...Informal Learning Experience Using Different Learning Theories Diane Brannan University of Phoenix Psyc 211 October 15, 2014 Abstract Throughout the past century, several theories of learning have developed in relation to associative learning, which is the most basic learning that there is. There are two types of associative learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Later on in the mid 1900’s, another more advanced mode of learning was studied, that being observational learning. This paper will present an informal learning experience and use the different theories to break down how this learning could have occurred. Informal Learning Experience For the purpose of this paper, the subject experiencing the learning is a child. The child’s name is Anna, and her informal learning experience involves the following scenario. Anna was six years old when she went out to a restaurant with her parents. Anna ordered a hamburger, french fries, and fruit punch. She always ordered just about the same food whenever they went out to eat, as she knew that hamburgers were one of her favorite foods. The restaurant was crowded that evening and was quite noisy, as there were a lot of children present. This did not bother Anna, as she was happy to be out at a restaurant. She ate all of her food as soon as she received it, because she said that the hamburger “smelled so good”. After her parents paid the bill, they went home to relax. Anna went to bed...
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...Over the years, between grade school and high school and now as an adult still trying to finish my undergraduate degree 10 years after I started it, I find that I’m the type of learner that must be interested in the topic or have a purpose for completing the class. Ever since I was a little girl, I was surrounded by distractions in my life that didn’t allow for me to properly focus on school. I was always able to complete the bare minimum to get by, but never really applied myself to my course studies, unless it was something that I was completely interested in. Studies that, looking back, actually allowed for my brain to rest from the chaotic life it dealt with outside of the classroom. Growing up I always enjoyed the extra-curricular activities as opposed to the general requirements, for example English and History, Economics and Government. Because I struggled with being able to focus while in school, I feel today as an adult I suffer from not knowing about some of the key elements to life. And even though today I realize not knowing these things hinders me at times, I still tend to not have a desire to pursue them to better understand. And the reason for this, are the distractions in my life today. I’ve recognized a pattern in my childhood and in my adulthood and rather than taking responsibility, and taking time out of my busy life to learn and grow as an adult I chose to make excuses. I chose to delay educating myself in these areas that are just as important as the areas...
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...combinations. Cassim (1982) considers the informal sector participation as “a trap associated with impoverishment” and Habib (2005) considers the informal sector participation as “the survivalist response of marginalised persons with no alternatives.” The informal sector is a part of the economy that is not under the government control and therefore any business conducted in the informal sector cannot be regulated. This paper aim is to argue against the above mentioned assertions made by Cassim and Habib. Is it true that the participation in the informal sector is associated with impoverishment? Is it true that people engage into conducting business in the informal sector because they need to survive as they have no other alternative? These two questions serve as a foundation into developing an argument against the assertions made by Cassim and Habib about the informal sector’s participation. The argument reflects on the entrepreneurial potential and dynamics in the informal sector. This paper firstly discusses Cassim’s and Habib’s assertions to have a general understanding of what they meant. This is then followed by a brief overview of the South African informal sector and an argument against those assertions will be provided using useful example of informal sector participation’s contribution. Finally, a conclusion is provided summarising the paper. The following lines will brighten this essay. Cassim’s and Habib’s perspective of the informal sector Taking into consideration Cassim’s...
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...Prefatory: The International Labour Organization (ILO) introduced the concept of the informal sector more than 25 years ago. The informal sector has been understood to mean very small-scale units producing and distributing goods and services, and consisting largely of independent, self-employed producers in urban and rural areas of developing countries, some of which also employ family labour and/or few hired workers or apprentices; which operates with very little capital or none at all; which utilize a low level of technology and skills; which therefore operates at a low level of productivity; and which generally provides very low and irregular income and highly unstable employment to those who work in it. It also includes activities that are carried out without formal approval from authorities and escape the administrative machinery responsible for enforcing legislation and similar instruments. [1] The informal sector, with its enterprising individuals and groups, can be seen as counterbalancing cure to many ill effects of globalization. [2] Firstly, the informal sector absorbs all the victims of globalization—displaced workers, forced retirees, educated unemployed and many more. While the informal sector cannot offer jobs, it can offer income opportunities. In this sense, the informal sector is itself a safety net. Secondly, the informal sector cushions the impact of globalization on the surviving formal sector. It provides a counterbalance...
