STATE AND DISCUSS FIVE FACTORS OF INEQUALITY IN OUR SOCIETY In this course we will investigate what causes gender inequality. This question is of great importance and it is a very general question that immediately implies a variety of more specific questions. Why has gender inequality seemingly existed in all known societies? Why did gender inequality arise originally? Why did gender inequality persist even as technological and cultural evolution overwhelmingly transformed social, economic and political organization? What is it that people do that sustains gender inequality across generations? The closer and more critically we examine the issues, the more questions about causation we confront. In general, this course will concentrate on explaining inequality between women and men: how does it arise why does it take different forms, why does it vary in degrees across societies; what are the components that add up to gender inequality how do various institutions and practices contribute to it and how does it changed the course will emphasize the history of gender inequality in the United States. While we focus on gender inequality, we will also seek to understand social causation more generally, we will explore the diverse ways social causation works and how we can identify the causes behind important social phenomena. Introduction: What do we mean by inequality? How can we conceive of and talk about gender inequality in ways that are general enough to apply across the range of relevant phenomena, consistent enough to minimize conceptual ambiguities and precise enough to be analytically effective? Gender inequality has been extraordinary diverse and wide spread. Women and men are unequal in every conceivable way in endless circumstances both immediate and enduring by both objective criteria and subjective experience. So what counts as gender inequality? Can we characterize it in ways that let us confidently and impartially assess when there is more or less of it. Wage discrimination exists when workers are equally qualified and perform the same work but one group of workers is paid more than another, favored men over similarly qualified women. The following are the factors of inequality in our society: * Statistical discrimination: It is also cited as a cause for income disparities and inequality in the workplace, statistical discrimination indicates the likelihood of employers to deny women access to certain occupational tracks because women are more likely than men to leave their job or labor force when they become married or pregnant. Women are instead given position that dead-end or jobs that have very little mobility. The gender earnings ratio suggests that there has been an increase in women’s earnings comparative to men. Female entrepreneurs are statistically more prone to failure in business. In the event of a business failure women often return to their domestic lifestyles despite the absence of income. * Human capital: Theories refer to the education, knowledge, training, experience or skill of a person which makes them potentially valuable an employer. This has historically been understood at a cause of the gendered wage gap but is no longer a predominant cause as women and men in certain occupations tend to have similar education levels or other credentials. Even when such characteristics of jobs and workers are controlled for, the presence of women within a certain occupation leads to lower wages. This earnings discrimination is considered to be a part of pollution theory. This theory suggests that jobs which are predominated by women offer lower wages than do jobs simply because of the presence of women within the occupation. As women enter an occupation, this reduces the amount of prestige associated with the job and men subsequently leave these occupation. * Income disparity: between genders stems from processes that determine the quality of jobs and earning associated with jobs. Earnings associated with jobs will cause income inequality take form in the placement of individuals into particular jobs through individual qualifications or stereotypical norms. Placement of men or women into particular job categories can be supported through the human capital theories of qualifications of individual or abilities associated with biological differences in men and women. Conversely, the placement of men or women into separate job categories is argued to be caused by social status groups who desire to keep their position through the placement of those in lower statuses to lower paying positions. * The glass ceiling: effect is also considered a possible contributor to the gender wage gap or income disparity. This effect suggests that gender provides significant disadvantages towards the top of job hierarchies which become worse as a person’s career goes on. The term glass ceiling implies that invisible or artificial barriers exist which prevent women from advancing within their jobs or receiving promotions. These barriers exist in spite of the achievement or qualifications of the women and still exist when other characteristics that are job-relevant such as experience, education and abilities are controlled for. The inequality effects of the glass ceiling are more prevalent within higher-powered or higher income occupations, with fewer women holding these types of occupations. The glass ceiling effect also indicates the limited chances of women for income raises and promotion or advancement to more prestigious position or jobs. * Occupational segregation: can be understood to contain two components or dimensions, horizontal segregation and vertical segregation. Based on the census data, women occupy the service sector jobs at higher rates than men. Women’s overrepresentation in service sector jobs as jobs that require managerial work acts as a reinforcement of women and men into tradition gender roles that causes gender inequality. As women entered the workforce in larger number, occupations have become segregated based on the amount femininity or masculinity presupposed to be associated with each occupation. In conclusion, I have learnt and discussed the factors of inequality in our society, though we have the accurate ones these are important of gender inequalities.