...Introduction Influenza (“the flu") is an infection in the lungs, nose, and throat (respiratory tract). It is caused by a virus. The flu causes many common cold symptoms, as well as a high fever and body aches. It can make your child feel very sick. The flu spreads easily from person to person (contagious). Having your child get a flu shot (influenza vaccination) every year is the best way to prevent your child from getting the flu. Follow these instructions at home: Medicines Give your child over-the-counter and prescription medicines only as told by your child's doctor. Do not give your child aspirin because it has been associated with Reye syndrome. General instructions Use a cool mist humidifier to add moisture (humidity) to the air in your child's room. This can make...
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...Randy In the preceding documents, many different sources express similar points using anecdotal evidence of the Influenza outbreak after World War I. The topics talked about in specific are charity during a tough time, religion and how it relates to epidemics, and ignorance, whether it be the government underestimating influenza, or purely citizens not understanding how to react to the disease. The documents which refer to the theme “charity” are 2, 7, and 9. The first one to do this, 2, speaks of a massive influx of volunteers helping with influenza struck patients. It specifically is from two girls remembering their time volunteering in 1918. It shows how two soldiers were dying every three hours. It emphasizes the point that anyone could...
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...Have you ever thought about how the flu can effect your life or your child life? The flu had so many ads and almost all the ads can be true but which ones could help you make the decision on to get the flu shot. The ad 5 reason to get the flu shot for your child is telling you what it can help your child and tell you what it does for your child health. The ads that shows a pregnant lady and her child that said that they got the flu shot and not the flu help the pregnant people to get the flu shot. The last ad is the grandparent to get the flu shot with their grandchild but it tells the older people is that that can get it to and be health and safe to get sick. Technology can help people to prevent the flu and help them. The first ad that says 5 reason to get your child vaccinated against the flu shows us how the flu can help our children. It tells us how it effect our child and pros about the flu. It says that the spray vaccine is for your child that is age 2 or up and it is safe. The ad talks about how it is painless and easy to give and had been use in other countries it's be safe for kids. It states that if you have the flu then you will be in the hospital and that the flu is a nasty illness. They want parents to see this because it would help them if they don't want to the vaccine for them. So maybe when they read that then they would hope that the mom or dad would get the flu vaccine. The second ad that is with a pregnant and with her other kid on the playground. It...
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...DESCRIPTION OF ORGANISM Influenza is one of the most deadly viruses dating back to 1510 causing pandemics and endemic outbreaks all the way through 2013. The classifications of the influenza strains are known as A, B, and C with different subtypes HA and NA. Influenza A virions have close to 500 HA and NA spikes sticking out of the lipid bilayer characterized by 4 main proteins HA, NA, M2 and M1. Influenza type B has quite a few similarities to type A, but encodes proteins differently in the NB and MB2 protein membrane where type C differentiates where the ion channel is CM2, and instead of having two different glycoproteins type C has a multifunctional glycoprotein HA-esterase fusion. The influenza viruses usually have a spherical shape with...
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...Classification Influenza virus are credited as major respiratory pathogens. Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae which consists of five genera: Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B, Influenza virus c, Thogotovirus, and Isavirus. Annual epidemics are usually caused by influenza A and B viruses, however generally influenza A has asymptomatic infections even .The general classifications of influenza A include 16 HA subtype (H1-16) and nine NA subtypes (N1-9) the classification is generally done based on haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins which are responsible for the antigenic properties of the virus The circulation of influenza A subtypes such as H1N1, H3N2, H2N2, and H1N2 have been observed in the past century...
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...events” (p. 3). This particular article will look at the groups who are vulnerable to influenza. As stated by Hutchins, Truman, Merlin, and Redd (2009) “the US national strategy for pandemic influenza preparedness and response assigns roles to governments, businesses, civic and community-based organizations, individuals, and families” (para. 1). Looking at the group that would have a greater risk there are many barriers. One of the barriers is ensuring that all levels from government, right down to the individual act efficiently and swiftly with the plan of action. Others may be transportation, lack of insurance, lack of knowledge, and the list goes on. There are many vulnerable groups when looking at containing or minimizing an outbreak of influenza. Some of the top groups are newborn’s/infants, poverty/poor class of society (no insurance), and the elderly (>65 years-old). A person then can break the groups down even more and say; anyone within these groups that are compromised with other health problems may be at an even greater risk. With influenza very easily contracted from person to person along with looking at these groups which are highly vulnerable and how they live much of the time, results in a recipe for disaster. Much of the time, homeless/poverty stricken people live in close courters with each other in shelters, opening them up for contracting illness such as influenza. A large portion of the 65 year-old population live in some kind of elderly community or...
