...1. PURPOSE AND CONTENTS General This section outlines the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Policy formalized by the Board of Directors of BANK on DATE. Topics covered in this policy are: Policy Statement Topic 2 Plan Overview Topic 3 Board of Directors and Senior Management Responsibilities Topic 4 Incident Response Team Responsibilities Topic 5 Business Impact Analysis Topic 6 Risk Assessment and Management Topic 7 Travel Impact and Alternatives Topic 8 Staff Training Topic 9 Employee Compensation and Leave of Absence Topic 10 Contact With Public Health Agencies Topic 11 Plan Testing Topic 12 Effective Date All employees of BANK, herein referenced to as the “Bank”, must comply with the terms of this policy immediately. Managers, employees and technical personnel must modify system configurations and procedures, if necessary, to comply with the terms of this policy within TIME PERIOD. 2. POLICY STATEMENT General It is the policy of the Bank to develop, implement and maintain a preparedness strategy with respect to the threat and potential impact of a pandemic influenza event. Pandemics are defined as epidemics or outbreaks of infectious diseases in humans that have the ability to spread rapidly over large areas, possibly worldwide. The United States Government has issued a National Strategy that discusses the threat and potential impact of a pandemic influenza event. The Implementation Plan for the National Strategy identifies roles and...
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...Pandemic Influenza: Prevention and Preparedness Now that, the flu season has already started, knowing your risk factors, prevention, and preparedness is really important to review. Influenza, commonly know as “the flu”, is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by influenza A or B viruses. The illness appears most frequently from late fall to early spring and attacks the body by spreading through the respiratory tract. According to Flu.gov (2012), pandemic occurs when we have global disease outbreak and is determined by how many deaths it causes and how it spreads. Possible outbreak causes nurses and health care professional to prepare possible plan of action that balances between overreacting and just the right way to go. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to outline prevention strategies and possible outbreak control. Summary of an Article The article chosen for this assignment was published in May/June 2012, in the Journal of Public Health Management and Practice (Potter et.al, 2012). The authors point out that the difference in emergency preparedness amongst states can significantly delay distribution of vaccines in case of pandemic. The study “explored the effect of variations in states’ levels of preparedness by linking the SNS (Strategic National Stockpile) to calibrated delays in emergency vaccine distribution and by comparing how the delays would affect influenza infection rated within and among states” (Potter et.al, 2012). The research also shows that...
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...1.0 Introduction Avian influenza is that infection with avian (bird) influenza (flu) Type A viruses. These viruses exist easily among wild aquatic birds all around the world and make those poultry be infected, as well as other bird and animal species. Avian flu viruses hardly infect humans. However, sporadic human infections with avian flu viruses have happened. (Communication, 2014) 2.0 Causes Viruses belonging to the A type of influenza viruses cause avian influenza. Sometimes a virus can break. These mutations agree with a bird virus to infect pigs or humans. Humans who have intimate contact with infected birds can then contract the virus. There is also concern that the virus can mutate to allow it to pass between humans. Bird flu occurs...
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...The 2009 influenza pandemic was a worldwide outbreak of the H1N1 virus, more commonly known as ‘swine flu’. Failure to contain the influenza proved to be a major problem as the virus was able to travel the world within months, reaching the phase 6 pandemic alert raised by the World Health Organization only 2 months after the initial discovery (Munster et al. 2009). Warning that the pandemic has begun and that effective management and health preparedness at a global case was required to lessen the chance of further transmission. There have been a number of influenza pandemics in the past with some being more lethal than others. Due to technological and scientific advancements, influenzas aren’t as deadly as they used to be. Perhaps the biggest...
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...Influenza pandemics have occurred over the past few centuries at intervals of between 10 and 40 years, resulting with high morbidity and mortality, as well as huge economic impacts. Considering the uncertainties regarding the origin, timing and virulence of future pandemic strains, planning strategies for an effective response have become the chief priority of global public health efforts. Many countries started to practice stockpiling on antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir (known under a brand name Tamiflu) prior to the emergence of influenza A as an essential strategy for pandemic response before a new vaccine could be widely distributed. Such approach might substantially reduce morbidity, hospitalizations and mortality. In parallel to that,...
