taken into account, making it difficult to measure over all development. Another development indicator is Income per capita. This makes measuring development difficult as it gives an average for the whole country, when in reality there will be many varied values throughout the country. Also it only includes money in the country, if money made outside of the country was also included the income per capita for each country would change, some would increase by more than others, and give a better overall view of development. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is also not taken into account with income per capita; this means that the cost of living in each country is not accounted for so development may appear better in some countries than it actually is. Income per capita can be used to measure the economic and social development, but not any of the other factors of development, such as environmental development. Development can be further measured by income inequality. This can be a useful measurement as it shows the differences between the rich and poor. The greater the inequality, gap between the rich and poor, the worse developed the country is. However, income inequality doesn’t give the actual amount of money in the country, so economic development is not clearly shown...
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...Student’s name Subject Title Lecturer’s Name Date of submission Income Inequality Introduction The problem of an increase in household income inequality has been a major talk point in political discussion and public policy. According to Winston Churchill, inequality is unavoidable especially in capitalist societies. However, President Barrack Obama views inequality as not only a major problem but as a defining problem of this generation. It cannot be disputed that income inequality in the United States has been rising over the past four decades. The trend is evident when income is measured both before and after taxes. The income inequality in the U.S today can be compared to those of other developed countries. However, the country ranks amongst the worst in inequality especially after taxes and transfers. This means that less income that is received from higher income households trickles down to lower income earners. A recent study in 2011 revealed that the top earners income increased by around 275% after income transfers and federal taxes. Today, there is ongoing debate as to the effects, causes and solutions of the income inequality. Over the years, debates have arisen whether the income inequality gap in America is a social or an ethical problem. Despite businesses breaking profit records, these income gains have been concentrated on the top 1% (Glenn 58). It is often argued that income inequality is a social injustice and that it is unfair. However, social injustice...
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...food restraint and many more. The obesity prevention policies have many ethical arguments for and against them. The two core ethical concerns are-ethical concern with individual autonomy, and ethical concern with equality. There is disagreements too that which dimension, equality or autonomy have priority and also that is it justifiable for government policies to diminish equality or autonomy along one dimension in order to increase it on other dimension. Ethical concern with equality of obesity prevention policy- The obesity prevention policy is concerned about fair distribution of multiple things like health, income, financial spending on healthy food, geographic access to healthy food and many more. But it is seen that none of these are equitably distributed in U.S.A. There are inequalities which are present across race, ethnicity, geographic areas, and income groups. Some specific policies create a more equal and fair distribution of one thing (eg. Health) while exacerbating the unequal distribution of something else. For example- policy to increase taxes on sugary drinks have ethical objections. Because in order to have equal distribution of health by preventing consumption of sugary...
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...Group Members No. | Name | Id | 1. | MD. Jakir Hossain Kiron | 1321558 | 2. | Kamrul Islam | 1320013 | 3. | MD. Ahsan Kabir | 1320848 | 4. | Mohammad Mazbahul Islam | 1320417 | 5. | MD. Tareq Islam | 1220229 | | | | Letter of Transmittal April 03, 2015 Mehadi Mansur Lecturer, School of Business Independent University, Bangladesh. Bashundhara, Dhaka-1212 Subject: Submission of Report. Dear Sir, It is indeed our pleasure to submit the report titled ‘Impact of Globalization on Developing Countries Income Distribution’to you for your kind appraisal.During information collection, we got support by many other sources and we also got huge amount of support from you when we prepared the report. The experiences we have gathered will be very helpful in our professional life. We believe, this report will be quite interesting and fulfill your expectation. We have tried to give our best efforts to prepare a comprehensive report. We will be grateful if you accept our report and your kind consideration will be highly appreciated. Sincerely Yours, Group Members of "Group No: 03" Acknowledgement This report would not have been possible without the dedication and contribution of all the researchers of our group members. In IUB we studied the subject “International Business” as a part of our course. We went through the textbook, according to the syllabus. Hence, we are grateful to our course instructor Mr.Mehadi Mansur for describing...
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...Los Angeles: A critical essay looking into increasing inequality and its root causes in the metropolitan area across the last 50 years Los Angeles is one of the most economically developed cities in the world and it represents a beacon of technological advancement, social progression and equal opportunity for people all around the world. Los Angeles (L.A.) was recently ranked 9th on the Global Economic Power Index (Florida, 2012) and 20th on the Global Power City Index that included criteria such as “livability”, “cultural interaction”, “environment” and “accessibility” (Institute for Urban Strategies, 2014). These ideas may ring true for some; however there are many who live within the city limits that experience a very different reality. In the last 20 years there has been an increasing amount of academic literature examining rising economic, social, political and underlying racial inequality within L.A. This essay will attempt to evaluate this literature so as to examine what inequalities are occurring and identify possible causes underlying them. For future reference within this essay, I am going to be looking at L.A. as the Greater Los Angeles Area, which includes the city of L.A. and other interconnected urban areas so as to avoid confusion on where possible boundaries are drawn and also to have a greater area from which to draw comparison from. Socio-Economic History Leading to Contemporary Inequality The situation Los Angeles is currently in can be attributed...