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...fall into a vulnerable category. I have had patients tell me that they have neglected to take care of their ailments because they cannot afford to take off a day from work, or they don’t have adequate insurance or any insurance coverage at all. The chosen article focuses on protecting vulnerable populations from pandemic influenza in the United States. According to the article, the vulnerable populations include those with underlying health conditions, pregnant women, children and persons with disabilities as well as correctional populations (to include staff and facilities). It is essential to protect these vulnerable populations in order to effectively slow or mitigate an influenza pandemic. The vulnerable population may have several barriers that prevent them from obtaining the much needed medical services. Such barriers include socioeconomic status, health beliefs, behaviors, and status; and access to health care over which an individual or family may have limited control (Hutchins, 2009, S246). Moral, ethical, legal and economic reasons compel us to protect vulnerable populations during an influenza pandemic. Because influenza is highly contagious, inadequate preparedness or untimely response in vulnerable populations increases the risk of infection for the general population. Recent public health emergencies have reinforced the importance of preparedness and the challenges of effective...
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...Spanish Flu; Swine Flu History will always repeat itself. In many events it has been proven fact. There are many examples of this; some would say the landing of Christopher Columbus and the Holocaust, others might say the Columbine Massacre and the several school shootings that followed that. But the most eerie and coincidental reoccurrence is the Spanish Influenza Epidemic of 1918 and the H1N1 ‘Swine Flu’ outbreak. By the fall of 1918 a strain of influenza seemingly no different from that of previous years suddenly turned so deadly, and engendered such a state of panic and chaos in communities across the globe, that many people believed the world was coming to an end. It would later be characterized as a human-to-human transmissible case of swine flu. The virus struck with amazing speed, often killing its victims within just hours of the first signs of infection. So fast did the 1918 strain overwhelm the body's natural defenses, that the usual cause of death in influenza patients---a secondary infection of lethal pneumonia---oftentimes never had a chance to establish itself. Instead, the virus caused an uncontrollable hemorrhaging that filled the lungs, and patients would drown in their own body fluids. Not only was the Spanish Flu (as it came to be known) strikingly virulent, but it displayed an unusual preference in its choice of victims---tending to select young healthy adults over those with weakened immune systems, as in the very young, the very old, and the infirm...
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...You are the nursing administrator for a medical group that expects a severe outbreak of the flu this winter. You hire additional staff to treat the patients and administer shots. Your special project budget was for 1,000 hours of part-time nurses’ services at $40 per hour, for a total cost of $40,000. It was expected that these nurses would administer 400 flu shots and treat 1,600 flu patients. The medical group typically charges $50 for a flu shot and $80 for treating a flu patient. Actually, the group had 1,200 patients who received the flu shot and 1,400 who had the flu and received treatment. On average, it was able to collect $55 per flu shot and $70 per flu patient. Compute the volume, mix, and price revenue variances. How did things turn out for the group considering just revenues? How did they turn out from a profit perspective? Total Revenue for Actual Scenario: (Number of flu shots x charge per flu shot) + (Number of flu patients x charge per patient) =(1200 x 55) + (1400 x 70) = 66,000 + 98,000 = 164,000 Projected Revenue: (Estimated number of flu shots that will be given x estimated charge per flu shot) + (estimated number of flu patients x estimated charge per patient) =(400 x 50) + (1600 x 80) = 20,000 + 128,000 = 148,000 Cost due to additional staff: (number of hours x pay per hour) = (1000 x 40) = $40,000 (also given by problem) Total Profit: (Actual Revenue - Cost) = $164,000 - $40,000 = $124,000 From the perspective of revenue, the...