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...------------------------------------------------- Informal organization The informal organization is the interlocking social structure that governs how people work together in practice. It is the aggregate of, norms, personal and professional connections through which work gets done and relationships are built among people who share a common organizational affiliation or cluster of affiliations. It consists of a dynamic set of personal relationships, social networks, communities of common interest, and emotional sources of motivation. The informal organization evolves, and the complex social dynamics of its members. Tended effectively, the informal organization complements the more explicit structures, plans, and processes of the formal organization: it can accelerate and enhance responses to unanticipated events, foster innovation, enable people to solve problems that require collaboration across boundaries, and create footpaths showing where the formal organization may someday need to pave a way. Contents * 1 The informal organization and the formal organization * 2 Functions of informal organizations * 2.1 Perpetuate the cultural and social values * 2.2 Provide social status and satisfaction * 2.3 Promote communication among members * 2.4 Provide social control * 3 Disadvantages of informal groups * 3.1 Resistance to change * 3.2 Role conflict * 3.3 Rumor * 3.4 Conformity * 4 Benefits of the informal organization * 4.1 Blend...
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...The Evolution of Formal Organizations Sociology SOC/210 The Evolutions of Formal Organizations The interesting thing about formal organizations is that there is not just one kind of formal organization. Formal organizations arise out of and are necessary to informal organization; but when formal organizations come into operation, they create and require informal organizations (Barnard, C. I. 1962). There are actually three forms of formal organizations. The first type of organization is a normative organization. This organization can be joined voluntarily out of a common interest and to perhaps gain some form of prestige. Next we have the coercive formal organization. These types of organizations people are actually forced to join into the organization. We then have utilitarian organizations; these organizations are joined voluntarily and will provide the member with material rewards. Most formal organizations will have their own forms of rules and regulations that members will have to follow to continue within an organization. Formal organizations are known to be systems with activities that are very carefully controlled. The modern day formal organizations are still very much structures much in a manner that incorporates more members of that organization. Organizations remain driven by repetitive practices that have worked for the organizations for years and therefore are rarely changed. Organizations are very driven to be proven as legitimate and want to have longevity...
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...During this second week of class, Learning Team B learned about the importance and understanding of work teams. If anyone has worked in corporate America, teams are likely to be incorporated into that organizational culture. For example, Aflac has several teams based on divisions and departments. Most employees within a team report directly to a supervisor, a manager, or a senior manager and those senior managers report to individuals that makeup the executive team. We can easily relate to teams at work and at most schools, like the University of Phoenix, which helps to mold how we interact with others that may have different opinions or views. It is up to us to learn how to function within a team to reach a common goal which could be an important project, presentation or a report. This week’s objectives also discusses the four types of teams which are: problem-solving teams, self-managed work teams, cross-functional teams and virtual teams (Robbins & Judge, 2011). Regardless of which type of team we are working on some common factors are ensuring the team operates effectively, and having a certain level of trust is a good place to start. In regards to developing effective teams, Adam again referenced his military experience. He was put in charge of small groups as early as 19 years old in a combat environment and was expected to bring them together. He drew from the methods of his superiors and built cohesion through tough training and through leading by example...
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...------------------------------------------------- Essay Type Coursework ------------------------------------------------- 10% of Your Mark ------------------------------------------------- Individual Coursework ------------------------------------------------- Chapters 07, 08, 09, 10 and 11 25 Essay Questions Each question is worth 0.4% (10% ÷ 25 questions = 0.4%) Chrysanthos Neophytides ------------------------------------------------- Chapter 07 & 08 ------------------------------------------------- Motivation Concepts and Applications ------------------------------------------------- Answer All 10 Questions 1. How does achievement-motivated and affiliation-motivation influence behavior? Achievement-motivated is the drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards, to strive to succeed. The achievement-motivated people like to set goals that require stretching themselves a little. They dislike low odds because then there is no challenge to their skills. Affiliation-motivation is the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships. The needs for affiliation tend to be closely related to managerial success. 2. What are the important differences between Maslow, Herberg & Alderfers models? According to Maslow there are 5 levels of need and all these needs are arranged in a hierarchy. Individuals cannot move to the next higher level until all needs at the current (lower) level are satisfied. Aldefer argued that there are three...
