Working safely with trees recommended practices for the amenity tree industry

WORKING SAFELY WITH TREES

Foreword
The amenity tree industry presents a challenging and changeable work environment associated with a high rate of injuries and several fatalities – the majority involving unexpected falling trees and branches.
Tree-related fatalities were examined in depth as part of the Work Related Fatalities
Program – a joint venture involving the Victorian WorkCover Authority, the State
Coroner’s Office and VIOSH Australia (University of Ballarat). The Tree Felling Safety
Group (TFSG) was formed as a result of this work to promote health and safety in forestry, arboriculture and urban tree industries.
The TFSG includes representatives from industry, local government, unions and
WorkSafe Victoria – the operational name for the health and safety arm of the
Victorian WorkCover Authority. The Group is keen to see potential solutions implemented to help to prevent death and serious injury involving tree workers.
The development of this guidance material was a TFSG initiative. The result is a practical and user-friendly guide produced by industry representatives that aims to improve workers’ awareness and understanding of common hazards, risks and safety requirements, while assisting employers to meet their legal obligations.
I urge everyone working in the amenity tree industry to use this booklet as a constant reference point, particularly supervisors and team leaders.

Hon Bob Cameron MP
Minister for WorkCover
July 2001

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Acknowledgments
This booklet was prepared by the amenity tree working party as part of the Forestry and Amenity Tree Work Project to develop practical occupational health and safety guidance material for use in the Victorian amenity tree industry.
The working party acted as the primary reference group for development of the material. Members represented a range of stakeholders dedicated to improving health and safety in forestry operations and without their participation, this project would not have been possible.
The final document is a testament to the time and effort of committed individuals involved in this important collaborative project.
Members of the working party were:
Victorian WorkCover Authority

Katrina Hansen (project manager)

Asplundh Tree Expert (Australia)

Richard Forrester

Australian Services Union
(MEU/Private Sector Branch)

Rod Saunders

Electrical Trades Union

Allan Mulvena & Darren Reiley

International Society of Arboriculture
– Australian Chapter / Banyule City Council

David Balsamo

Office of the Chief Electrical Inspector

Phil Lilley & Kingsley East

Sherbrooke Tree Service

Graeme McMahon

Taylors Complete Tree & Stump Removal

Stephen Hawkless

Victorian WorkCover Authority

Jennifer Chellew
Barry Naismith/Melissa Branagh

Consultants to the project

Rob Smyth/Bryan Bottomley

In addition to working party members, many other people contributed to the development of this guidance material, largely as a result of industry consultation sessions held in November/December 2000 and March 2001.
Special thanks to Stephen Fitzgerald, Gary Harding, Phil Kenyon and Trevor Lawrence for their contributions.
It is important that this guidance material is not regarded as being ‘set in concrete’.
Practices change over time and you are encouraged to provide comments to the
Victorian WorkCover Authority on how this document can be revised and improved.

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Contents

Introduction
What is ‘amenity tree work’? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
What does this guidance material cover? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Who is this guidance material for? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
How is the guidance material organised? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
What do the symbols used in the guide mean? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1. Setting up
1.1

Building a system for health and safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.2

Understanding responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.3

Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.4

The right people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.5

Readiness for work checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.6

The right equipment and facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.7

Preparing the work site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2. Operational hazards of tree work
2.1

Tree integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.2

Climbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.3

Working near power lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.4

Managing traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.5

Safe use of plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.6

Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

2.7

Manual handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2.8

Hazardous substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

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3. Common hazards of outdoor work
3.1

Heat and cold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3.2

Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.3

UV radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.4

Insects, animals and plant allergies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4. Maintaining a safe and healthy operation
4.1

Rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

4.2

First aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

4.3

Documenting your OHS system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

4.4

Paperwork guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

5. Putting what you have read to use
5.1

Writing a work procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

5.2

Creating a hazard inspection checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

5.3

Holding a crew meeting to discuss OHS issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Training and training resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Relevant legislation and technical standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4

46

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Introduction
What is ‘amenity tree work’?
Amenity tree work covers all tree work (maintenance and removal) except for commercial forestry and maintenance of commercial fruit trees. Trimming trees in parks, removing branches near houses, clearing fallen trees after storms, planting, cabling and bracing – all of these are examples of amenity tree work. The amenity tree industry includes arborists, tree loppers, landscapers and council workers.

