...Introduction Canada boasts about being a multi-cultural mosaic, a land of opportunity, with a vision to build “a stronger Canada – a safe and secure country with a shared bond of citizenship and values; a country that continues to support our humanitarian tradition and draws the best from the world to help build a nation that is economically, socially and culturally prosperous” (Government of Canada, 2011). Yet a look at the income statistics for Canadian immigrants makes one wonder whom is prospering economically. Are Canadian immigrants given equal economic opportunity when they arrive here, or are they subject to economic inequality? To answer this question, one can first look at earnings statistics and reports from Statistics Canada. This information can provide basic earnings information on immigrants, which will show how much Canadian immigrants earn in comparison to their native Canadian counterparts. A few drawbacks of using this information are that the statistics haven’t been updated since 2006, so the numbers may not be completely accurate, and numbers alone do not tell the whole story. As such, peer reviewed research articles and papers on the subject of economic inequality in Canadian immigrants can be used. These articles and papers provide both qualitative and quantitative information that paints a clearer picture of the situation. However, many of these papers are usually biased towards writer’s point-of-view, so there may be a lack of complete information...
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...This paper will explore the roles that gender and feminism plays alongside other determinants to affect the health status of Aboriginal Canadian women. Determinants of health refer to the circumstances in which people are born, live, grow, work, and age, that are responsible for most of the health inequalities that exist. Common determinants contributing to sub-par health status include: early child development, education, income, employment, social and physical environment, personal health practices and coping skills, access to health services, racism, and gender. These determinants work alongside Aboriginal-specific determinants like cultural identity, self-determination, and colonialism to create significant health discrepancies compared to non-Aboriginal Canadians. Aboriginal women are at an even greater disadvantage because of the role gender plays on top of the other determinants. The term gender refers to the socially constructed perceptions of feminine and masculine and is not to be confused with sex, which refers to the biological differences between men and women (Steckley and Letts 2010). While the two are different concepts, they are closely related and do influence each other because while biology may condition behaviour, it is in turn conditioned by the social environment (Halseth 2013). Health is also a social construct and issue, rather than simply a medical and technical problem associated with body parts and their functions. Because it is defined by and shaped...
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...As time evolves, in accord with global advancement, one would expect the trend of inequality to decline. However, now in the 21st century, the opposite has happened with inequality continue to grow on multiple facets. Canadian cities are no different in this respect as recent studies have found these cities to be growing in inequality internally. Income inequality has been a prominent theme of this century with advocacy groups putting emphasis on closing the wage gap, while others attempt to lessen the discrimination faced by those who conflict with society’s sexual orientation standards. However, the most important inequality plaguing Canadian cities today is the nation’s systematic mistreatment of Indigenous people, perpetuated by historic...
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...The Canadian Health Care system has been regarded as one of the best publicly funded health care programs in the world, to conduct a fair and unbiased comparison of the Canadian and American health care systems one should use similar measuring techniques. Comparing our Health Care system to the United States’ is only going to give us a false sense of satisfaction. This will hinder our progress towards reaching a system that would facilitate the needs of every citizen while taking their opinions and complaints into consideration. A Canadian Health Care system created by the people and for the people. The major differences between the Canadian and the American health care systems are that the Canadian health is a publicly-funded single-pay system which covers costs deemed medically necessary for every citizen/resident regardless of their ability to pay. While the American health care is a multi-payer system based on the patient’s finances. I argue That Canadian Health Care system is better than the American Health Care system. In the Canadian system the citizens will pay far less than they would ever pay if they were being treated for any sickness or receiving any medical services in the United States. It is clear that the Canadian health system is better than the American counterpart as the reported Life expectancy is higher in Canada by more than 2 years, 82.4 years for women and 77.4 years for men when compared to the American life expectancy, 80.1 years for women and 74.8 years...
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...Canada, by international standards is a rich country; however, Canada has plenty of families struggling to make ends meet. It can be seen in “The Health of Canada’s Children” by Dennis Raphael, (2010) many social determinants influence health. One of the major determinants of health is living circumstances. The many different qualities of living within Canada have resulted in the health inequalities among children. This article in particular gives the reader the information needed to understand how living circumstances come about as well as how they affect health. Infant mortality rate or the number of newborns who die within their first year of life is considered to be one of the best ways to judge how healthy a population is. Low birth weight is also very important because it is affiliated with a wide range of health problems throughout a person’s lifespan. While there are many circumstances that play a role in infant mortality and low birth weight, a major component is living conditions the expected mothers are exposed to. This can be linked to the financial status of the parents. In Canada, the infant mortality rate is 60% higher and the low birth rate is 43% higher in the poorest income quintile than the richest quintile (Raphael, 2010). The effects of income on health are best portrayed by the living conditions to which children are exposed to. Income not only has a direct relationship with children’s health but various developmental outcomes as well. Income is a...