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...A recent study was conducted by the Direct Marketing Association (DMA) on the issue of Direct Marketing as a Global Industry. The potential reward are great, and direct marketers continue to venture outside the bounderies of thier native countries. The DMA estimates that Japans’ catalog market was worth $21 Billion in 1996 and that there are 500 catalog marketers competing for that market. A number of U.S firms among the successful competitors, driven by the Japanese desire for U.S products and their need for convenience. A survey few years ago, when the automibile industry was trying to ascertain how to advertise to the emerging women’s market, Ford Motor Company turned to an approach called “Curriculum Theory”. Based on theories of learning that you have probably studied in psychology or consumer behavior classes, “Curriculum Theory” argues that when the purchase is large or otherwise risky, direct marketers must move prospects through a carefully constructed series of steps that will culminate in a purchase. A study was conducted with the L.L Bean in marketing its products in Japan for a number or years. The D.M.A estimates that Japan’s catalog market was worth $21 Billion in 1994 and that there are 500 catalog marketers competing for that market. A number of U.S firms are among the successful competitors, driven by the Japanese desire for U.S products and their need for convenience. However, firms who succeed often find that they must tailor their offer to special market...
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...Informal Networks: The Company Behind the Chart by David Krackhardt and Jeff Hanson Harvard Business Review Reprint 93406 This document is authorized for use only in SP 2016 B66 OB 565 Leading Change by Ray Sparrowe, Olin Business School from December 2015 to June 2016. This document is authorized for use only in SP 2016 B66 OB 565 Leading Change by Ray Sparrowe, Olin Business School from December 2015 to June 2016. HarvardBusinessReview JULY-AUGUST 1993 Reprint Number RICHARD NORMANN AND RAFAEL RAMIREZ FROM VALUE CHAIN TO VALUE CONSTELLATION: DESIGNING INTERACTIVE STRATEGY 93408 DAVID A. GARVIN BUILDING A LEARNING ORGANIZATION 93402 GEORGE STALK, JR. AND ALAN M. WEBBER JAPAN’S DARK SIDE OF TIME 93409 DAVID KRACKHARDT AND JEFF HANSON INFORMAL NETWORKS: THE COMPANY BEHIND THE CHART 93406 BARBARA PRESLEY NOBLE REINVENTING LABOR: AN INTERVIEW WITH UNION PRESIDENT LYNN WILLIAMS 93410 ROBERT KELLEY AND JANET CAPLAN HOW BELL LABS CREATES STAR PERFORMERS 93405 HBR CASE STUDY IS THIS THE RIGHT TIME TO COME OUT? 93411 WORLD VIEW MANAGING RISKS IN MEXICO 93403 JOSEPH M. JURAN FIRST PERSON MADE IN U.S.A.: A RENAISSANCE IN QUALITY 93404 NANCY A. NICHOLS IN QUESTION WHATEVER HAPPENED TO ROSIE THE RIVETER? 93407 PERSPECTIVES IS THE DEFICIT A FRIENDLY GIANT AFTER ALL? 93401 ALISTAIR D. WILLIAMSON LAURENCE HECHT AND PETER MORICI This document is authorized for use...
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...the potential challenges. Social media is a form of peer to peer communication, has become a popular way to connect new and existing customers. Knowledge of the pros and concerns of social networks can help in most effectively use these tools for your business. We often are great for social media, but in our excited we sometimes neglect the dark side of social media. Overall social media have good and bad side to business. Online networking instruments, for example, Facebook and twitter have turned into an imperative gathering of people. An organization's current and potential buyer base like, not care for, taste and patterns arrive, experienced investigation, focusing on and maintenance. Purchaser to keep up the relative dynamism of informal organizations. Firstly, there are a percentage of the worries may have when utilizing online networking that is manager of organization need to think how to deal with a negative input in online networking. That is genuine online networking permit client was upset to leave remark in openly, don't imagine that there is no online networking, it won't in any case happen in a sure place on the system. We have to make a strategy, how to manage negative remark or criticism before it will know precisely how to do, and how to manage the circumstance before it happens. Also, it might be hard to catch and keep the consideration of clients. There are such a variety of decisions on the Internet, just in online networking channels are insufficient. You...
