...Seasonal Influenza Each year thousands of people in the United States are diagnosed with the influenza virus. The word “influenza” originates from the Italian word “influential” because people used to believe that the influence of the planets, stars, and moon caused the flu, that only the universal influence could explain such rapid and widespread sickness. The English adopted the word “influenza” in the mid-eighteenth century. It is known as the flu. Seasonal influenza is an acute viral infection caused by an influenza virus. What is the influenza virus? Virologists are not certain about the origins of the viruses, though they have three theories: they started as living cells and devolved into simpler organisms, they originated as primitive...
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...Phillips 21 March 2017 The Influenza Epidemic of 1919: America’s Determined Fight to Contain, Prevent, and Cure In 1919, more soldiers died from a fatal flu than the number of soldiers who had died in World War I (MacFarlan). After World War I, from 1919 to 1920, a life-threatening flu spread around the United States of America. As the Influenza of 1919 spread across the United States, American people worked hard to contain the flu. Some of these actions to stop of the growth of the influenza were successful, while others were not as successful. The United States worked very hard during the Flu Epidemic of 1919 in order to try to contain the influenza, using both medicinal cures and by changing public health...
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...Business Continuity Plan Under Development (May 2006) California State University, Stanislaus CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, STANISLAUS BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN May 2006 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION I. II. III. IV. V. Incident Command System Business Impact Analysis Risk Assessment Business Plan for Localized Business Disruption Business Plan for Pandemics Page 3 Pages 4-7 Pages 8-11 Pages 12-13 Pages 14-15 Pages 16-17 Pages 18-19 Pages 20-36 Appendix IV-A: Power Outage Business Continuity Plan Appendix V-A: Pandemic Flu Business Continuity Plan 2 Final CP 5-30-06 CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, STANISLAUS BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN May 2006 INTRODUCTION A Business Continuity Plan (BCP) is developed by an institution to plan for and describe how it will respond to and recover from disruptions. These disruptions can be localized threats (e.g., earthquakes, fires, floods, bombs, etc.) or global threats (e.g., Flu Pandemic). As part of the overall Emergency Operations Plan, California State University, Stanislaus has developed, and continues to refine and enhance, a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) for the University. This plan is about maintaining, resuming, and recovering the University’s activities as an educational institution. It considers human factors along with operational issues. The BCP was developed by a team of the University’s senior administrators and department managers representing all University divisions: Business & Finance, Academic Affairs...
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...Pandemic Emergency Plan Name Course Professor Date Overview of Pandemic Emergency plan The Pandemic Emergency Plan is one of the 2015-2016 bills (code CMS–3178–P) addressing the campus preparedness actions and the responses designed to maximizing pandemic impact on operations within the Campus environs, students, and the employees (Dietz, 2012). The plan design is with intents of reading, understanding and exercising in response to threats and occurrences of a pandemic or just any other outbreak that may become a global epidemic. Pandemic means a widespread outbreak of communicable ailments, passing as multiple waves of illness in human population globally (Fagel, 2013). It is also illness with impact to the smaller geographical region. In the case of occurrence of a pandemic, then it shall have higher education among industries that are severely affected due to risks resultants from open and campus accessible and traveling by faculties, students, as well as the staff (PHS COF, 2014). The impacts may include lengthy closure periods of the learning institutions, unprecedented demands on students counseling and heath related services, evacuation and relocation of the students in the residence halls and significant revenue losses. In the case of a pandemic, the greatest challenges experienced in the university include the following: 1. Maintenance of students' progress to degree and research on faculties while in compliance with orders to campus closure. 2. Managing staff, faculty...
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...Bird Flu of H5N1 virus threatens world pandemic Public health has traditionally been an area of concern as anything that poses a threat to humans should be considered a top priority societally. From a global standpoint if public health is neglected then the amount of preventable deaths would rise exponentially. In the past few years several events have been noted as threats to public health, but society had identified them quick enough so that the threat to humans was minimized. One such event occurred in 2006 and was known as the bird flu. Although there is currently no vaccine for this strain of bird flu the rapid identification of this deadly virus helped to minimize its spread. According to Medline, birds just like humans can be stricken with the flu but the virus historically only affected avian species without the potential to affect humans. This remained true until 1997 in Hong Kong when the first case of the avian flu was reported. This avian virus has the ability to mutate or change its genetic makeup so that it can be easily incorporated into the human genome, thus causing a new form of flu that can be deadly and difficult to treat. Since 1997 the avian flu has spread to several countries and has severely affected both the commercial poultry supply and humans alike. Although the viral transition to infecting humans is rare, the avian flu is responsible for approximately 600 infections since its inception with a mortality rate of 60% (National Library of Medicine...