What does this guidance material cover?
Fatalities and serious injuries occur in the amenity tree industry every year.
This guidance material aims to assist you to take action to prevent work-related injury, illness or death.
This guide provides advice on setting up your operation so that you can work safely all the time. This means having the right systems of work, the right people and the right equipment. Guidance is provided on key practices within the amenity tree industry and common hazards of tree work. Examples included throughout the guide are designed to give you a starting point for building your own health and safety plans.
This guidance material should be used in conjunction with relevant legislation.
At the back of the guide, you will find some of the key regulations, codes of practice and standards that you should be familiar with.

Who is this guidance material for?
This guidance material is for all people involved in amenity tree work: self-employed people, employers and workers. Different roles are discussed to provide a guide to managing safe operations in planning and in practice.
Under the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1985, employees include elected health and safety representatives who have a range of powers to facilitate occupational health and safety. Where practicable, employers must consult with health and safety representatives on matters which may affect the health and safety of workers.
Existing businesses will be able to use this booklet to check and, if necessary, improve their current health and safety practices. If you are new to the industry, the guidance material will help you to identify what is required to manage the hazards associated with this type of work.
This guidance material may also be used by WorkSafe Victoria inspectors when assessing work sites and practices.

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How is the guidance material organised?
The guidance material consists of four main sections:
• Setting up
Planning and organising to ensure you have done everything you can to reduce risks before you start any job.
• Operational hazards of tree work
Key operational hazards including tree integrity, climbing, working near power lines, use of plant and equipment, noise, traffic and manual handling.
• Common hazards of outdoor work
Common hazards that could affect anyone working in the open
e.g. heat and cold, UV radiation, working alone, fatigue, insects and animals.
• Maintaining a safe and healthy operation
Facilities, equipment and procedures required for conditions likely to be experienced on the job and preparation for potential emergencies.

What do the symbols used in the guide mean?
A guide to the particular topic with examples to illustrate

Health and safety procedures that should be followed

Checklists to help you establish and maintain a safe system of work

Legislation that applies to amenity tree work

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1. Setting up
Preparation and planning are essential before amenity tree work begins.
Thorough planning results in systems of work which help to ensure that things happen by design and not by accident.

1.1 Building a system for health and safety

➜

OM
FR

Planning

PU
TI
NT
O

Responsibilities clear
All workers competent and fit for work
Training and information provided System for site and job assessment every time
Suitable plant, equipment and
PPE provided
Emergency preparations made

PR
E
TIC
AC

LE
AR
N

This guidance material provides examples of how employers can meet the requirements for managing hazards. The diagram below highlights the systematic approach. These themes will be repeated as you read through the guide.

➜

Preparedness

fe System
Sa

Amenities
First aid
Emergency procedures – rehearsed rescue drill
Incident management
Reporting and recording

➜

Review incidents, near misses and safety issues with workers

Assess suitability of methods and equipment
Identify hazardous activities, assess and control risks
Restrict entry to exclusion zones
Follow safe working procedures
Maintain communication
Continually check for hazards

O

IT H

Check all gear and PPE

W

RT

SP

W

➜

Harness and climbing ropes
Hearing and eye protection
Safety helmets
Gloves
Boots
Cut resistant trousers
High visibility vests

IT H

Personal protection

RE
ND

o f Wo r k

Procedures

P
SU

PO

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1.2 Understanding responsibilities
Under the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1985, employers have a responsibility to provide a safe and healthy workplace. Employees have a responsibility to follow procedures and to cooperate with their employer in making the workplace safe.

