...Tugas Mata Kuliah Manajemen Pemasaran Strategik A Standardised approack to world? IKEA in China Oleh : Jordan Indratama – 1106034194 MAGISTER MANAJEMEN Fakultas Ekonomi – Universitas Indonesia 2011/2012 A Standardised approack to world? IKEA in China IKEA merupakan perusahaan penyediaan perabotan rumah tangga yang sudah membuka cabangnya sebanyak 216 cabang pada 24 negara. IKEA adalah perusahaan perabotan rumah tangga yang berasal dari Swedia sejak tahun 1943 dan perkembangan bisnisnya sudah sangat sukses di benua Eropa dan Amerika. Sejak tahun 1998 barulah IKEA melakukan ekspansi bisnisnya di Cina yang mereka anggap merupakan salah satu peluang bisnis terbesar di benua asia. Di Cina sendiri IKEA pada tahun 2006 membuka gerainya sebanyak 3 cabang dan di tahun 2012 kini sudah melakukan ekspansi berikutnya hingga 10 cabang. Perkembangan IKEA di Cina dibandingkan negara lain termasuk lambat dan juga pada tahun 2004 hingga 2005 menghasilkan pertumbuhan sales hingga 50 persen akan tetapi dengan turnover yang ada bisa dibilang belom menghasilkan profit. Namun IKEA menganggap pertumbuhan di Cina masih terbilang sukses karena telah berhasil melakukan standardisasi di setiap negara yang diekspansi. Meski IKEA menganggap pertumbuhannya di Cina sukses, IKEA tetap mempelajari standardisasi yang mereka lakukan jika ingin terus berkembang untuk menyaingi pasaran bisnis yang ada di Cina. Sesuai dengan teori yang diterapkan Dawson dan Mukoyama yang mengatakan...
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...NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS THE CHINA-INDIA-PAKISTAN WATER CRISIS: PROSPECTS FOR INTERSTATE CONFLICT by James F. Brennan September 2008 Thesis Co-Advisors: Alice Lyman Miller Feroz Khan Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2008 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: The China-India-Pakistan Water Crisis: Prospects for 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Interstate Conflict 6. AUTHOR(S) James F. Brennan, Lieutenant, United States Navy 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY...
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...000 – Computer science, information, and general works • 000 Generalities • 001 Knowledge • 002 The book • 003 Systems • 004 Data processing and Computer science • 005 Computer programming, programs, data • 006 Special computer methods • 007 Not assigned or no longer used • 008 Not assigned or no longer used • 009 Not assigned or no longer used • 010 Bibliography • 011 Bibliographies • 012 Bibliographies of individuals • 013 Bibliographies of works by specific classes of authors • 014 Bibliographies of anonymous and pseudonymous works • 015 Bibliographies of works from specific places • 016 Bibliographies of works from specific subjects • 017 General subject catalogs • 018 Catalogs arranged by author & date • 019 Dictionary catalogs • 020 Library & information sciences • 021 Library relationships • 022 Administration of the physical plant • 023 Personnel administration • 024 Not assigned or no longer used • 025 Library operations • 026 Libraries for specific subjects • 027 General libraries • 028 Reading, use of other information media • 029 Not assigned or no longer used • 030 General encyclopedic works • 031 General encyclopedic works -- American • 032 General encyclopedic works in English • 033 General encyclopedic works in other Germanic languages • 034 General encyclopedic works in French, Provencal...
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...Rediscovered in the 16th century (though Arab and Malay sailors are known to have visited the island as early as the 10th century) by the Portuguese, Mauritius was uninhabited until 1598 when first the Dutch, then French and finally the British colonised the tiny island before it became independent in 1968. Even though the British rule lasted a relatively longer period, the French roots are more evident in the Mauritian lifestyle and people still prefer to speak Creole and French over the official English language. Right from the time when you set foot at the SSR International Airport at Plaisance, chances are that if you say you are from India, the locals, who proudly refer to the island as 'Little India'-a moniker attributed to former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, will give you a warmer welcome. Not surprising since over 68 per cent of Mauritians are of Indian origin whose forefathers migrated to Mauritius as indentured labourers during the British rule. Though India is seventh among top 10 nations in the Mauritius tourism pie, it contributes only a fraction to the market dominated by Europe till now. However, the Mauritian Tourism minister Nando Bodha plans to change that. He recently announced plans to attract over 100,000 Indian tourists within the next five years, more than doubling the number from the existing 49,779 (as per February 25, 2011 data). Says the minister, "Being initially frequented by honeymooners only, today we have different segment of travellers...