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...Contemporarily, global inequality means the extent to which income and wealth is distributed in an uneven manner among the world’s population. With international trade, more wealth is gradually being transferred from poor areas to others. As a result of this influx, the well-off are enjoying luxury yachts, private aircrafts, upscale restaurants and so forth, while only for the bread of every meal are the impoverished working around clock. A rising number of poor people are suffering from extreme poverty, injustice and illness. The most critical problems are those associated with global inequality. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the problems of global inequality, including its causes, and to identify solutions, providing reasons that support these solutions. Section 1: The global inequality, mainly referring to the increasing gap between the poor and rich nations, is an inevitable problem driven by globalization. The number of people whose daily wages were less than 2 USA dollars rose by 350 million around the world during the past ten years (APEC Study Centre n.d., para.1). One of the most significant problems is “the gap in incomes …has grown from 30 to 1 in 1960 to 82 to 1 in 1995” (APEC Study Centre n.d., para.1). According to another report, “the richest 85 people in the world are worth more than the poorest 3.5 billion” (Global Wealth Report 2003). Additionally, the richest one fifth of the world’s population had approximately 78% of the word GDP (Gross Domestic...
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...Project final MULTINATIONAL MANAGEMENT SUBMITTED TO: SIR FAROOQ HUSSAIN SUBMITTED BY: ZAHRA SALEEM L1S08BBAM0038 MARYAM PERVAIZ KHAN L1S08BBAM0137 GLOBALIZATION “Globalization in an increased unification of world’s economics through reduction of such barriers to international trade as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas. The goal is to increase material wealth, goods, and services through an international division of labor by efficiencies catalyzed by international relations, specialization and competition.”(Friedman 1999). Globalization is an unrelenting integration of nation states, consumer markets, and technologies to an extent that has never witnessed before. Now globalization has enabled the companies and individuals to reach out world faster, farther, deeper and cheaper than ever. Globalization has leaded us to increasing integration of markets, products or services, culture, ideas, and communication. There were two drivers of globalization. First is, by end of World War II, there was a downslope in barriers to flow of capital, goods and services on world wide scale. Second is technological shift in past 3 or 4 decades have resulted in dramatic development in information processing, transportation technologies and communication. Globalization is not a new phenomenon - for thousands of years, people and firms —have been buying from and selling to each other in lands separated by distances. But government and technological changes have promoted globalization...
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...Market Income, Actual Income and Income Distribution in Indonesia 1 Kunta W.D. Nugraha PhD Candidate in Economics, Faculty of Business and Government, University of Canberra, Australia (Kunta.Nugraha@canberra.edu.au) Phil Lewis Professor of Economics, Centre for Labour Market Research, University of Canberra, Australia (Phil.Lewis@canberra.edu.au) ABSTRACT Even though Indonesia has experienced high economic growth around 5 percent since 2000, many people are still living in poverty. To be able to effectively use taxes as a redistribution tool, it is important to understand which segments of the population are most affected by government taxation. This paper evaluates household income, income tax and income distribution in Indonesia. Income distribution is measured by both the Gini coefficient and dispersion of household income groups. A broad definition of household income, including both cash and non-cash income is used to obtain more an accurate measure of actual income affecting living standards. Household income is defined as market income, net income and actual income. Transfer in-kind and consumption of own production are added on household income to obtain actual income. We find that income distribution improves after accounting for income tax and after addition of transfer in-kind and consumption of own production in household income. The results suggest that using only market income to measure income distribution in Indonesia is misleading. The results are...
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...White Privilege and Colorism SOC 262 White Privilege and Colorism White privilege is a term that is used to refer to white people in America’s advantage over groups of people of color. It is said that whites have a bigger advantage, and many more perks over someone that is a non-white. White privilege makes a critical preference for white people and denies opportunities for people of color. Colorism is a form of discrimination that is based on the complexion of darker skinned Individuals, despite being of the same race (Banks, T. L., 1999). Colorism is giving privileges to lighter-skinned people of color in many different areas, such as income, education and marriage (Hunter, M., 2007). During the time of slavery, slave drivers would allow the slaves with a lighter complexion to work inside the home and live a more comfortable life. Those with darker skin complexion would work on the farms. Even today darker skinned individuals feel they are scrutinized because their skin is a darker complexion. My personal experiences of white privilege have been far and few. I sometimes find it easier to bond with individuals that are not of my own skin color. This may be a result of the environment I grew up in., which was a very diverse neighborhood. However, there have been a few situations where I have noticed I may be getting “white privilege.” For example, I have never been harassed or followed by any type of law enforcement based on the color of my skin. I have...