The hazardous nature of amenity tree work increases the importance of understanding health and safety responsibilities.
Direct supervision is difficult on a work site where people are doing different jobs under pressure. There is a heavy reliance on individuals to look after themselves and to look out for others. However, the employer has ultimate responsibility for management of the workplace and what happens there. For this reason, activities must be backed up by a system of work that clearly defines accountabilities for managing hazards and the way the work is done.
Look at the breakdown of jobs in your business and make sure you have identified who will set up and monitor each job so that it can be completed safely.
The Responsibilities guide (on page 9) illustrates some key health and safety responsibilities. It provides examples of the actions that will result when accountabilities for managing work safely are clear.

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Responsibilities guide
Responsible party

Employer
e.g. a company that employs a number of crews performing different jobs under the direction of team leaders or supervisors;

Typical occupational health and safety (OHS) responsibilities

Examples of action that will result

Ensure that workers can operate
Exclusion zones are determined; safely in the work area, and that others signs, barriers and traffic control are excluded from the work zone are in place before work commences

a self-employed person who has engaged a ground crew for a single job

Employee
e.g. a ground worker using a chainsaw, feeding the chipper and clearing up around the drop area

Workers are instructed in hazards and risk controls; new workers are inducted; supervision arrangements are clear

Provide safe plant and safe systems of work; encourage workers to report, tag and remove faulty plant or equipment

Plant and equipment are maintained according to schedule; safe working procedures have been developed and are communicated

Manage specific hazards

or

Provide information, instruction, training and supervision

All work-related hazards are known; risks are assessed and action is taken to safeguard workers

Do not wilfully place self or others at risk

Employer’s safe working procedures are followed in all appropriate circumstances Use plant and equipment as trained and instructed

Personal protective equipment (PPE) provided by employer is used at all appropriate times

Notify relevant personnel if you become aware of any unsafe workplace situation, incident or near miss during work operations

Faulty plant or equipment is reported, tagged and removed from use until repaired or replaced

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1.3 Communication
Communication is vital for safety. In particular, a climber working in a tree must be able to communicate with others in the tree and those on the ground.
Ground workers in turn must be able to easily alert a person working at height to any problem that arises during work operations.
Your planning must include identification of possible hazards and assessment of the potential risks to workers and the public.

Communication
Operations where communication is critical

Factors which can make communication difficult

Communication between two workers in the same tree

Noise from machinery (chainsaws, chippers) If noise prevents oral communication, pre-arrange clear hand signals for different operations

Two-way communication between climber and ground crew (e.g. when a branch is about to be lowered)

Obscured visibility (e.g. view of climber is obscured by canopy or fog)

Use whistles to signal ‘Clear’ or ‘Stop’

Communication between ground crew members doing different jobs
(e.g. feeding chipper, clearing branches, managing traffic)

Noise from machinery and/or distance between ground crew members Stop noisy machinery while critical operations are taking place (e.g. stop chipper while felling the top out of a tree)

Possible solutions (risk controls)

Use two-way radios (e.g. where vehicle traffic must be halted and spotters cannot see each other)
Communication with members of the public to ensure work area
(exclusion zone) remains clear

Members of public (e.g. drivers, householders) are unaware of risks which are out of sight

Ground crew member (not otherwise active) may be assigned to undertake a ‘public liaison’ role until work is completed The dangers of working alone
There are a number of significant risks associated with working alone. For all amenity tree operations other than initial assessment of a job, tasks should be organised in a way that ensures workers are never required to work alone.

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1.4 The right people
Tree work should be carried out by people with the right skills and experience, and an understanding of safe work practices.
The tasks assigned to each member of your crew must take into account their competence to carry out the work. You should consider their:
✔ experience
✔ familiarity with the specific task
✔ understanding of the hazards
✔ competence with plant and equipment
✔ familiarity with other workers (and their work methods)
✔ training background.
This checklist can be used as a starting point to determine which of your workers are ‘the right people’ for a particular job. If you realise that a required skill or competency is lacking, you should take steps to provide the worker with adequate training and information.