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...Decolonisation in Indo-China Assessment “You can kill ten of my men for every one I kill of yours. But even at these odds, you will lose and I will win.” – Ho Chi Minh • Assess France’s attempts to restore its colonial rule in Indo-China between 1945-1954. Between 1945 and 1954 France’s attempts to restore its colonial rule in Indo-China, through both negotiation and military conflict, were largely unsuccessful. This lack of success on the part of a major European power in putting down the resistance of a (relatively) small guerilla force of rebels within its own colony is a cause for much debate. There are many opinions as to where France’s biggest short comings fell or what their biggest mistake was. Some argue it was their treatment of the Vietnamese villagers, while others believe the environment posed an insurmountable barrier for the French. Still others argue that France’s biggest short coming was its lack of adaptability or its limited understanding of Vietnamese society. It is undeniable that these factors could all be explanations to the problems France faced in its attempts to restore its colonial rule in Indo-China, however, it was the combination of all these factors (and more) within the volatile environment which was world politics at the time which resulted in France’s ultimate lack of success. One thing which was certainly a contributing factor to France’s lack of success was that the French underestimated the resistance they were faced with...
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...cultures around the world, countries that are spoken in this project are China, Ireland, and Argentina. Cross Cultural Communication | Country | Preferred communication style | Non-verbal communication practices | Business communication norms | Strategies to increase cross-cultural communication | China | In China, there are several languages and dialects, the most important are Mandarin and Cantonese, most of business people speak at least some English (Katz, 2008).Chinese is a family of closely related but mutually unintelligible languages. These languages are known variously as f¨¡ngy¨¢n (regional languages), dialects of Chinese or varieties of Chinese. In all over 1.2 billion people speak one or more varieties of Chinese. All varieties of Chinese belong to the Sino-Tibetan family of languages and each one has its own dialects and sub-dialects, which are more or less mutually intelligible (Kwintessential Ltd, 2010 ). | The Chinese converse while standing around three feet apart, gestures are usually very subtle, it is advisable to restrict the body language; non verbal communication is very important, touching , crossing legs should be avoid, and hand gestures while speaking can distract the audience, eye contact should be infrequent but is important while meeting for the first time (Katz, 2008). | The Chinese don't like doing business with companies they don't know. Before arriving in China send materials that describe the company, its history, and literature about...
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...Welsh is the oldest language in Britain starting back nearly 4,000 years. Most European languages including Welsh evolved from a language now referred to as Indo-European. The Indo-European language developed into nine different language groups, one of which was Celtic. From that, Celtic developed into its own family of languages, which included Welsh. With the emergence of the English empire, most people in Britain looked down on the Welsh residences, referred to them as ruckus rowdies, and definitely put them in a lower class than the citizens of Britain. The British started to influence the country, and made English the official language of the country. It got to the point that school children who only spoke Welsh were made to wear signs around their neck with the letters W N on them. This was to instruct teachers that these children were only to be spoken to in English and not Welsh. Welsh Not is what the letters stood for. (BBC, 2011) In the mid 1800’s, around 80 percent of people living in Wales were Welsh speakers. Very few of the residents spoke almost no English at all. As of 2001, according to the Census, 20.8% of people in Wales can speak Welsh. This is saying that only 580,000 in a country of only 3 million people aged three and above speak the language. Welsh was mainly only spoken in the smaller towns in the West and North West of Wales. When the language started disappearing amongst their citizens the government recognized that...
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...Who knew that such a flourishing civilization could go from being simple tradesmen in China, to being run out of the country, to starting their own empire, and finally being lead to their own demise. Sometimes too much power is a bad thing, and eventually has the opposite effect on a group of people. The Yuezhi were an Indo-European civilization of about 400,000 that originally resided along the border of China. They were peaceful people and generally tried to avoid conflict. The Yuezhi were mainly known for their trade and for the founding of the Kushan Empire. The Yuezhi were first mentioned in 1st century BC by Guan Rhong, which suggests this is around the time the civilization began. They started out living in the north-western border of China, which gave them access to the jade in the mountains in Gansu. They took this jade and supplied it to the Chinese rulers. Along with the jade, the Yuezhi started providing these same rulers with war horses. A trust was established, and the Yuezhi eventually became the middlemen between China and...
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...threatened by cheap Chinese imports deal with the threat? Introduction It is never less than a challenge to attempt to understand the cultural factors which influence a nation’s conduct in the international arena. When that nation is China and the subject of introspection is its relations with India, such an endeavour can at best be fraught with far too many variables. The two have had the longest uninterrupted existence as nations. Their combined size and population makes them the largest geographical and human resource mass on the planet. India and China have had cultural, religious and trade links going back centuries in history. They also came into being as nation states almost simultaneously in this century, They also share a past of colonial and imperialist subjugation from which freedom had to be won with a major struggle, Paradoxically enough, the two countries fought a war with each other over disputed frontiers. That conflict episode, the continuing border dispute between the two countries and China’s rapid growth in military power, not unsurprisingly create anxieties about the future relationship. China’s aggressive foreign policy postures also do not encourage a benign view of it. There are enough strategic thinkers in India who reckon China to be the major future threat to India. In my presentation, I am going to focus on the trade aspect of this threat to India from the Chinese products that...