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...Rhoda Wise –Wife, Mother, Mystic, Stigmatic, and Catholic convert (1888-1948) Rhoda Wise was born on February 22, 1888 and was the sixth child of Eli and Anna Greer (nee Anna Poulson). They eventually had eight children, five boys and three girls. She was born in Cadiz, Ohio, however when she was two they moved to Wheeling, West Virginia. Her father Eli worked in the family trade of bricklaying. Her mother was very patriotic and became involved with the Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic, an organization which supported the veterans of the Civil War, even serving as a state and a national president for a time. Her parents were staunchly Protestant and Rhoda grew up in the First Christian Church. There was a definite anti-Catholic bias in the family and among their friends. Rhoda often heard unkind remarks about Catholics and the Catholic Church. Nevertheless, she did have a few Catholic friends. Incidentally, when she was sixteen, Rhoda had a small encounter with Catholicism. While she was in Wheeling Hospital for an appendicitis operation, she received a visit from a Catholic Sister who gave her a St. Benedict medal. Rhoda explained to Sister that because of her parents dislike for the Catholic Church she would never be allowed to wear it, so Sister put the small medal in Rhoda's locket. Deeply touched by the Sisters kindness, Rhoda kept that hidden medal for the rest of her life. Rhoda married Ernest Wissmar, a young widower from Canton, Ohio, in November of 1915 and...
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...on the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 1918-19 Spanish influenza pandemic disasters in human history with reference to A Crack in the Edge of the World by Simon Winchester and The Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 by Susan Kingsley Kent. With an estimated death toll of “3,000 people out of a population of 400,000” (Discussion slides October 13) for the earthquake and “thirty million to perhaps even one hundred million” for the influenza pandemic worldwide (Kent Introduction 1), both disasters ultimately struck humanity with a deadly blow. Amongst the numerous messages conveyed, the key lessons presented...
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...Spanish Flu; Swine Flu History will always repeat itself. In many events it has been proven fact. There are many examples of this; some would say the landing of Christopher Columbus and the Holocaust, others might say the Columbine Massacre and the several school shootings that followed that. But the most eerie and coincidental reoccurrence is the Spanish Influenza Epidemic of 1918 and the H1N1 ‘Swine Flu’ outbreak. By the fall of 1918 a strain of influenza seemingly no different from that of previous years suddenly turned so deadly, and engendered such a state of panic and chaos in communities across the globe, that many people believed the world was coming to an end. It would later be characterized as a human-to-human transmissible case of swine flu. The virus struck with amazing speed, often killing its victims within just hours of the first signs of infection. So fast did the 1918 strain overwhelm the body's natural defenses, that the usual cause of death in influenza patients---a secondary infection of lethal pneumonia---oftentimes never had a chance to establish itself. Instead, the virus caused an uncontrollable hemorrhaging that filled the lungs, and patients would drown in their own body fluids. Not only was the Spanish Flu (as it came to be known) strikingly virulent, but it displayed an unusual preference in its choice of victims---tending to select young healthy adults over those with weakened immune systems, as in the very young, the very old, and the infirm...
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...especially those that are low- or middle-income. The Infectious Disease Threat and Implications for the United States, health threats and issues have continued to have significant impacts on the world stage. Highly publicized virulent infectious diseases---- including HIV/AIDS, a potential influenza pandemic, and “mystery” illnesses such as the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) –remain the most direct health-related threats to the United States, but are not the only health indicators with strategic significance. Chronic, non-communicable diseases; neglected tropical diseases; maternal and child mortality; malnutrition; sanitation and access to clean water; and availability of basic healthcare also affect the US national interest through their impacts on the economies, governments, and militaries of key countries and regions. The greatest infectious disease challenge for the US since the beginning of the decade has been the potential emergence of a severe influenza pandemic. Although the H5N1 avian influenza virus remains primarily a threat to poultry, it and other such viruses continue to evolve and expand their geographic range. The timing and magnitude of the next influenza pandemic is difficult to predict. Given the increase in worldwide travel and commerce over the last several decades, however, one similar in magnitude to that of 1918 would disrupt the global economy, impair military readiness, and undermine global security and diplomacy. Instability in other...
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...Communicable Disease Influenza is a communicable disease or a respiratory illness that affects millions of people during the winter season. Most physicians believe that influenza is spread by droplets when people sneeze, cough, and talk without covering their mouth. The droplets usually land directly on an individual, or on surfaces, and even food. The symptoms of the influenza includes fever, cough, sore throat, muscle or body aches, fatigue, runny nose, and, or a stuffy nose. Diarrhea is also a common symptom of influenza. Complications of flu can include bacterial pneumonia, ear infections, sinus infections, dehydration, and worsening of chronic medical conditions, such as congestive heart failure, asthma, or diabetes (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). Recommendations on preventing the spread of influenza include receiving a vaccination each season. Currently there are different types of vaccine available for the seasonal flu, which one of the vaccines is dead and the other is alive. The seasonal flu shot can be taken by everyone who is six months of age and older. The nasal spray vaccine is a live weak flu virus, which can be used by individuals who are healthy, not pregnant, and between the ages of two years old and 29. Some people have a greater risk at contracting the influenza virus such as elderly individuals or very young, pregnant, and have another underlying disease, such as diabetes, or asthma. The influenza virus is a very serious disease...