• Review your crew’s skills. Do they have appropriate licences where needed? Are they competent to work safely, particularly where new equipment or different work methods are being used?
• Have your workers have been trained in:
– all work methods relevant to their job?
– safe operation of plant and equipment?
– use and maintenance of protective gear?
– emergency procedures, tree rescue, first aid arrangements?
• Have you outlined your expectations and rules for workers in relation to:
– fitness and readiness for work?
– the need to follow safe working procedures developed for different situations?
– the need to advise of any medical problem (or prescription) which may affect their performance on a given day?
– use of alcohol and drugs that may put individuals and their co-workers at risk (and the steps you will take if individuals present in an impaired state)?
– bullying or aggressive behaviour?
– expected and realistic work loads?
– reporting incidents and unsafe situations or practices?

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1.5 Readiness for work checklist
All workers must be trained. Even if they are being employed only on a temporary basis, you must make sure they understand the hazards, know what is required to control the risks, and can do the work safely.
The following checklist provides an overview of key questions which should be asked in regard to the readiness for work of new and existing crew members.

Readiness for work
Training
Does the crew have the competencies relevant to the particular job/s they will perform?
Do workers have all required licences?
Are they current?
Has training been provided on use and maintenance of equipment?
Has training been provided on use and maintenance of personal protective equipment (PPE)?
Has training been provided on first aid and emergency procedures?
Fitness for work
Has information on expectations about fitness and readiness for work been provided to employees?
Are you satisfied that employees are physically and medically fit to do the work they are assigned?
Have you clearly explained your policy on alcohol and drug use, and the procedures that will apply if a worker breaches this policy?
Operations
Have you outlined the day’s work plan to all workers?
Have required tasks and related hazards and their solutions been clearly communicated?
Have special arrangements (e.g. exclusion zone, traffic management plan) been explained to all workers?
Does each worker clearly understand his/her health and safety responsibilities? Has information on reporting unsafe situations or practices been provided to employees?

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Yes No

Comments

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Readiness for work

Yes No

Comments

Selection of appropriate equipment (including PPE)
Are provided plant and equipment suitable for the jobs to be performed?
Has all plant (e.g. elevating work platforms (EWPs), cranes) including hired equipment been checked prior to use to ensure they will function safely and as required?
Have chainsaws been serviced in accordance with manufacturers’ specifications?
Has required climbing gear been checked prior to each use?
Have you selected and provided PPE taking into account the tasks to be performed, related hazards, and the user’s needs and physical characteristics?
Has new PPE been discussed with users and fitted accordingly? Emergency preparedness
Are first aid arrangements (trained first aiders, kits) adequate for the work site and the planned operations?
Do your first aid arrangements cater for employees with known allergies or medical conditions?
Are all crew members familiar with emergency communication plans and contact numbers?
Is there a direct means of communication with emergency services?
Consultation and problem solving
Have you organised any crew meetings to enable employee input into management of health and safety issues?
Have you discussed reporting of unsafe conditions or practices (e.g. heat, fatigue) with employees?

Readiness for work: training is essential and the employer should confirm that workers are competent to complete the jobs they will be given.