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...NOTES ON PERSONAL LANGUAGE LEARNING EXPERIENCE John Whelpton The reminiscences and reflections collected here cover almost six decades of language learning, from childhood in Nottingham, where I was born in 1950, through study at Oxford (1968-72), teaching English in Nepal (1972-74), working as a civil servant in London (1975-81), graduate studies and teacher training in London, Nepal, India and Manchester (1981-87) to the last twenty-two years when I have been teaching English in Hong Kong but paying regular return visits to the UK and to Nepal. I began the compilation early in 1997, when I was teaching only part-time and occupied mainly with an intensive course in Cantonese and with work for an M.A. in Applied Linguistics. At the suggestion of my course director, Professor David Nunan, I had decided that my M.A.dissertation would be a diary study of my efforts with Cantonese and I needed a summary of my previous language learning experience as part of the exercise as well as for incorporation, in condensed form, in the eventual dissertation (completed in September 1998). I included any language which I had been formally taught for any length of time and also any others which I had worked at on my own over long periods, but not those which I occasionally looked at just out of linguistic interest or to learn a few phrases for short holiday trips. Earlier drafts were circulated to friends and colleagues...
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...nglish is a member of the Indo-European family of languages. This broad family includes most of the European languages spoken today. The Indo-European family includes several major branches: Latin and the modern Romance languages; The Germanic languages; The Indo-Iranian languages, including Hindi and Sanskrit; The Slavic languages; The Baltic languages of Latvian and Lithuanian (but not Estonian); The Celtic languages; and Greek. The influence of the original Indo-European language, designated proto-Indo-European, can be seen today, even though no written record of it exists. The word for father, for example, is vater in German, pater in Latin, and pitr in Sanskrit. These words are all cognates, similar words in different languages that share the same root. Of these branches of the Indo-European family, two are, for our purposes of studying the development of English, of paramount importance, the Germanic and the Romance (called that because the Romance languages derive from Latin, the language of ancient Rome, not because of any bodice-ripping literary genre). English is in the Germanic group of languages. This group began as a common language in the Elbe river region about 3,000 years ago. Around the second century BC, this Common Germanic language split into three distinct sub-groups: East Germanic was spoken by peoples who migrated back to southeastern Europe. No East Germanic language is spoken today, and the only written East Germanic language that survives...
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...English is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic invaders and/or settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Britain. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually became predominant. The English language underwent extensive change in the Middle Ages. Written Old English of AD 1000 is similar in vocabulary and grammar to other old Germanic languages such as Old High German and Old Norse, and completely unintelligible to modern speakers, while the modern language is already largely recognisable in written Middle English of AD 1400. The transformation was caused by two further waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. A large proportion of the modern English vocabulary comes directly from Anglo-Norman. Close contact with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English. However, these changes had not reached South West England by the 9th century AD, where Old English was developed into a full-fledged literary...
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...reading a Latin American websites, you may find that you could gain a sense of how other people think and fee if you know Spanish. As a matter of fact, both of the languages belong to the Latin group of languages. Hence, they show some similarities too. On the one hand, French is spoken by the country of France in the continent of Europe. On the other hand, Spanish is spoken in the country of Spain in the continent of Europe. However, French and Spanish are two languages that show enormous differences between them when it comes to the pronunciation of their words, word formation and the like. It is important to know that both French and Spanish belong to the family of languages called the Indo-European family of languages. The Indo-European family of languages is otherwise called as Indo-Germanic family of languages. Since, both French and Spanish belong to the same family they show a lot of similarities too among them apart...
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...a missile defense system and a nuclear triad. India's arsenal includes nuclear weapons with a triad of delivery mechanisms. In 2010, India was the world's leading arms importeraccounting for 9% of global imports and ranked among the top ten in arms export. Israel, Russia and the United States are the primary suppliers to India's armed forces. The country’s capital expenditure for defense equipment may reach US$112 billion between 2010 and 2016. Since 1962, the IAF has maintained close military relations with Russia, including cooperative development on programs such as the Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) and the Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA). As of 2011, the major military operations of the Indian armed forces have included the Indo-Pakistani wars of 1947, 1965 and 1971, the Sino-Indian War, the 1987...
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...Саратовский Государственный Университет им Н.Г.Чернышевского Literary Language Formation of English Literary Language Выполнила студентка 411 группы Журкина Дарья Саратов, 2012 1. Literary Language Literary language is a developed form of a national language, with norms fixed in writing to varying extents; the language of all manifestations of culture that are expressed in words. The concept of a “developed form” is historically variable (in different ages and with different peoples). In the age of feudalism many peoples of the world used foreign languages as their written literary languages. The Iranian and Turkish peoples used classical Arabic, the Japanese and Koreans used classical Chinese, the Germanic and West Slavic peoples used Latin, and the people in the Baltic region and the Czechs used German. The popular languages supplanted the foreign language in many functional spheres of communication during the 14th and 15th centuries in some states and in the 16th and 17th centuries in others. The literary language is always the result of collective creative activity. The notion that the norms of a literary language are “fixed” is somewhat relative (despite all the importance and stability of the norm, it changes in time). It is not possible to imagine a national culture that is rich and developed without a rich and developed literary language. This is why the problem of the literary language is very important for society. Linguists do not agree about the...
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