...(Goffman 1959). Three main ideas central to Goffman’s argument (within the prescribed pages 1-16) include; the differences between the two forms of expression amongst social interaction, the symmetry and asymmetry between these two forms of expression, as well as the level of agreement referred to by Goffman as the “working consensus” (Goffman 1959:p10). According to Goffman, an individual’s expressiveness is portrayed in two different forms of communication, “the expression that he gives, and the expression that he gives off (Goffman, 1959:p2). Through the use of language, verbal communication is the first form as it is the traditional and intended form of expression. Non-verbal communication in most situations is the unintentional form of expression whereby the individual is able to communicate through their physical facial and body actions, Goffman’s expresses that the “expectation being the action was carried out for reasons other than the information conveyed in this way”(Goffman 1959:p2). This also suggests that an individual can present misinformation or ‘half truths’ by the use of both types of communication, “the first involving deceit, the second feigning” (Goffman 1959:p2). An example can be seen when an individual dislikes their friends cooking, however to be polite, the individual verbally tells their friend that the meal was nice (deceit) and smiles at the same time (feigning). It is believed that an individuals ability to manipulate a situation may result...
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...are an infinite number of subjective meanings that actors give to their actions; however he attempts to classify actions into four types. Instrumentally rational action refers to action that is driven by a given goal, in order to achieve through the most efficient means. Value rational action involves action towards a goal that the actor regards as desirable, for example worshipping god in order to get to heaven. Unlike instrumentally rational action, there is no way of calculating whether the means of achieving the goal are effective. Traditional action involves habitual or routine actions. Weber argues that this type of action is not rational as no conscious thought has gone into it. Finally affectual action refers to any action that expresses emotion, for example an act of violence provoked by anger. Weber notes that affectual action is important in religious and political movements, who attract...
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...individuals communicate in the workplace whether it is colleague-to-colleague, sales, to form a friendship, in means of educating or to persuade and lead someone, nonverbal behaviors are used to justify means of communication through the use of body language, gestures, facial expressions, haptic, eye contact, and kinesics. These nonverbal behaviors allow individuals to express their emotions and the message they are trying to send. It is the language without words. When two businesspeople or a small group meet and speak for the first time it is politically correct to state that judgments are quickly made. Their physical appearance, social standings, and body language are all observed. It is said to believe that when one speaks their words are what force a judgment to be made but naturally, it is their body language. Where words are primarily used for transmitting information, body language is used in terms of negotiating interpersonal attitudes and conversations. When those interpersonal attitudes and conversations are poor, ones body language reflects the emotions and thoughts into its past actions. Body language can be used as a substitute for vocal messages (Pease). Eye contact is an important nonverbal behavior that supports having the proper body language in the workplace. Making eye contact does not only solidify assertiveness but it also prevents communication barriers between groups and colleagues. If one does not make eye contact it is easy enough to assume that the individual...
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...and concrete but as something that is situated and constructed by others, a glimpse of poststructuralist view on identity. Recently, language learning has been seen as participation and negotiation of self (see Higgins, forthcoming; Kinginger, 2004; Lam, 2000; Morita, 2004; Ohara, 2001; Pavlenko & Lantolf, 2000; and Solé, 2007 among others). The trend is resonated in the growing interest in language learner identity and the studies in narratives. In this paper, a case of heritage language learner will be investigated upon the theoretical frame of poststructuralism. Narrative inquiry will be used to analyze how she negotiates her learner identity. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: First, by looking at the struggle a language learner makes to acquire her heritage language, I reclaim the centrality of identity in defining heritage language learners. Second, to widen the horizons of narrative studies to the cyber space as it provides an ample source of easily accessible data and it has become one of the commonplace media of daily communication. Heritage Language Learners and Identity To refer to the Heritage Language Learners (HLLs), various terms have been implemented such as ‘native speakers,’ ‘quasi native speakers,’ ‘bilingual speakers,’ or, from the dissatisfaction with the prior terms, ‘home background speakers,’ and ‘heritage language speakers’ (Valés, 2005: p. 412). There has not yet been a concise definition, however, that succinctly encapsulates the distinct features...
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...stark Anorexia. Delving into personal emotions, a number of the poems express despair in conflict or, conversely, aim to portray an inner turmoil. The depressing atmosphere of Homecoming appeals to the reader by evoking a sense of despair. As the soldiers’ bodies are returned from war, Dawe explores the undignified treatment of the corpses, zipped “in green plastic bags”. Irony in the title alludes to the fact that the soldiers are not returning to a celebration and are unidentifiable, “piled on the hulls of Grants”. Gaining an emotional distance through the use of a third person voice, the poem enables the reader to view the tragedy in its entirety. Repeating “home, home, home” accentuates the emotional ties of the soldiers, a technique indicative of the monotony of the experiences involved in warfare. Equally, “telegrams tremble like leaves from a wintering tree…the spider grief swings in his bitter geometry”, uses simile and metaphor to portray the coldness of death and spreading of grief throughout the community. The technique of symbolism applied in Homecoming evokes the pain of death through “dogs” and their haunting “howls”. They raise their “muzzles in mute salute” respectfully, in the silent homecoming. Demonstrating the diversity of the soldiers, the harsh “c” sound is maintained throughout “curly-heads, kinky-hairs, crew-cuts, balding non-coms” to portray the...