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1.6 The right equipment and facilities
Safe (and efficient) tree work relies heavily on workers having the right plant and equipment. Your initial planning must match the job with the right plant, hand tools and personal protective equipment (PPE).
If weather conditions are likely to present problems, or if work is to be performed where ready access to facilities is not available, planning must consider required amenities such as drinking water or other fluids, and shelter or temporary shade for break periods.
• Select the right plant and equipment for the type of work. Consider:
– species, size and condition of tree(s)
– the operation required i.e. felling, trimming
– whether available plant and equipment is suitable and in satisfactory working order
– the possible need to upgrade the plant or to hire different equipment appropriate for the job
– proximity of power lines, buildings or other trees
– potential difficulties related to entering or climbing the tree
– possible access problems for elevating work platforms
• Check the PPE provided and ensure that:
– it is suitable to control risks
– all types of protective gear are up to date and meet required standards
(see page 47)
– all PPE (helmets, hearing protection etc.) has been checked and is free from damage e.g. excessive wear
– all climbing equipment and hardware is compatible
– all climbing equipment and hardware has been tested. (In addition to daily site checks you should have a maintenance schedule for thorough testing and servicing as per the manufacturer’s instructions e.g. every two years)
– new protective equipment is discussed with workers and suitably fitted
• Decide which amenities should be provided, such as:
– drinking water
– washing facilities (particularly if chemicals are used)
– shelter and protection from temperature extremes
– portable toilets if access to permanent toilet facilities presents difficulties
• Check emergency preparedness including:
– first aid (trained first aider, first aid kit)
– tree rescue procedure (known and practised)
– emergency communication and contacts
– work location address (known to all crew members)
• Hold regular crew meetings* before or after jobs to consult on safety issues and to resolve any problems. Consider:
– the need for further information or training
– the need for additional or different equipment/PPE
– working conditions (e.g. heat, fatigue)
– unsafe conditions or practices
* Guidance on page 44 explains how you can make these meetings an integral part of the way you manage health and safety.
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Helmet, eye and ear protection

High visibility vest Gloves

Cut resistant trousers Steel-capped boots WORKING SAFELY WITH TREES

1.7 Preparing the work site
There are a number of things that must be considered on site when preparing for a job. You may develop your own checklists or site assessment sheets to ensure that nothing is overlooked. The checklist below covers some of the important factors that should be built into your preparation plan.

• Know your work plan
– Can the job be performed from the ground?
– If the job requires climbing, have the climber and crew gone over the work plan before climbing begins?
– If an elevating work platform (EWP) is to be used, do all workers know their jobs and emergency arrangements?
– Have relevant authorities (e.g. power company, local government) been notified in work situations where this is required?

Your pre-work check should include a visual inspection of all climbing equipment, including ropes.

Cuts
Bulging

Narrowing

Fraying

• Inspect the site
– Have you identified all hazards? Is there anything unexpected that will require you to change your work plan?
– Have you inspected the tree for any condition that could create risk?
– If felling, have you considered the path of the tree and its impact point?
What, if any, damage could occur?
– Are there buildings, installations or equipment nearby (e.g. fence, parked cars) which will impact on the work area?
– Does the weather present any problems? In high wind, steady rain or poor light, work should not commence until you have assessed the risks and determined that it is safe to proceed.
• Check that everything is in place
– Has equipment been placed in a location that will minimise risk to workers and others i.e. pedestrians, householders, motorists?
– Has an exclusion zone* been established to isolate the work area from members of the public?
– Are all required signs and barricades in place?
• Check all equipment and gear
– Do you have everything required for the job?
– Is all gear in good condition?
* The exclusion zone is the area in which all hazardous aspects of a job are performed. This is not the same as a ‘No Go Zone’, which is established to ensure that limits of approach to power lines, poles and fittings are not breached (see page 20).

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2. Operational hazards of tree work
2.1 Tree integrity
The integrity of a tree is critical to the safety of those working on or around it.
Every tree must be inspected before work begins to determine whether it can be climbed safely, or whether other work methods must be used.
The illustration below shows many of the conditions which could result in serious risk if they are not identified prior to starting work.

Is the crown leaning heavily?
Is the crown concealing nests or insect colonies?
Are branches intruding from other trees nearby?
Are there vines or creepers in the crown?

Are there any dead or diseased branches?

Are nails, wire or spikes embedded in the tree?

What is the tree species?
What special consideration must be given to it?

Is the tree stable in the ground?

Tree inspection – what risks might be present?