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...------------------------------------------------- Module 1 Submit a written report discussing the present organizational set-up where you are working considering the following: 1. Organizational Chart 2. Mission and Vision of the Company 3. Objectives of the Firm 4. Incentives and Rewards of the Firm, and 5. Sanctions and Punishment for any Violations of Employees within the Firm ------------------------------------------------- The Tarlac Provincial Hospital is a 200 bed capacity tertiary training and teaching hospital. It is one of the four developed hospital under the Provincial Government of Tarlac. It is situated in a 9 hectare concreted fence compound with the following physical facilities: 3-storey main hospital building, cottages for officials and employees, power plant with generator, provincial warehouse (supply office), OPD Building, MCH Center, maintenance shop and laundry room, Chapel, 10 bed nutrition rehab ward, badminton court/pelota and basketball/volleyball court. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Organizational Chart ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Mission ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- > To provide accessible...
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...-1- WHAT IS HIDDEN, IN THE HIDDEN ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN? SIZE, CAUSES, ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS Ahmed Gulzar Novaira Junaid Adnan Haider Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan National Transport Research Centre (NTRC), Ministry of Communications Beaconhouse National University (BNU), Lahore, Pakistan State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan Abstract There is a worldwide contemporary debate about the role of the hidden economy in achieving the goal of sustained and inclusive economic growth and development, especially in the context of its spillover effects on the formal economy. For this purpose, policy makers and academicians have made concerted efforts to estimate the size of the hidden economy and to analyze its causes, issues and implications on key macroeconomic variables. However, there is a consensus among the policy makers that a better macroeconomic policy formulation and its true implementation are subject to the proper management of the associated issues of the hidden economy with suitable policy measures. In Pakistan, it is generally assumed that the hidden economy contributes about 30% to 50% to the overall GDP. The purpose of this paper is to estimate more precisely the size of the hidden economy with the determination of its potential causes and implications. Five statistical and structural modeling approaches namely; simple monetary approach, modified monetary approach using dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS)...
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...1. Introduction In today’s business negotiations, dressing etiquette plays an important role. It embodies not only the personal taste but also the self-cultivation. To some extent, it can even make it all difference in the result of business negotiations. The more attention we draw to the details in modern business negotiations, the greater we will care about our dressing etiquette and maintain our personal image. Through analyzing dressing etiquette in business negotiations, the author tends to embody the advantages in business negotiations. 1.1 Background Having good business dressing etiquette is an indispensable quality of business activities is the basic guarantee for success In today’s business negotiations. 1.2Purpose of the Study During the business negotiation, the first impression is very important, therefore dressing etiquette plays an even more important role than we thought, it’s always worth studying. 1.3 Significance of the Study Dressing etiquette is likely a technique of business negotiation; it helps the process get smooth. 2 .Definitions and Principles You have heard this a million times: “You never get a second chance to make a first impression.” And you will keep hearing it because it is true. People size up each other within a few seconds. Based on external cues, including dress, people assess one another positively or negatively. We make a flash judgment of someone as trustworthy...
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...CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Case Study Selection Compensation is the remuneration received by an employee in return for his/her contribution to the organization. It is an organized practice that involves balancing the work-employee relation by providing monetary and non-monetary benefits to employees.Researcher are interested in doing research on the company becauseresearcher wanted to learn more about control system especially managementcompensation, both theoretical and practical. Lincoln Electric Company one of companies has realize the method of control system especially managementcompensation in their company.In the Lincoln Electric Company, researcher get knowledge of control systemespecially management compensation, particularly its association with corporate profits. However, in its application is often the application of compensation hasexperienced various problems and constraints. So also happened in the LincolnElectric Company.Every company absolutely has a strategy to sustainable them company. The top priority of Lincoln is customer. Company always sensitive with consumer needs.Certainly, the firm’s customer wants to get the best price and the best quality. And, product of Lincoln fulfill it. Lincoln also concerns employee and stockholders needs.Management compensation always was determined by a wage survey of similar jobsin Cleveland area where the company do operational process. Lincoln ElectricCompany is a good example for other company which is concern...
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