...American Constitution Lawrence Olson February 29, 2016 The topic I am going to cover in this paper is Privacy Rights. The one thing I will cover is the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism or the USA Patriot Act. This Act has caused numerous concerns over the years of the federal government over stepping their bounds on their tactics of intelligence gathering after the terrorist attacks on September eleventh two thousand and eleven. This paper will discuss some advantages of the patriot act such as sharing intelligence between the federal, state, and local governments. As well it will cover harsher penalties for hackers. The paper will also cover some of the disadvantages of the Patriot Act. Such as screening peoples phone calls and E-mails possibly infringing on a persons’ Fourth Amendment rights. The first thing this paper is going to discuss is how the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism or the USA Patriot Act. The Patriot Act helps throughout the multiple levels of the government, from federal to the local government. One way is within this act it allows the multiple levels of the government to share information between organizations. “The Act removed the major legal barriers that prevented the law enforcement, intelligence, and national defense communities from talking and coordinating their work to protect the American...
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...The Patriot Act and Your Workplace After the devastating results that 9/11 brought to the United States, Congress enacted the sweeping legislation, known as the Patriot Act. The Patriot Act provides the United States with increased surveillance powers for both domestic law enforcement and international intelligence agencies, strengthens criminal laws against terrorism, enhances intelligence, and combats money laundering. The whole idea of this act is to prevent the United States from having to experience another tragedy such as this one. Resulting in the government having the ability to have access to medical, financial, business, and educational records, along with having the authority to conduct the secret searches of homes and offices. For a manager to ensure they are complying with these rules, they must fully understand what the Patriot Act entails, know how to balance the privacy of employees and customers and know what to do if they were approached by the government. The Patriot Act came about after the terror bombings of September 11, 2001. The purpose of the Patriot Act is to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world, to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools. Employers are greatly affected by this new act regarding the financial institution section, electronic-surveillance section, and the...
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...Edmund Chu Dr. Reed ENG 110 May 11, 2015 Assignment #2: Argument Paper The Fourth Amendment guarantees “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” The NSA’s surveillance programs violates the Fourth Amendment by collecting telecommunication data and storing it in a database. The US PATRIOT Act and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act allows the NSA to continue to run these controversial surveillance program today. The United States should end or reform...
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...Patriot Act and its Effect on Corporations SECR 5080 – Term Paper 9 May 2015 Table of Contents Abstract – page 3 Introduction – page 3 Current State of Affairs as by the law – page 5 Impact on computing – page 6 Surveillance on Businesses – page 9 Penalty on non-compliance – page 10 Internet Service Providers – page 10 Conclusion – page 12 References – page 13 Abstract The Patriot Act was written into law just a mere 45 days after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States. The Patriot Act was intended to counter terrorism by providing law enforcement agencies and intelligence agencies with an easier means to target those connected to terrorism. The Patriot Act has had a great impact on corporations, how they are surveilled and monitored, and huge penalties on noncompliance of the Patriot Act. This paper will further discuss the Patriot Act and its effects on Corporations. Introduction The terrorist attack on the United States on September 11, 2001 shook the foundation of the faith that America had in her security. This prompted congressional action on counteractive action to avoid a repeat occurrence of the terrorist attack on US soil. Measures that were taken included the passage of a Congressional Act referred to as the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001, hereby referred to as the Patriot Act. The passing of the Patriot Act was intended...
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...FULL PAPER. AUTHOR’S NAME: NUPUR AGARWAL AFFILIATION: INSTITUTE OF LAW , NIRMA UNIVERSITY MAILING ADDRESS: 1 , RADHANPUR SOCIETY , BEHIND SWAMINARAYAN MANDIR , RAMBAUG , MANINAGAR , AHMEDABAD – 380008 PHONE NO: 09898839289 EMAIL-ID: nupuragarwal201995@yahoo.com CO-AUTHOR’S NAME: NUPUR JOSHI AFFILIATION: UNITED WORLD , SCHOOL OF LAW MAILING ADDRESS: 67, SWAGAT CITY , GANDHINAGAR – MEHSANA ROAD ADALAJ GANDHINAGAR PHONE NO: 9408968686 EMAIL-ID: nupurjoshi184@gmail.com TITLE OF THE PAPER: CYBER SPACE MASS SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS,INFRINGEMENT OF PRIVACY OF INDIVIDUALS, BY STATE IN THE NAME OF NATIONAL SECURITY. ABSTRACT: In this present era of cyber revolution and globalization, citizens have turned into “Netizens”. The advancements in the field of technology is also accompanied with the development of various methods of surveillance and intervention by the State into individuals’ private information. Governments are keeping an eagle eye by monitoring individual's movements, businesses transactions and also the means of communication, which includes cyberspace. It is alleged that the United States of America’s National Security Agency runs a program known as PRISM, which enables the US government to gain access to e- mails , conversations, pictures, voice calls and even sign in details of people using websites and applications associated with 1|Page Facebook, Yahoo, Microsoft, to name a few. Failure of cyber law mechanisms and national authorities to advance legislation and...