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Inspecting the tree for unsafe conditions
Employees should be trained to identify the hazards which individual trees may present. The checklist below provides examples of what an inspection may reveal.
(Note: this should not be used in place of appropriate training).
Inspect

What to watch for

Tree species and age

Different species have different characteristics.
Some species are more likely to sustain branch failure when under load (e.g. willows, poplars)

Health of the tree

Is the tree alive or dead?
Is the tree stable in the ground?
Diseased branches may give way under load and dead branches may break and fall during climbing or while other branches are being trimmed

Condition of the crown

Is the crown leaning heavily in one direction?
This may create a risk when felling or trimming
Are there loose or hung-up branches, vines or creepers, fungal or fruiting growths, nests or insect colonies present in the crown? Trimming may dislodge hung-up branches or foreign bodies, or disturb possums’ nests or insect colonies, placing the climber and the crew below at risk. Vines or creepers can also mask structural defects, rot or nests in the crown. These factors may also create problems in locating suitable tie-in points if climbing is required

Decay at the base of the tree, in the trunk or in branch forks

The tree may split or collapse when climbed or when weight is placed on its limbs

Objects embedded in the tree

Wire, nails or spikes may be embedded in the trunk or branches. These are hazardous if a chainsaw makes contact during trimming or section felling operations and could result in ‘kickback’

Proximity of other trees

Branches from adjacent trees which intrude into the crown or body of the tree may cause trimmed branches to become lodged or ‘hung up’. Trying to free such branches may create risk

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2.2 Climbing
Is there a safer way of performing the work without climbing? You should consider the use of EWPs wherever practicable. Prevention of falls is preferable to the use of devices such as fall arrest systems, whose purpose is to limit injury when a fall occurs. If it is decided that climbing is the most appropriate method of accessing the work area, the skills and competence of the climber and the procedures followed by people on the ground become critical to safety.
In most situations, there will be only one climber in a tree. If two climbers are required, communication is vital to ensure that each is aware of the other’s position while work progresses. Climbers should always try to work at about the same height in the tree and must remain in sight of each other.
At no time should one climber ever work directly above the other.
Your standard work practices should include:
• Provision of climbing equipment, clothing and protective gear
– Use equipment rated and/or assembled by rated agencies.
– Wear helmet, boots, cut resistant trousers, eye and ear protection in accordance with your risk assessment.
– Remove jewellery before climbing.
– Check climbing ropes, lanyards, harness and karabiners before climbing
e.g. run ropes through your hand.
– Ensure that a second set of climbing gear has been checked and is available for rescue purposes.

Stay attached to the tree at all times; seek a high tie-in point.

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• Working position
– Stay attached to the tree (or a safe belay) at all times.
– Test any limbs you are not sure about.
– Ensure primary anchor points are ‘bomb-proof ’.
– Use appropriate techniques (i.e. high tie-in point, use of secondary line to prevent pendulum effect) according to the needs of the job and the risks assessed.
– When the work is complete, descend slowly.
• Climbing and chainsaws
– Stabilise your position before cutting.
– Ensure that you have a second point of attachment (in case you accidentally sever the primary rope).
– Wherever possible, hold the chainsaw with both hands (including small saws).
– Wherever possible, operate the chainsaw only below shoulder level.
– Apply the chain brake when leaving the saw running.

Wherever possible hold the chainsaw with both hands during operation.

• Communication
– Climbers and ground crew must maintain constant communication – through sight and sound where practicable.
– Ground crew must maintain an exclusion zone at all times while work is in progress.
– Climbers and ground crew (spotter/observer) must monitor clearance limits if there are power lines nearby.

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2.3 Working near power lines
Electricity presents one of the most serious hazards in tree work. It is essential to assess the proximity of power lines to the work area before determining your safest approach.
There is no margin for error when working near power lines and poles.
The limits of approach must be known by workers and observed at all times.

Limits of approach for non-authorised persons
Unless a tree worker is authorised* the following restrictions must be observed
,
at all times:

Elevating work platforms
The ‘No Go Zone’ (see below) prohibits an elevating work platform (EWP) from approaching within three metres on either side of power lines on poles, and within five metres below the power lines (from the top of the bucket of the EWP).
A competent spotter must be employed to observe all work that will occur between three metres and 6.4 metres away from power lines.

