...INDIA’S REGIONAL DIPLOMACY: NEW IMPERATIVES “The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting.” -Sun Tzu, The Art of War “Diplomacy is the art of telling people to go to hell in such a way that they ask for directions.” -Winston Churchill Introduction 1. India's regional policy, like its economic and international policies, has been facing continuous adverse criticism. Without well-defined and transparent national interests, a national aim and a proper doctrine to support these, it has ended up with vague and blurred goals. Besides, it has remained geared to the doctrine of nonalignment- a philosophy based on wishful thinking, self righteousness, a convenient substitute for hard thinking and decisions. 2. The old order based on a bipolar world achieved the objective of peace, or limiting the extent of conflicts after the Second World War. However, justice and prosperity eluded the old order because of international interests of superpowers. Presently, the world is experiencing transition to a New World Order, with no super power as the centre of the power hub. What then will the new order seek, now that ‘geo-economics’ has overtaken geo-politics. It is therefore imperative for us to know as to what is the role of India in Asian context, and how India’s regional diplomacy will affect the overall politico-military role of the country. Background 3. India being the largest democracy and the second most populous nation in the...
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...How has China managed to promote its stature in the international financial market? The environmental analysis for the development of China’s international financial market 1.1 Enabling environment: The rapid rise in emerging markets. It changes the structure of global economic strength. On multiple economic and financial indicators, emerging countries can rank into the top 10, and they can challenged the developed countries on aspect of the international financial governance and international financial rules in international financial system. For instance, In 2010, the economic growth of emerging markets took up 72% to world economic growth, and among them, the BRIC is up to 49.1%. The international rankings of main economic indicators(2012) |Ranking |Nominal GDP |Purchasing power |Total volume of trade |Total foreign reserves | | | |parity(PPP) | | | |1 |USA |USA |USA |China | |2 |China |China |China |Japan | |3 |Japan |India |Germany |Eurozone | |4 |Germany |Japan |Japan |Saudi Arabia ...
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...Chinas Opium War By: Zachary Kern In this paper, I will discuss Chinas opium problem within the 1830’s. At this point, the British Empire has established a routine shipping triangle between ports in England to ports in India; here British merchants would pick up large shipments of opium. From India, the merchants headed towards China, Canton in particular. From here the large shipments were sold to merchants using large British clipper ships, who distributed the large shipments of opium to smaller smuggling ships called “fast dragons” to be dispersed amongst the vast provinces of China. I will discuss the impact of this trade triangle for both the British and the Chinese. Also to be discussed is Imperial Commissioner Lin and his anti-opium campaign in China as well as on the British front. The Chinese and British had contrasting views on Lin and his campaign to end the mass profits the British were collecting from poisoning the Chinese community. Ultimately the opium war would conclude with the Nanjing treaty signed by the Chinese in 1842. Britain forced China to sign via threat of military and naval conquest, a tactic called gunboat diplomacy. Before we delve too far into the characters that were directly involved in the diplomacy regarding the opium situation in China, we must get a better understanding of the market conditions that the situation arose from. There is a very clear line that separates the two types of trade between the British and Chinese empires respectively...
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...I. Introduction 1.1 Significance of the Study The comparison between China and India is a popular topic in social sciences. Since these two very similar countries gained independence around the same time, one democratic in 1947 and another communist in 1949, many world leaders and scholars have come to view the economic, social and political performance of the two Asian giants as the best testimony of which is the better approach to modernity for developing countries (Gilley 21). Current scholarly interest tends to focus more on evaluating the different development models that China and India embrace. It is easy to find works contrasting the two countries’ economic reforms, political systems, social progress and human development, yet direct comparison between China and India’s building of soft power is lacking. However, the understanding of how China and India build their soft power strength is essential as the two Asian giants, both of which have splendid cultures and a long history, are on the rise and eager to shine in the world stage. To address such inadequacy, this paper intends to present an assessment on China and India’s soft power building and find out who has the lead in the race. 1.2 Structure of the Study The paper is divided into several sections. It begins with a literature review that goes over studies on China and India’s soft power strength. Then, it proceeds to explain the key concept “soft power” using Nye’s classic theoretical framework. Concerning...
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...There are several concepts from the Contemporary International Problems text that we will be reviewing. We will examine several inaugural excerpts to see the correlation between the actual concept and reviewing the historical context. We will examine how all of these things affect today and have affected the U.S. in the past. Several concepts we will review are as follows: defense, deterrence, détente diplomacy, national interest and globalization. The excerpts for this study are from our current president, Barack Obama, and former presidents George W. Bush and Bill Clinton. All three of our presidents addressed defense and deterrence; however we shall only focus on two. “Defense is blocking an enemy’s attack” (Roskin & Berry, 2008, p. 200). “Deterrence is dissuading attack by showing its high cost” (Roskin & Berry, 2008, p. 200). In 2001 former President George W. Bush spoke about defending the U.S., and tried to deter other countries from attacking the U.S. and our allies. He stated “...we will defend ourselves and our friends by force of arms when necessary.” He later stated “My most solemn duty is to protect this nation and its people against further attacks and emerging threats.” During the time he gave this address the U.S. had been through the attacks of 9/11, Iraq was threatening allies and the U.S. with weapons of mass destruction, Bin Laden would release video or voice recordings stating how America would suffer or pay. These reasons are why we still...