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...The first recorded instance of the symptoms of Influenza was by Herodotus almost 2400 years ago, but the understanding of the disease was not discovered until much later. They knew what the symptoms did, but they didn’t understand it like we do now that the flu was connected to animals such as birds and pigs. In 1918 J.S. Koen, a veterinarian discovered symptoms of influenza in the pigs he treated with symptoms of the Spanish Flu that was devastating the world at the time. Independent researchers of this disease McBryde and Robert Shope, were the first scientists to study and begin to understand the disease. It was first identified in 1933 through the researcher's Wilson Smith, Christopher Andrews, and Patrick Laidrow. The first vaccine for...
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...The Spanish Flu was the most devastating pandemic our world has ever seen. Even though few medical records exist, historians believe that 20 – 100 million people were killed by this flu. Despite the number of deaths and the severity and geographic reach of this disease, it merits little attention in the history books. Today one of our greatest medical threats is AIDS. The Spanish Flu is exponential compared to AIDS casualties (Gloria). The Spanish Flu of 1918-19 affected our world like no other disease in history. It changed the ways people sought medical help, the ways physicians treated illness, the role of medical researchers and how society, particularly medical and political leaders respond to pandemic diseases. Influenza is a unique respiratory viral disease infecting the whole respiratory tract-namely, the nose, sinuses, the throat, lungs, and even the middle ear. The disease spreads from person to person by airborne droplets produced when an infected individual coughs or sneezes. Acute symptoms of influenza, including fever, headache, shivering, muscle pain, cough, and pneumonia, are the result of the virus replicating in the respiratory tract, in which infected cells die and slough off (Rosenberg). The Spanish Flu got its name from newspaper reports of that period. It was thought that the influenza infection was carried form Asia to Spain during World War I. During WWI Spain remained neutral and the government did not censor the press. Spanish papers were filled...
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...Phillips 21 March 2017 The Influenza Epidemic of 1919: America’s Determined Fight to Contain, Prevent, and Cure In 1919, more soldiers died from a fatal flu than the number of soldiers who had died in World War I (MacFarlan). After World War I, from 1919 to 1920, a life-threatening flu spread around the United States of America. As the Influenza of 1919 spread across the United States, American people worked hard to contain the flu. Some of these actions to stop of the growth of the influenza were successful, while others were not as successful. The United States worked very hard during the Flu Epidemic of 1919 in order to try to contain the influenza, using both medicinal cures and by changing public health...
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...events” (p. 3). This particular article will look at the groups who are vulnerable to influenza. As stated by Hutchins, Truman, Merlin, and Redd (2009) “the US national strategy for pandemic influenza preparedness and response assigns roles to governments, businesses, civic and community-based organizations, individuals, and families” (para. 1). Looking at the group that would have a greater risk there are many barriers. One of the barriers is ensuring that all levels from government, right down to the individual act efficiently and swiftly with the plan of action. Others may be transportation, lack of insurance, lack of knowledge, and the list goes on. There are many vulnerable groups when looking at containing or minimizing an outbreak of influenza. Some of the top groups are newborn’s/infants, poverty/poor class of society (no insurance), and the elderly (>65 years-old). A person then can break the groups down even more and say; anyone within these groups that are compromised with other health problems may be at an even greater risk. With influenza very easily contracted from person to person along with looking at these groups which are highly vulnerable and how they live much of the time, results in a recipe for disaster. Much of the time, homeless/poverty stricken people live in close courters with each other in shelters, opening them up for contracting illness such as influenza. A large portion of the 65 year-old population live in some kind of elderly community or...
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...Many origins of the Spanish Flu have been proposed. One theory is that Chinese laborers that were in Canada may have been the origin for the flu. "Historian Christopher Langford has shown that China suffered a lower mortality rate from the Spanish flu than other nations did, suggesting some immunity was at large in the population because of earlier exposure to the virus."[4]Archival evidence suggests that China had a respratory disease outbreak in 1917. Also, 3,000 of the 25,000 Chinese laborers ended up in medical quarantine after flu-like symptoms appeared while they were going to Europe.[5] Kansas Another theory as to the source of the outbreak originated at Camp Funston, now Ft. Riley Kansas. and Haskell County Kansas where an...
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