No Go Zone

*An ‘authorised’ person is one who has completed a training course (most courses are approximately two days’ duration) which specifically addresses work involving vegetation near power lines and limits of approach). The course must be approved by the Office of the Chief Electrical Inspector (OCEI).

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Climbers
If any part of a tree branch is within two metres of overhead power lines (see below) there must be no physical contact with the branch. This means the worker must not climb a tree growing within two metres of power lines, or cut any branch that may come within two metres of power lines as a result of the work.
The climber must not allow any equipment he/she is using (e.g. pole pruner, flip line) to come within two metres of power lines.

No work may take place above high voltage lines.
If any part of a tree is within two metres of power lines, the tree must not be climbed.
Climber’s equipment (e.g. pole pruners, clip lines) must not come within two metres of lines.

Your spotter (safety observer) must be competent to observe and warn against breaching the limits of working near overhead power lines. The spotter must be briefed to perform only this job while the work is carried out. If traffic control is required, the workers concerned should have completed training in road traffic management. It is important to ensure that all training is current, and that workers have completed
‘refresher’ training where necessary.

Trees or branches contacting power lines
While it is illegal to work on trees where they (or their branches) may fall on power lines, it is important to know what action to take if a branch or tree comes into contact with the line, whether through pruning, wind, storm or other damage.
When this situation arises, do not touch any part of the branch or tree.
If any part of a branch is touching wires, the entire branch may be ‘live’, including the leaves. Contact with any part of it may result in electric shock, burns or electrocution.
Immediately contact the electricity distribution company and keep all persons clear of the area while waiting for assistance.

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Working near power lines – who has responsibilities?
Work near power lines involves: People

What must be done?

Who is responsible?

Workers must be appropriately trained and instructed

The employer – must ensure that all workers have been trained for the jobs they will perform
Workers – are responsible for following required safe practices and procedures

Planning and preparation The employer or supervisor must assess the job and make provision for shut down or suppression if needed, or use of EWP if required

Limits of approach must be observed at all times

The employer must ensure that all workers know the required safe work practices.
The job supervisor must monitor the work.
Workers must follow required safety procedures

A trained spotter (safety observer) must be present for all work in the vicinity of power lines

The employer must make provision for a spotter
The job supervisor must ensure that the spotter is in position before work begins

Pedestrians and vehicles must be warned of work taking place.
Arrangements must be made to separate the work area from members of the public

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The employer or supervisor must assess potential risks in consultation with the health and safety representative. The presence of power lines will impact on the training required, the equipment and the approach to the work

Each job must be assessed for proximity to power lines
(including underground lines)
Safe work practices

Process of identifying hazards, assessing risks and risk control must be carried out

The employer must arrange traffic management where necessary. Trained workers must control traffic (vehicle and pedestrian)

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The right approach to work near power lines – initial planning
Many potential safety problems can be minimised by planning. Your initial planning will help to determine what people, equipment and facilities are required to complete each job safely.
Work near power lines involves the same process of identifying hazards and assessing risks described elsewhere in this guidance material. However, there are some issues specific to power lines that you must take into account.

• Make sure you know the location of power lines when planning the work.
• Carefully estimate distances from power lines before work begins.
You must plan the work with regard to voltage (if authorised), the type of operation and whether your workers are authorised or non-authorised for work near power lines.
• Prohibit work above high voltage lines.
• Hold a crew meeting or ‘job briefing’ to ensure every member of your crew understands the hazard and knows what is required of them to work safely where power lines are present.
• Check that your emergency and first aid arrangements are in place.
• Ensure that your spotter (observer) knows the telephone number of the relevant power authority in case any problem or emergency arises.
• You should use non-conductive equipment (e.g. ladders, pole saw handles).
• Provide workers working in the vicinity of live power lines with non-synthetic clothing.
• Treat all lines and fixtures connected to poles as ‘live’ AT ALL TIMES.
Remember that lines are still ‘live’ when suppression of auto-reclose protection has been provided.
• Where shutdown of power is necessary, permission must be sought from the distribution company. Close approach to the line, if permitted, will be detailed on a permit.