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...CCPA R e v i e w E c o n o m i c & S o c i a l Tr e n d s September 2012 Income Inequality in Canada: How does Manitoba compare? Can we do better? The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives has been documenting the rise in inequality in Canada since 2006. More recently, the Conference Board of Canada and the OECD have confirmed this trend. These organizations also report that inequality in Canada is now increasing faster than is the case in many other countries. In their highly acclaimed 2009 book The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better, Wilkinson and Pickett showed the impact of inequality on a variety of measures such as levels of crime, teenage pregnancies, life expectancy and educational achievement (to name a few). The study concluded that countries that are most equal do best. If Canada wants to measure up to more equal countries, the growing gap between rich and poor will need to be addressed. The federal government has the most important role to play in redressing the imbalance. CCPA and others have suggested how poverty and inequality can be tackled through improved policies and programs, and better redistribution of wealth through taxes and transfers at the federal level. But provincial governments also have a responsibility. A recent study in Ontario shows that province to be the most unequal. Our analysis looks at the trend in inequality across Canada with a focus on measuring progress in Manitoba for individuals earning market incomes...
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...NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES HEALTH CARE FINANCING, EFFICIENCY, AND EQUITY Sherry A. Glied Working Paper 13881 http://www.nber.org/papers/w13881 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 March 2008 I thank Courtney Ward for research assistance and participants at the conference on Exploring Social Insurance, held in Toronto, November 2006. A version of this paper is forthcoming as a chapter in Exploring Social Insurance: Can a Dose of Europe Cure Canadian Health Care Finance? Edited by C. M. Flood, M. Stabile and C. Hughes Tuohy (Kingston, Montreal: Queen's School of Policy Studies, McGill-Queen's University Press). The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2008 by Sherry A. Glied. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Health Care Financing, Efficiency, and Equity Sherry A. Glied NBER Working Paper No. 13881 March 2008 JEL No. H42,H51,I18 ABSTRACT This paper examines the efficiency and equity implications of alternative health care system financing strategies. Using data across...
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...Social class Murray Chapter 8 July 3rd – 2nd exam- Tuesday June 21st class cancelled Social class and stratification in Canada Essay topics 1250 words, 5-10 references 1. Sociological Imagination” of your life, gender, family, ses, ethnic, migration 2. Sociological Analysis of a current event Toronto star – police violence, poverty , loss ofmanufacturing jobs 3 other topics of personal interest or HR Interest Annotated bibliography due July 10l 50 – 150 words on 4 research sources; proposal includes theses and outline What does sociology know about this Chapter focus: how are the lives of Canadians affected by social inequality how do prestige , power and wealth determine socialclass? What roles does occuptational structure play in a functionalist perspective What is social stratification? the hierarchical arragngement of a large social groups based on their control over basic resources “Life changes” the extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education and health (102) Stratification systems are described as being closed or open closed: the boundaries between levels in the hierarchies of social stratification are rigid and peoples position are set by ascribed status Open: the boundaries between levels in the hierarchies of social stratification are flexible and may be influenced (positively and negatively) by people’s achieved status Social mobility the movement of individuals...
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...topic)/10 | Extremely versed in topic and able to articulate thesis and arguments confidently | Well versed in topic and able to articulate thesis and arguments in a considerable manner | Somewhat versed in topic and able to articulate thesis and arguments in a moderate manner | Has difficulty understanding topic and articulating thesis and arguments | Issues: | Overall Achievement: __________ Comments: THESIS Poverty is affecting thousnds of citizens today, however racialized communities face a disproportionate risk of being affected by it because they are assigned to less desirable position in job duties. ARGUMENT #1 With the ongoing increasing rates of povery in Toronto, the racialized communites are more affected regarding health problems and all the other factors making them more vulnerable to different factors and situations. EVIDENCE | ANALYSIS | 1)The original poverty measures were (and still are) based largely on the food costs of the 1950s. But while food costs have doubled since 1978, housing has more than tripled, medical...
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...GLOBALIZATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH Although, recently there is a growing literature on the importance of globalization for health, the term globalization has for long been used in academic discourse, particularly within the social and political science but relatively new in the discussion within public health. While the processes of globalization are far from straight forward, the concept of health is as well a complex one, which result into no consensus either on the pathways and mechanism through which globalization affects the health of population or on the appropriate policy responses (woodward et al 2001). However, there has been a significant increase interest on the issue of globalization within public health, although a contested one, since authors on public health are still undecided not only on the exact conclusion on the impact of globalization on public health, whether bad or good, but also as to whether globalization has actually cemented its place in the public health lexicon. Nevertheless, it is know that a broad-based public health should take note of significant economic, political and social changes that determine and shape people’s health, and this definitely will call for a proper theoretical approach to globalization in understanding the nature of these contemporary economic, political and social changes (Stuart McClean in Orme et. al. 2007). This essay will describe the relationship between globalization and public health. It will first begin, by exploring...