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...Ready or Not…. For once, governments and public health official appear to be more prepared than businesses do. They have spent billions preparing for a potential influenza pandemic by buying medicines, running disaster drills, and developing strategies for tighter border controls. On the other hand, a survey of global companies by London-based newsletter Continuity Central found that 72 percent have not even begun to get ready for a potential bird flu pandemic. Businesses in the U.S. seem to be particularly unprepared. In a survey by Deloitte & Touche of 100 U.S. executives, two-thirds said their companies had not yet prepared adequately for avian flu, and most have not one specifically in charge of such a plan. What these businesses might not realize is how they potentially will be affected. For instance, how will they continue to do their business if their workforce is ill or quarantined; if transportation, communication, utility services of other necessary public infrastructure functions are not available or are only available in limited areas; or if financial services are curtailed? How will they earn revenues if the general public is sick or not able to venture out? It’s a scenario with monumental implications for both the short term and the long term. One company that has panned for any potential avian flu outbreak is Deutsche Bank. The steps it has taken include making sure employees in infected zones don’t carry the disease to co-workers, moving others out...
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...Introduction Influenza (“the flu") is an infection in the lungs, nose, and throat (respiratory tract). It is caused by a virus. The flu causes many common cold symptoms, as well as a high fever and body aches. It can make your child feel very sick. The flu spreads easily from person to person (contagious). Having your child get a flu shot (influenza vaccination) every year is the best way to prevent your child from getting the flu. Follow these instructions at home: Medicines Give your child over-the-counter and prescription medicines only as told by your child's doctor. Do not give your child aspirin because it has been associated with Reye syndrome. General instructions Use a cool mist humidifier to add moisture (humidity) to the air in your child's room. This can make...
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...Randy In the preceding documents, many different sources express similar points using anecdotal evidence of the Influenza outbreak after World War I. The topics talked about in specific are charity during a tough time, religion and how it relates to epidemics, and ignorance, whether it be the government underestimating influenza, or purely citizens not understanding how to react to the disease. The documents which refer to the theme “charity” are 2, 7, and 9. The first one to do this, 2, speaks of a massive influx of volunteers helping with influenza struck patients. It specifically is from two girls remembering their time volunteering in 1918. It shows how two soldiers were dying every three hours. It emphasizes the point that anyone could...
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...Have you ever thought about how the flu can effect your life or your child life? The flu had so many ads and almost all the ads can be true but which ones could help you make the decision on to get the flu shot. The ad 5 reason to get the flu shot for your child is telling you what it can help your child and tell you what it does for your child health. The ads that shows a pregnant lady and her child that said that they got the flu shot and not the flu help the pregnant people to get the flu shot. The last ad is the grandparent to get the flu shot with their grandchild but it tells the older people is that that can get it to and be health and safe to get sick. Technology can help people to prevent the flu and help them. The first ad that says 5 reason to get your child vaccinated against the flu shows us how the flu can help our children. It tells us how it effect our child and pros about the flu. It says that the spray vaccine is for your child that is age 2 or up and it is safe. The ad talks about how it is painless and easy to give and had been use in other countries it's be safe for kids. It states that if you have the flu then you will be in the hospital and that the flu is a nasty illness. They want parents to see this because it would help them if they don't want to the vaccine for them. So maybe when they read that then they would hope that the mom or dad would get the flu vaccine. The second ad that is with a pregnant and with her other kid on the playground. It...
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...DESCRIPTION OF ORGANISM Influenza is one of the most deadly viruses dating back to 1510 causing pandemics and endemic outbreaks all the way through 2013. The classifications of the influenza strains are known as A, B, and C with different subtypes HA and NA. Influenza A virions have close to 500 HA and NA spikes sticking out of the lipid bilayer characterized by 4 main proteins HA, NA, M2 and M1. Influenza type B has quite a few similarities to type A, but encodes proteins differently in the NB and MB2 protein membrane where type C differentiates where the ion channel is CM2, and instead of having two different glycoproteins type C has a multifunctional glycoprotein HA-esterase fusion. The influenza viruses usually have a spherical shape with...
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...Classification Influenza virus are credited as major respiratory pathogens. Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae which consists of five genera: Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B, Influenza virus c, Thogotovirus, and Isavirus. Annual epidemics are usually caused by influenza A and B viruses, however generally influenza A has asymptomatic infections even .The general classifications of influenza A include 16 HA subtype (H1-16) and nine NA subtypes (N1-9) the classification is generally done based on haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins which are responsible for the antigenic properties of the virus The circulation of influenza A subtypes such as H1N1, H3N2, H2N2, and H1N2 have been observed in the past century...