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...Human and Machine Intelligence Essay Joe Schmo Human and Machine Intelligence Essay Are machines able to think, feel, comprehend, and act intelligently similar to that of their human counterparts? The debate continues and with the advancement of technology anything is possible. This paper will take a look at artificial intelligence and clearly state goals and limitations related to it. This paper will also compare and contrast the relation between the functioning brains and will evaluate if computers are capable of thought and how the right and left hemispheres of the human brain correspond to that of a microchip. Finally, this paper will discuss our feelings on free will in intelligent beings. According to "The Free Dictionary" (2012), "Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or other machine to perform actions thought to require intelligence. Among these actions are logical deduction and inference, creativity, the ability to make decisions based on past experience or insufficient or conflicting information, and the ability to understand spoken language ” (Artificial Intelligence). Technology has advanced tremendously since the creation of artificial intelligence in the 1950’s. A major goal moving ahead for scientists is to create machines that have the capacity to think and act like humans. Scientists then hope that if they are able to create human-like machines they will eventually be able to surpass...
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...(he believes they are developing nuclear weapons and making assassination plots on national leaders) based on secret intelligence he has received. He presented Congress with 500+ documents to prove the reliability and credibility of this intelligence he received. Before voting, Senator Felicia would like to view several of the documents that the President did not present to Congress so that she may decide how credible this intelligence really is. The Senator submits a request to the CIA and the Department of Homeland Security to produce these documents for review. All requests from both organizations are denied. The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requires federal agencies to provide any person access to records, both paper and electronic, that are not included in any of the nine “exempt” categories. The first, among the nine exemptions, is National Security. Exemption 1 is the only exemption that allows the executive branch, not Congress, to determine the criteria for release of documents. It protects from disclosure of information, that an executive order declares, that could damage the national defense. It allows for the President and his attorney general to determine how national security records will be classified. In addition, the FOIA authorizes Judges to review classification decisions, but the courts will rarely order release any information that the executive branch has determined to be classified. In the case, Students Against Genocide v. Dep't of State...
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...domestic terrorist threats and attacks. As a result of these despicable actions new laws and acts have emerged with a pugnacious orientation. This paper highlights The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of 1978, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, and the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001. Understanding the aspects that form these Acts will broaden the understanding of the results enforced by them. Our national security is imperative for the American population to prosper. Effective October 25, 1978, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance act of 1978 or FISA was the result of congressional investigations into federal surveillance activities conducted on behalf of national security. By this act, in order to actively monitor national security threats, Congress desired to approve legalistic and congressional oversight of foreign intelligence surveillance activities. Subsequently, electronic surveillance and the ability to physically locate individuals related to espionage or international terrorism affecting the US was also stipulated. In addition, as the statute describes there may be engagement in applying surveillance to the American population if the court dictates that there is a probable cause, meaning a relation with foreign powers. Many Americans may see this as something wrong and maybe even invasive to the personal life, and although I think it is, this act is about security. Opening up and having some vulnerability may ultimately yield a positive...
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...WHITE PAPER MATURING A THREAT INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM Discover the state of your threat intelligence capabilities and uncover a roadmap to getting ahead of today’s threats. The threat intelligence landscape is an emerging one. Even in the most sophisticated IT organizations, resource constraints often dictate that threat intelligence (TI) is the responsibility of a sole analyst sifting through incident alerts looking for patterns and trends which may indicate that a threat exists. Threat intelligence is more than that. Yet, with very few industry standards around what TI is and what it isn’t, we feel Gartner’s definition[1] comes the closest: “Threat intelligence is evidence-based knowledge, including context, mechanisms, indicators, implications and actionable advice, about an existing or emerging menace or hazard to assets that can be used to inform decisions regarding the subject’s response to that menace or hazard.” The Need to Know Clearly, going beyond simple event-based data analysis is a prerequisite for any useful threat intelligence program. The problem is that many organizations don’t know enough about the threats they face or their own security posture to defend themselves adequately. Instead they’re stuck in a reactive “stop the bleeding” or compliance-driven approach to cyber security with no clear vision or blueprint for reaching any other state. So it goes that in the rush to keep up with the TI trend, organizations are purchasing standalone...
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...Summer of 2013 a former National Security Agency contractor by the name of Edward Snowden disclosed classified information from the National Security Agency (NSA). The root of the data that was leaked was regarding the way the United States Government was gathering browsing habits and personal data of citizens. Basically, their ability to monitor the average citizen without their knowledge. Snowden’s feeling was that our privacies and liberties did not need to be crumpled upon to secure the nation. As a result, this was weakening our nation and causing mistrust by the government instead of securing it. The very popular debate was born, people’s right to data privacy versus the necessity for appropriate intelligence gathering. In this paper...