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...Avian Influenza, also called bird flu or H5N1 is an infection that naturally occurs among birds. Avian Influenza is carried in wild birds in their intestines but usually do not get sick. On the contrary domesticated birds: turkey, chickens, and ducks pick up the very contagious virus and get very sick. The virus is fatal. Birds that are susceptible to the virus become infected by being in contact with contaminated secretions or excretions. Domesticated birds may become infected with avian influenza virus through direct contact with infected waterfowl or other infected poultry, or through contact with surfaces (such as dirt or cages) or materials (such as water or feed) that have been contaminated with the virus. (CDC) 2010. The spread of avian influenza A viruses from one ill person to another has been reported very rarely, and has been limited, inefficient and not sustained. However, because of the possibility that avian influenza A viruses could change and gain the ability to spread easily between people, monitoring for human infection and person-to-person transmission is extremely important for public health. (CDC) 2010. Avian Influenza Outbreak Outbreaks The most recent reported outbreak was January 2015. The outbreak is still ongoing but has not yet spread to humans. The most recent outbreak in North America with transmission to humans was in Canada in 2004. Health Canada reported two cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza A (H7): one in a person involved...
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...Application of Community Health & Population-Focused Nursing Western Governors University A1. Description of Disease Avian Influenza, commonly referred to as the Bird Flu, is a highly contagious virus amongst birds (avian). These viruses occur naturally and can move quickly from wild aquatic birds to domesticated chickens, ducks and turkeys. Wild birds infected with the avian influenza virus usually do not get sick. The virus that normally infects the respiratory tract, affects wild birds intestines instead. However, our domesticated birds aren’t as fortunate and can become very ill and even die from the virus. There are two different strains of the virus: low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Poultry infected with LPAI viruses may not cause disease at, could cause mild illness or may not even be detected. On the hand, when HPAI viruses infect poultry it can cause severe disease and high mortality (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). According to the CDC, avian influenza outbreaks have been responsible for illness and death in humans in Asia, Africa, Europe, the Pacific and the Near East but between 1997 and 2014, the United States experienced only one incident of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry (CDC, 2015). The first bird flu case was reported in 1997 in Hong Kong and affected 18 humans, claiming the lives of six. A2. Epidemiological Determinants Although...
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...on the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 1918-19 Spanish influenza pandemic disasters in human history with reference to A Crack in the Edge of the World by Simon Winchester and The Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 by Susan Kingsley Kent. With an estimated death toll of “3,000 people out of a population of 400,000” (Discussion slides October 13) for the earthquake and “thirty million to perhaps even one hundred million” for the influenza pandemic worldwide (Kent Introduction 1), both disasters ultimately struck humanity with a deadly blow. Amongst the numerous messages conveyed, the key lessons presented...
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...Many origins of the Spanish Flu have been proposed. One theory is that Chinese laborers that were in Canada may have been the origin for the flu. "Historian Christopher Langford has shown that China suffered a lower mortality rate from the Spanish flu than other nations did, suggesting some immunity was at large in the population because of earlier exposure to the virus."[4]Archival evidence suggests that China had a respratory disease outbreak in 1917. Also, 3,000 of the 25,000 Chinese laborers ended up in medical quarantine after flu-like symptoms appeared while they were going to Europe.[5] Kansas Another theory as to the source of the outbreak originated at Camp Funston, now Ft. Riley Kansas. and Haskell County Kansas where an...
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...Creditable Sources to Describe the Disease Process of Influenza This paper will describe how one can use creditable sources of information to explore the disease process of Influenza. The paper will explore the elderly population in Minnesota and how influenza effect for this age group, address the change of incidence between 2015 and 2012, and compare the rate of incidence between Minnesota and United States. Among the population in Minnesota what was the incident rate of influenza for those who had be vaccinated in the elderly compared to adults? Influenza epidemics happen every year and the vaccine must match the viruses in order for it to be effective. According to the Minnesota Health Department (2015), protection offered...
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...The Spanish flu pandemic, otherwise called the Influenza of 1918, was recognized at first as a flu pandemic in Spain. Afterward, it spread around the world and killed approximatively 50 million people between March 1918 and the spring of 1919. The flu of 1918 killed more people than World War One . The war served as an ally of the disease. The Flu could easily spread across the entire world by the trade routes, shipping lines and by accompanying soldiers from their native country to the battlefield and infecting everything in its travel. The Spanish Flu is known as the most devastating worldwide epidemic of the history . It lasted one year and infected the third of the world’s population (around 500 million person). One fifth of the world was...
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