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...events” (p. 3). This particular article will look at the groups who are vulnerable to influenza. As stated by Hutchins, Truman, Merlin, and Redd (2009) “the US national strategy for pandemic influenza preparedness and response assigns roles to governments, businesses, civic and community-based organizations, individuals, and families” (para. 1). Looking at the group that would have a greater risk there are many barriers. One of the barriers is ensuring that all levels from government, right down to the individual act efficiently and swiftly with the plan of action. Others may be transportation, lack of insurance, lack of knowledge, and the list goes on. There are many vulnerable groups when looking at containing or minimizing an outbreak of influenza. Some of the top groups are newborn’s/infants, poverty/poor class of society (no insurance), and the elderly (>65 years-old). A person then can break the groups down even more and say; anyone within these groups that are compromised with other health problems may be at an even greater risk. With influenza very easily contracted from person to person along with looking at these groups which are highly vulnerable and how they live much of the time, results in a recipe for disaster. Much of the time, homeless/poverty stricken people live in close courters with each other in shelters, opening them up for contracting illness such as influenza. A large portion of the 65 year-old population live in some kind of elderly community or...
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...fall into a vulnerable category. I have had patients tell me that they have neglected to take care of their ailments because they cannot afford to take off a day from work, or they don’t have adequate insurance or any insurance coverage at all. The chosen article focuses on protecting vulnerable populations from pandemic influenza in the United States. According to the article, the vulnerable populations include those with underlying health conditions, pregnant women, children and persons with disabilities as well as correctional populations (to include staff and facilities). It is essential to protect these vulnerable populations in order to effectively slow or mitigate an influenza pandemic. The vulnerable population may have several barriers that prevent them from obtaining the much needed medical services. Such barriers include socioeconomic status, health beliefs, behaviors, and status; and access to health care over which an individual or family may have limited control (Hutchins, 2009, S246). Moral, ethical, legal and economic reasons compel us to protect vulnerable populations during an influenza pandemic. Because influenza is highly contagious, inadequate preparedness or untimely response in vulnerable populations increases the risk of infection for the general population. Recent public health emergencies have reinforced the importance of preparedness and the challenges of effective...
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...Spanish Flu; Swine Flu History will always repeat itself. In many events it has been proven fact. There are many examples of this; some would say the landing of Christopher Columbus and the Holocaust, others might say the Columbine Massacre and the several school shootings that followed that. But the most eerie and coincidental reoccurrence is the Spanish Influenza Epidemic of 1918 and the H1N1 ‘Swine Flu’ outbreak. By the fall of 1918 a strain of influenza seemingly no different from that of previous years suddenly turned so deadly, and engendered such a state of panic and chaos in communities across the globe, that many people believed the world was coming to an end. It would later be characterized as a human-to-human transmissible case of swine flu. The virus struck with amazing speed, often killing its victims within just hours of the first signs of infection. So fast did the 1918 strain overwhelm the body's natural defenses, that the usual cause of death in influenza patients---a secondary infection of lethal pneumonia---oftentimes never had a chance to establish itself. Instead, the virus caused an uncontrollable hemorrhaging that filled the lungs, and patients would drown in their own body fluids. Not only was the Spanish Flu (as it came to be known) strikingly virulent, but it displayed an unusual preference in its choice of victims---tending to select young healthy adults over those with weakened immune systems, as in the very young, the very old, and the infirm...
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...You are the nursing administrator for a medical group that expects a severe outbreak of the flu this winter. You hire additional staff to treat the patients and administer shots. Your special project budget was for 1,000 hours of part-time nurses’ services at $40 per hour, for a total cost of $40,000. It was expected that these nurses would administer 400 flu shots and treat 1,600 flu patients. The medical group typically charges $50 for a flu shot and $80 for treating a flu patient. Actually, the group had 1,200 patients who received the flu shot and 1,400 who had the flu and received treatment. On average, it was able to collect $55 per flu shot and $70 per flu patient. Compute the volume, mix, and price revenue variances. How did things turn out for the group considering just revenues? How did they turn out from a profit perspective? Total Revenue for Actual Scenario: (Number of flu shots x charge per flu shot) + (Number of flu patients x charge per patient) =(1200 x 55) + (1400 x 70) = 66,000 + 98,000 = 164,000 Projected Revenue: (Estimated number of flu shots that will be given x estimated charge per flu shot) + (estimated number of flu patients x estimated charge per patient) =(400 x 50) + (1600 x 80) = 20,000 + 128,000 = 148,000 Cost due to additional staff: (number of hours x pay per hour) = (1000 x 40) = $40,000 (also given by problem) Total Profit: (Actual Revenue - Cost) = $164,000 - $40,000 = $124,000 From the perspective of revenue, the...
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