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...biyash93@gmail.com University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun. (Uttarakhand), INDIA __________________________________________________________________________ Abstract India’s rapid economic growth has made it the second fastest growing energy market in the world. Its domestic and international strategies has produced foreign policy differences with the United States that will require careful management on both sides. India’s basic approach to energy diplomacy has been to develop its supply potential and neutralize its potential competitors, principally China. India’s strategic interest in Iran as its energy partner and then the Iraq crisis are having a negative consequence on its economic prosperity, placing it on crossroads with the US. There is a divide between US and EU about the wisdom and desirability of imposing harsh economic sanctions on Russia. In any such confrontation, EU stands to lose much more than the US, though it can be argued that Russia will be the worst loser. In future, Russia may try to find new potential market for its gas and that could be India. So it is important for India to take its stand on Ukraine crisis carefully without tarnishing its relation with USA. India’s long-term prosperity hinges to some degree on a conflict free neighborhood; that an economically integrated region is in India’s overall security interests. Keywords: oil crisis, energy diplomacy, Ukraine Crisis, trade agreement, SAARC Nations Literature Review Indian foreign...
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...amount of attention and funds they received from the West chiefly from Punjab ruled government. Yet at the same time they complained about the West having a hand in the 1 Shrivastava, Sanskar. "1971 India Pakistan War: Role of Russia, China, America and Britain." – The World Reporter. 30 Oct. 2011. Web. 9 Sept. 2015. management of the export quality material in East Pakistan. They even caused the conflict of the national language, not accepting Urdu as the one. In fine, the Bengalis were less than unhappy that the newly elected leader of Pakistan Sheikh Mujibur Rahman apparently so,wasn’t given as much power as he, an administrator, should have. To stop any further fuel being added to this act, the Pak Army was sent in. Alas, it is reported though, that the army was involved in both killings of innocent and rape of women. In trying to stop a civil war from breaking out, Pakistan became the main focus of the peril that was the war of 1971 between Pakistan and India who were aware of the severe situation in Pakistan, lying in wait to take advantage. It not only cost us the lives of many patriots but also resulted in territorial loss the new found state at that time, Bangladesh. Refugees started rushing to India in masses which was exaggerated by India to the United Nations thus attracting the attention of many countries who were also inadvertently forced to intervene in order to ensure the...
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...Henry Kissinger’s World Order asks, if today’s leaders can rise above their own definition of world “order”, to achieve peace and global stability. Especially when the “balance of power” is constantly threatened by anarchy and chaos. The reason Kissinger, makes this his core enquiry, is because it addresses a challenge that the human race faces today, one that it might fear the most- a total global chaos. Kissinger uses conflict between different nations as the premise to his argument. He does so by looking at the historical experience of different civilizations, even going back to the Dark Ages, as suggested by the subheading of the book. The author begins by defining World Order as “an inexorably expanding cooperative order of states observing common rules and norms, embracing liberal economic systems, forswearing territorial conquest, respecting national sovereignty and adopting participatory and democratic systems of governance”. But in the introduction, the author also lets us know that “No truly global 'world power' has ever existed”. And what is considered to be the 21st century world order, is just a treaty which was devised in western Europe, without taking into consideration, the other countries and civilisations. Towards the end, Kissinger remarks that the leitmotif of our age is science and technology. With countries making huge advances in technology, they consider the security dilemma, before looking at the zero (sum) game analysis. Technology could thus prove...
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...|United Nations & India | [pic] | | | |India has an active participation in the open meetings of the UN Security |News Analysis More | | |Council on key issues such as the situation in West Asia, Afghanistan, Iraq as | | | |well as on thematic issues such as threats to international peace and |• Darfur Force by UNSC | | |international security. India has been an active participant in eleven out of | | | |fifteen ongoing UN Peace Keeping Operations around the world. |• Fund to Acquire Clean Tech | | |India welcomed the unanimous adoption of Resolution 1511 as a positive step | | | |towards the restoration of sovereignty to the Iraqi people, although it noted |• Sudan Expels UN Envoy over Blog | | |that the Resolution lacked specificity regarding the timing of the transfer. At| | | |the 58th Session of the First Committee of UNGA, in recognition...