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...Most Mexican Americans speak informal Spanish and English as there languages. If they are bilingual which most Mexican Americans are, bilingual is really good for the country. What most Americans think is that English is not a hard language to learn but in fact it is one of the hardest language to learn and we should respect Mexicans for trying to learn English. Americans fear that any government recognition of minority languages sends the wrong message to immigrants, encouraging them to believe they can live in the U.S.A. without learning English or conforming to "American" ways. Bilingual education and politics and how some people think it is not a good idea to teach kids. It's still a bad idea for the country because bilingualism threatens to sap our sense of national identity and divide us along ethnic lines. The National Association for Bilingual Education is the only national professional organization devoted to representing Bilingual Learners and Bilingual Education professionals. The government really needs more people to be bilingual there are more and more immigrants coming over to the United States they like to live in our country and sometimes they do not know English and they might be to old to learn anything new. Which is why when they bring their kids over to the United States with them, they need to put them in classes to learn English. If they do not already know how to speak it or it would be hard for that child to make it in the world by himself. Legal and...
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...rich and the poor at present all over the world. Poverty seems to be inherited, and the majority of these poor are the children of people who lived in poverty and are not able to acquire knowledge as equally as the rich peers do. The result of this is that poor children have to struggle to compete with adults to gain jobs. However, there is a solution which is offering poor children basic knowledge, because the education is the main key to getting rid of the condition of poverty (Brown, 2008). Education is very important to a child’s future development. A good education will be the cornerstone where future employment opportunities and good chances are established (Plan, 2008). Evidence shows that, more years of schooling leads to higher income. For instance, for rural...
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...people today that are hard working honest citizens that cannot even afford to pay for the healthcare insurance even if it is offered at their job. There are quite a few countries in the world that provide healthcare for all citizens including the United Kingdom and Canada. Right here in the United States the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Healthcare reform is set up to provide healthcare for those who cannot afford, why can’t it be done nationwide. The new health Reform or ‘Obama care’ as it is becoming popularly known as, is designed to assist those who cannot afford proper healthcare. In my opinion, every citizen or non citizen of a country should be entitled to proper healthcare. Healthcare should be a right and not judged on how much income you have. There are people in this country that have not been treated properly because they do not have any health coverage. They are treated like the underdog and are left to wait for hours in an Emergency Room to be seen. Because they cannot afford to pay for their health coverage, the Federal Government usually has to end up footing the bill. For example I am a chronic asthmatic from birth. I had an asthma attack and went to the emergency room and made to wait for such a long time that when the physician...
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...The Great Depression was a time of economic disaster. It lasted for a decade from 1929 to 1939 and still has lasting effects on today’s society. There were four main factors that attributed to this crisis; failures in banks, inequality distribution of wealth, overproduction and the crash of the stock market. During this time, Americans were devastated and hopeless because the economic growth was being replaced by a continuously contracting economy. It was not until Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected as president in 1932 did things take a turn for the better. As part of his administration, he put forward forth an institutional plan called the ‘New Deal’, which is a set of programs used to reform and provide aid the Great Depression. He hoped...
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...just about everything. Sadly, that hasn’t been true for quite some time. These troubled times are due to bias voters and lack of real leadership in presidential candidates. Despite the idealization of America, it is no longer the greatest country in the world; the U.S used to be known as the land of opportunities, freedom, diversity and equality but today we are being defined by such things as political parties that are tearing us far from being a united nation. There is nothing to prove we deserve the gold medal. We claim to be the land of the free but we actually rank seventh in that category beat by other nations like Japan and Belguim. We claim to be a nation of equality and opportunities, but in reality we sit thirty-ninth in income inequality and second in child poverty. As American citizens we are full of pride and take joy in our country. Likewise, people from all around the world desire to live here too. We all wish to experience “the good life,” but the truth is that the U.S. is eleventh on happiness scale. In the HBO drama The Newsroom, the lead character Will McAvoy, states that America is not the greatest country in the world and then starts rattling off a list of flaws. In the scene, McAvoy rants: “There is absolutely no evidence to support the statement that we’re the greatest country in the world. We’re seventh in literacy, twenty-seventh in math, twenty-second in science, forty-ninth in life expectancy, 178th in infant mortality, third in median household...
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