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...1. Power and difference b/w power and influence. Ans. According to Robbins and Judge, “Power is a capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes.”(2015).The most important aspect of the power is that is a function of dependency. The greater the B’s dependence on A, the greater is A’s power in relationship. For example, if you want a college degree and have to pass a certain course to get it, and your current instructor is the only faculty member in the college who teaches that course, he or she has a power over you. Influence: the capacity or power of persons or things to be a compelling force on or produce effects on the actions, behavior, opinions, etc., of others (dictionary.com). 2. What is leadership and how does it differ from management? Ans. Leadership: According to Robbins and Judge,” Leadership is defined as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals.”(2014) the source of this influence may be formal, such as that provided by managerial rank in an organization. But not all leaders are managers, nor are all managers leaders. On the other hand, management is defined as the act or skill of controlling and making decisions about a business, department, sports team, etc.(Robbins &Judge,2014) Difference between leadership and management are: All organizations need strong leadership and strong management for optimal effectiveness. We need leaders to challenge the status...
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...Leadership – The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals ➢ Management – Use of authority inherent in designated formal rank to obtain compliance from organizational members ➢ Both are necessary for organizational success A leader does not have to be someone who holds a formal position or title. They can emerge from a group and provide vision and motivation to those around them. Management deals with the complexity of the organization and works with planning, organizing, leading and controlling to bring about order and consistency in the organization. Trait Theories of Leadership ➢ Theories that consider personality, social, physical, or intellectual traits to differentiate leaders from nonleaders ➢ Not very useful until matched with the Big Five Personality Framework ➢ Essential Leadership Traits – Extroversion – Conscientiousness – Openness – Emotional Intelligence (Qualified) ➢ Traits can predict leadership, but they are better at predicting leader emergence than effectiveness. Behavioral Theories of Leadership ➢ Theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from nonleaders ➢ Differences between theories of leadership: – Trait theory: leadership is inherent, so we must identify the leader based on his or her traits – Behavioral theory: leadership is a skill set and can be taught to anyone, so we must identify...
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...people toward one another and can be further subdivided into ◦ folkways (the routine conventions of everyday life) ◦ mores (norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life) 4. Culture, Society, and the Nation-State A society can be defined as a group of people that share a common set of values and norms There is not a strict one-to-one correspondence between a society and a nation-state ◦ Nation- states are political creations that can contain a single culture or several cultures ◦ Some cultures embrace several nations 5. Cultural Dimensions in China Greetings are done in order of age–always greet the eldest member of a group first As status is recognized by age, university degree and profession, use of a person’s title is important. Address someone as Dr. or Professor whenever possible. Do not call someone by their first name until they...
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...educational environments. Specifically, school leadership and professional development are closely looked at as driving factors in which to achieve this educational reform. In their article “A Blueprint for Developing Culturally Proficient/Responsive School Administrators in Special Education,” Bakken and Smith (2011) focus on the need for school administrators to be culturally responsive/proficient in the special education arena particularly in order to better meet the needs of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students who have learning disabilities (LD). Bakken and Smith highlight research that explains why school administrators should prepare themselves and their staff to work with CLD students of various races, ethnicities, languages, beliefs, and expressions of cultural individuality and the importance in doing so. The authors utilize a conceptual framework that outlines how school administrators can become culturally...
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...children grow and mature, it is important for them to have images of families in the media that they can easily relate to and learn from, and children's programming accomplishes that goal. Television shows clearly portray the close relations families have with their affiliated kin. Affiliated kin is defined as any unrelated individuals who are treated as if they were realated (Strong, Devault, and Cohen 567). On the television show My Wife and Kids, Mr. Kyle treats Franklin, his neighbor and youngest daughter's friend, as another son. The two worked together like a father and son; Mr. Kyle helped Franklin encouraged Franklin to accept himself as he is, although he is outcasted by other children, and Franklin used his knowledge of another language to prevent Mr. Kyle from getting ripped off when buying back Junior's car. On The Nanny, the kids look up to Fran. Since Mr. Sheffield is divorced, Fran acts not only as the household's nanny, but she also acts as a care and advice giver to the Sheffield children. Children's television programs also underscore the idea that patterns of marriage and family relationships have drastically changed. For example, many couples live together before they are married. In the episode I observed of My Wife and Kids, the oldest son Junior lives in his parents' garage with his pregnant girlfriend. According to Strong, DeVault, and Cohen (2008), they are undergoing a trial marriage; their motive for cohabiting is to "assess whether they have the capability...