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...late March 2013, the member countries of the BRICS (Brazil , Russia , India , China and South Africa) agreed to create a global financial institution which they intended to rival the western-dominated banks ( Like IMF and World Bank) by 2014.A new phenomenon has been injected in the tottering physique of the world financial order. It is the Fortaleza declaration of development banking and trade prospects by setting up Brics Bank. Leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa inked a deal, on 15 July in Fortaleza, Brazil, to launch a development bank with an initial $50 billion paid-up capital and a $100 billion monetary reserve. It is seen as a fruition of a multilateral financial diplomacy with the help of the multilateral mechanism and platform, without being cramped by Western pressure and dollar power. 2. In terms of economic function, this bank will provide long-term development aid to developing countries like Bangladesh. The monetary reserve will provide an economic stability fund to help BRICS countries respond to financial emergencies. BRICS Development Bank will help us to borrow cash for development projects, and to better cope with the risks created by international monetary system. 3. This paper will AIM 4. The aim of this paper is to.... BRICS AT A GLANCE 5. BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The grouping was originally known as "BRIC" before...
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...hegemon to shape the actions and influence other states by using soft power (Soft power is the ability to shape the preferences of others through appeal and attraction via politics, culture and foreign policies) more often than not rather than hard power (Hard power is the use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies aggressively) and use of force. The US is commonly known as a superpower or ‘hegemon’ though this idea has been challenged by both external and internal factors like the economic prowess of other countries like China who’s rise has been astonishing and are projected to overtake the USA by 2030 as the greatest financial power. If judged in military terms then the USA appears to remain dominant, their lead over the rest of the world is huge. In 2011, the US accounted for 42% of the world’s military spending and had a x5 fold lead over China, the second largest military spender. The US has around 700 military bases around the world as well as an unequivocal lead in high tech weaponry that can intervene militarily in any part of the world and sustain multiple operations like in Afghanistan and Iraq. Though, their power in military terms could be rendered redundant due to their lack of achievements proven by withdrawals from Vietnam, Lebanon and Somalia in 1993 as well as their asymmetrical wars in Iraq and Afghanistan demonstrates how the use of terrorist guerrilla tactics can thwart even the most advanced military...
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...1. Why are theories of international relations important? First of all, international relation is the study of relationship between countries, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organization, international nongovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, and multinational corporations. In our modern society, globalization has made countries dependent with each other due to the rapid flow of goods, services, people, information and ideas that is driven by economic factor, which includes increasing productive potential and creating new opportunities for international trade and investment, technological factor, which involves faster information access and easier international activities, and demographical factor, which involves different characteristics and resources in different areas. According to the Essentials of International Relations by Karen A Mingst, theory is a set of propositions and concepts that seek to explain phenomena by specifying the relationships among the concepts. So theory of international relation is a set of propositions and concepts that seek to explain international relation phenomena by specifying the relationships among the concepts. Therefore the theory of international relationship is important to analyze political events and their background. For example, behind US attack to Iraq, there were issues of terrorism, Saddam Hussein as an individual, democracy, and weapon. Moreover using the theories of international relationship...
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...‘Sonadia Deep Sea Port’ as the future communication hub of south-east Asia. Requirement of Sonadia Deep Sea Port 5. Chittagong and Mongla ports are unable to handle larger container vessels having more than 9.2 meters draft and 1500 TEU capacity. On the other hand, the annual growth trend indicates that in 2020, the total seaborne trade in Bangladesh may rise up to 70 to 80 million tons, which is beyond our existing capacity. Moreover, due to shallow sea port, we are using lighterage to carry the imported containers from anchorage to coast, which incur additional freight cost. Thereby, the Sonadia deep sea port is a call of time for us. Prospects as a Future Communication Hub 6. Shorter Trade Route to India. International trades of the seven landlocked states of India are...
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...will stay as the world’s single great-power for some nearest time. It does not deny that some nation-states may grow more powerful in their respective regions. Although number of people around the world believes the economic balance of power is shifting, the United States is still seen as the world’s leading economic power. There are two main competitors for United States - one in the Pacific against China and the other in eastern Europe against Russia. America has to be afraid of these two countries getting togeather and building up their own global power. United States need to keep it’s allies, particularly the European countries, in line if the confrontation reaches a critical point. Economical statistics shows that China this year will displace the United States as the world's largest economy. The comparison is made by Purchasing Power Parity. It means that it takes into account the differing prices in the two countries. If a dollar is worth 7.2 renminbi today on the foreign exchange market, there is possibility that 7.2 renminbi can buy a lot more in China than one dollar can buy in the United States. The Purchasing Power Parity comparison shows - that is why China's economy is much bigger than the measure that we most commonly seen in the media. It just converts China's Gross Domestic Product to dollars at the official exchange rate.[2] Nevertheless, ‘great-power’ is not an economic turn. It is affected by various factors – political, economical, military and...
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...lead a society, basically directly or indirectly influence everyone’s life, even people who didn’t choose them as a leader or even people of other countries. For example the conflict between Iran’s and U.S or U.S and Russia’s government affects civilians of these countries, as U.S puts economic sanctions against Iran or Russia, it influences the income of these counties citizens. It was only a simple example that how a U.S president can affect an Iranian civilian’s business. I believe in our century people should get selected to have power, which are not thirsty of having power. Wise people who really care about human being and care about future of human’s life should be in power, especially in powerful countries such as the U.S.A, Russia, China ant etc. People who vote should have enough knowledge about the person, who they want to vote for, media should represent honest resumes of candidates, and elections should be...
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