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...carried out intelligence activities since the days of George Washington, but only since World War II have they been coordinated on a government-wide basis. President .Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed New York lawyer and war hero, William J. Donovan, to become first the Coordinator of Information, and then, after the US entered World War II, head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in 1942. The OSS – the forerunner to the CIA – had a mandate to collect and analyze strategic information. After World War II, however, the OSS was abolished along with many other war agencies and its functions were transferred to the State and War Departments. It did not take long before President Truman recognized the need for a postwar, centralized intelligence organization. To make a fully functional intelligence office, Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 establishing the CIA. The National Security Act charged the CIA with coordinating the nation’s intelligence activities and correlating, evaluating and disseminating intelligence affecting national security. On December 17, 2004, President George W. Bush signed the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act which restructured the Intelligence Community by abolishing the position of Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) and Deputy Director of Central Intelligence (DDCI) and creating the position the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA). The Act also created the position of Director of National Intelligence (DNI)...
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...National Geospatial-Intellegence Agency (NGA) Research Paper Table of Contents... Title Page...............................................................................Page 1 Table of Contents..................................................................Page 2 Thesis.....................................................................................Page 3 History....................................................................................Page 3 Past Operations.....................................................................Page 4 Present Operations...............................................................Page 5 9/11......................................................................................Page 5-6 Bibliograpy.........................................................................Page 7-8 The National Geospatial-Intellegence Agency is a critical agency in the protection of the United States and its people and for the use of imagary intellegence. This paper will delve into the history of the National Geospatial-Intellegence Agency, some past and present operations and focusing on their successes and failures, and its importance post 9/11. After WW1, aerial photography became a large asset to battlefield intelligence, by using stereo viewers, photointerpreters assesed thousands of images, with many of those images being of the same target just a a different angle or time, giving rise to what became modern imagery analysis...
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...The Homeland Security Act of 2002 and the Department of Homeland Security Benjamin K. Hickman Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University ABSTRACT This paper explores The Homeland Security Act of 2002 and its effect on the security landscape of the United States of America. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 created a new cabinet level department within the executive branch that would be called The Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Since its inception, the Department of Homeland Security has absorbed numerous agencies that had previously fallen under other departments for their importance in performing national security functions. Some of the agencies absorbed by DHS perform minor peripheral national security functions. Others, however, are very well-known agencies that stand on the front lines of American national security, like the United States Coast Guard (USCG), the Secret Service, and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). In this paper, we will examine some of these departments and discuss their roles in national security. Additionally, we will analyze the DHS in the context of successful and unsuccessful national security operations since the Homeland Security Act of 2002 was passed. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 and the Department of Homeland Security Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the US Congress determined the need for a new department within the U.S. government. This department would...
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...Money laundering and terrorism financing risks in Botswana introDuction Botswana has a relatively good legal foundation to fight financial crime in general. With the second reading of the Financial Intelligence Bill and the regulation of non-financial institutions prone to money laundering, the legal framework will be remarkably enhanced. However, Botswana has not yet undertaken an assessment of its risks and vulnerabilities to money laundering and the financing of terrorism in terms of international requirements. Significantly, Botswana’s legal framework does not recognise the risk of money laundering in either limited- or high-risk situations. This is in spite of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) espousing a country-specific risk analysis and application of a regulative framework for all forms of business relationships. The rationale for adopting the risk-based approach is that a better understanding of the extent, form, production and disposal or use of the proceeds of crime helps to determine the appropriate interventions. Tentative steps towards establishing trends in money laundering and the financing of terrorism have been taken over the past few years. A team of World Bank experts visited Botswana at the end of 2006 to assess the implementation of the FATF anti-money laundering and counter-financing of terrorism (AML and CFT) standards. In early 2007 the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC), in collaboration with the Institute for Security Studies (ISS)...
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...On November 4th, 1952, the President Harry Truman established the National Security Agency (NSA), the government agency responsible for collecting and processing domestic and foreign intelligence. The Truman presidency formed the agency in response to the failure of its intelligence predecessors-- the Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA) and Army Security Agency (ASA), formed during World War II to decipher messages sent and received by the Axis powers, failed due to lack of coordination between the intelligence agencies, the CIA, and the FBI; the Cipher Bureau and Military Intelligence Branch, Section 8 (MI-8) and "Black Chamber" were established to monitor Germany's activities during World War I were shut down by the U.S. Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson, on the grounds that "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail." At the time of its formation, the NSA was a top secret agency, and was commonly referred to as the "No Such Agency" by officials to reflect this....
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