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...Medication To Treat ADHD Simi Linton in Reassigning Meaning defines Disability as, “ A physical or psychological condition considered to have predominantly medical significance” (Linton, 282). In Harlan Lane’s article, he writes about people who are deaf and how they now have the option to undergo surgery to have cochlear implants. These implants are electronic devices that stimulate the auditory nerve directly, and provide a sense of sound to one who is deaf or hard of hearing. However, Lane expresses a feeling of disapproval in regards to the cochlear implant. Lane feels as though if a child were to receive the implants, they would lose fundamental value in the deaf community“(Lane, 264). Also, succeeding in the hearing community would be a struggle, resulting in personal/social identity insecurities. However, if someone has an opportunity to improve such an essential sense as hearing, they should most certainly take advantage of it. Treatment for the learning disability ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is an exceptional example because the medication only lasts for a short period of time, and also makes the person taking it, feel and appear different. This treatment can lead to nearly different personalities when someone does or does not take the medication, which often time can lead to personal/social identity issues and other insecurities. ADHD testing involves assessing one’s strengths and weakness’ in school functioning. Many children display...
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...------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Task 2: Self-Assessment of Leadership Practices Assessment Code: C001 Student Name: XXXXXXXXX Student ID: XXXXXX Date: XXXXXXX Student Mentor Name: XXXXXXXXX Self-Assessment of Leadership Practices After having gone through and learned how to assess an organization for Beaumont Health Systems (BHS) and that of the BHS departing CEO’s, Jane Doe from Task 1, it is time to assess my own style of leadership. I was previously employed at BHS as a Senior Application Coordinator and has implemented 34 sites, with the new Electronic Health Record (EHR) system for more than 2 years spanning from November of 2012 to April of this year, 2015. The contents of this paper is my personal assessment, along with the results and recommendations of the TTI Success Insight Assessment (below) which was a reflections of myself, and on how I was perceived during my interaction as a team member at BHS. Also included at the end of this write-up were three (3) smart goals that I plan to achieve and implement, now that I am employed as a Senior Application Specialists at SHC, classified as the one of the biggest national health system based in California. A Talent Insight Assessment by TTI (2013) Success Insight (The Success Insight Wheel), was initiated and completed at HFHS and examined my team’s behavior (including that of my own) which I brought along in my previous job. The assessment measured...
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...Midterm Study Guide All definitions Chapter 1 A. Defining Organizational Behaviour Page 4 • A field of study that investigate the impact of individuals, groups, and structure on behaviour within organizations; its purpose is to apply such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness. B. Challenges in the Canadian Workplace Page 6 Challenges at the Individual Level 1. Individual Differences 2. Job Satisfaction 3. Motivation 4. Empowerment 5. Behaving Ethically Challenges at the Group Level 1. Working With Others 2. Workforce Diversity Challenges at the Organizational Level o Improving Customer Service o Stimulating Innovation and Change o The Use of Temporary (Contingent) Employees o Improving Quality and Productivity o Developing Effective Employees o Helping Employees with Work-Life Balance o Creating a Positive Work Environment o Responding to Globalization Chapter 2 A. Perception Page 38 What is Perception? • The process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions to give meaning to their environment. Why is it important? • Because behaviour is based on perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. • The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important. Why we study perceptions? • To better understand how people make attributions about events. We don’t see reality. We interpret what we see and call it reality. The attribution...
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...Workplace Motivation Paper PSY 320 / Human Motivation When an industry or firm expects to have a complete success, there needs to be inspiration for its staffs on a separate basis. Every business desires an extrinsic motivator to support with the ideal levels, even when employees posture intrinsic incentive. There are many forms of extrinsic instigators which our company uses. This paper wills examination the findings of motivational outfits when applied into the act of the employee. There are also methods I will recommend for supervisions mission to inspire employees more habitually, and if they are trained through the philosophies how the business is jammed. (Eagleton, E, 2008). My present post is as a subordinate CPA for a large concern allied with Northrop Grumman’s Human resource Department. This organization has several motivation approaches to confirm that their staffs are inside the finest work setting, along with a commercial margin. When one is sign up for a position, there is an additional benefit that is given as an inducement for qualifying, and this is a brilliant way to set a proper tenor for what kind of association the employee will have with the business (Eagleton, E, 2008). The firm is signifying that if the member who is employed will do their supreme best, then it will be satisfied, which in turn roots the worker to experience his or her effort is greatly respected, and given a ambition to want to do well...
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...MOB Final Review Ch 8- Motivation: From Concepts to Applications * Developed by J. Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham, the job characteristics model (5) 1.Skill variety: the degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities so the worker can use specialized skills and talents. The work of a garage owner operator, who does electrical work, rebuilds engine, does body work, and interacts with customer’s scores high on skill variety. The job of a body shop owner worker who sprays paints 8 hrs. a day scores low on this dimension. 2.Task identity: the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work. A cabinet workers who designs a piece of furniture, selects wood, builds the object, and finishes it to perfection has a job that scores high on task identity. A job scoring low on this dimension is operating a factory lathes solely to make table legs. 3.Task significance: the degree to which a job affects the lives or work of other people. The job of a nurse handling the diverse needs of patients in a hospital intensive care unit scores high on task significance; sweeping floors in a hospital scores low. 4.Autonomy: the degree to which a job provides the workers freedom, independence, and discretion in scheduling work and determining the procedures for carrying it out. A salesperson that schedules his or her own work each day decides on the sales approach for each customer without supervision...
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