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...for Equal Work commission, a gender wage gap persists (Canadian Women, 2017:1-4). According to Statistics Canada, the main causes of gender wage disparity since 2010 (Statistics Canada, 2017: 16) include the differences in hours actually worked (as 75% of those that work part-time are women), women’s greater responsibility for caregiving, women’s educational and career choices as a result of socialization, and discrimination, stereotypes and societal norms probably account for remaining and persistent 7% (Bredtmann & Otten, 2014: 303-304). This demonstrates the relevance of occupational segregation, as men are more likely than women to major in business or in STEM fields...
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...Introduction/Policy Statement This action memorandum proposes to change the current legislation surrounding the criminalization of women in prostitution within Canada. This memorandum suggests altering the current legislation similar to the ‘Swedish Model,’ through the criminalization of the purchase of sex while decriminalizing the supply in order to protect sex workers’ equal rights and reduce violence against women, specifically those within the sex trade market. Summary The current legislation on prostitution in Canada prohibits the action of prostitution, specifically surrounding the issue of solicitation and the use of public space. Although, it appears that prostitution is legal in Canada, the current law is riddled with arbitrariness, hypocrisy and virtually no enforcement. The current law reflects inherent bias and sexism towards women who decide to work within the sex industry and forces women to work in dangerous isolation, afraid to seek help. This reinforces patriarchal norms that insist women seduce men to the point where they no longer have any self-control, placing societal blame on the woman. This sexism locks women in to prostitution where they are subject to rape, violence or physical and psychological trauma. In Canada, Aboriginal women are over-represented within the sex trade industry because of vulnerability to exploitation driven by poverty. The current legislation does not adhere to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, negating women’s right...
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...Canada’s Wage Subsidy program in Calgary and its surrounding area is one of the examples. In order to secure the employment of aborigines, the program offers financial assistance towards the individual experiencing difficulty in getting jobs, and also offers the wage to employers to encourage them hiring individuals whom they normally may not be hired without subsidy support. A strategy like this reduces the cost of hiring a new employee for the employers, meanwhile provides valuable work experience and a chance of improving skills for aborigines who used to have the trouble of finding a job. Additionally, political pressure can promote the efficiency of dealing the issue of unemployment. As the 50% aboriginal hiring policy is committed in Canada, a strong aboriginal representation can be seen in the workplace, which...
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...ill from it; however, water insecurity happens all the time in hundred sixteen Aboriginal societies. E-coli outbreak in Walkerton became huge news all around Canada, but water insecurity among Aboriginal communities has never become issue. Not only is water insecurity their problem, but also they are in housing deficit, food insecurity, poor education or unemployment. Unfairness and inequality is ongoing issue for Aboriginal communities, and this is the time we need to work on. We can give charity or donation to them, which is aimed short-term and dependent on giver. Furthermore, we can do social actions to change the law or rule to fulfill social justice, meaning fair distribution comparing to other group. (Duckitt, 2010) Analysis Social determinants of health are factors affecting person’s health not based on family history or genetics but based on environment the person is living on. (Duckitt, 2010) Aboriginal communities have been having...
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...“post-industrial” societies, how has work changed in Canada overtime? | /25 | * Is “post-industrial” a proper description for Canadian society today? * Note: Adopt a critical approach. Support all arguments with relevant references/data. | /30 | * Technical aspects: Use APA format for in-text citations and reference page * 12 point font and double-spaced * Title page with name and student id * Note: There is no mark for “technical aspects” for assignment 1. Instead of penalizing students, I provide feedback to help with subsequent assignments. You will be penalized if you don’t follow the appropriate format for the rest of the assignments. | 0 | * Creativity: What is this? Creative thinking. * No marks for assignment 1 | 0 | Total | /100 | Assignment 2 Organization * Introduction (purpose/thesis statement and an overview of essay) * Paragraphing * Coherence: All the requirements of the assignment are related. A coherent essay must be able to “connect all the dots.” For example, any discussion of government policies must be related to the barriers that the most affected groups face in the labour market. * Conclusion | /10 | * What is the difference between inequality and insecurity and how can these phenomena be explained theoretically? | /10 | * How does labour market inequality and insecurity affect social groups? | /25 | * Has work become more unequal and/or insecure in Canada? |...
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