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The right approach to work near power lines – working safely
To conduct a safe operation, you must provide workers with the right skills and experience, and a sound understanding of what is required to work safely.
All tree workers, including ground crew and spotters/observers, must be familiar with and follow basic safe work practices (see below) when work is carried out near power lines.

• Conduct a check, before work begins, to ensure that nothing has changed since the initial assessment of the job.
• Reschedule the job when climbing is required for tree work in the vicinity of power lines and the weather is wet or windy. Gauging limits of approach may be difficult in these conditions and the job should NOT proceed.
• Ensure that climbers – and their equipment – NEVER breach the limits of approach which apply to them.
• Ensure that climbers and workers in EWPs understand that body clearance distances include any equipment held in hand.
• Flip lines/pole belts should not be wire cored when working in the vicinity of live power lines.
• Set climbing ropes with regard for the possibility of pendulum swings which could result in the climber (or equipment) contacting power lines.
• Ensure that workers do not work above high voltage lines.
• Ensure branches being removed do not come within two metres of power lines.
• Set lowering ropes so that cut limbs will travel AWAY from power lines when lowered.
• ‘Cut and hold’ techniques for branch removal should not be used without an assessment to determine whether the length or weight of the branch may make it difficult to control, which could result in breach of approach limits.

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2.4 Managing traffic
Traffic includes more than just motor vehicles. In order to maintain your exclusion zone and to keep members of the public at a safe distance, you may, at various times, also need to manage the movement of pedestrians, bicycles, skateboards, scooters and wheelchairs.
Working in the vicinity of children also presents traffic management problems that must be carefully considered. Work at or near child care centres, kindergartens or schools may need to be scheduled for times when the facilities are not attended.
It is not enough merely to erect signs and to assume that they will be observed by others.

Keeping traffic clear of the exclusion zone
• If any tree operation requires a change of traffic direction or vehicle speed limits, full traffic control is required. This can only be performed by a trained person. Training courses are available for traffic controllers and work site traffic management.
• If ‘Stop’ or ‘Slow’ signs are required, traffic controllers must be trained in traffic management and must be able to communicate with one another without difficulty. Two-way radios are necessary if workers cannot see each other.
• Crews must be provided with appropriate signs and barriers that meet the requirements of Australian Standard AS 1742.3. Field guides are available from
Standards Australia for traffic control in different work situations on roads.
• Traffic must be given sufficient warning. The principal purpose of signs is to alert members of the public to a hazard ahead. Signs help to protect workers and members of the public.
• Barriers should be used to direct traffic (vehicle and pedestrian) around or past a work site.
• Responsible crew members must monitor the position of signs and barriers throughout the day to ensure that they remain appropriate, particularly if the location or nature of the work changes.
• Ground workers must remain watchful for entry into the exclusion zone by pedestrians, children or animals.
Signs alone will not remove the potential for harm.

Commonly used signs
TRAFFIC
HAZARD
AHEAD

STOP

SLOW

PEDESTRIANS
PEDESTRIANS

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2.5 Safe use of plant and equipment
Machinery most commonly used in amenity tree work includes chainsaws, chippers and EWPs. Each can potentially cause death or serious injury.
Plant and equipment must be safe for use. All plant must be guarded as far as is practicable. Operator competence is critical, as is the selection and maintenance of every item used.
When assessing safety risks associated with plant and equipment in use, always consider the worst case scenario. If there is a possibility of serious injury or worse, you must consider the plant as high risk equipment and take action to reduce the risks as a matter of priority.

Chainsaws
Crew members should not be allowed to operate chainsaws until they have demonstrated competence.
At ground level, chainsaws should not be drop started – always start them on the ground or between the legs. When working in a tree, drop starting is necessary but the saw should be ‘warmed up’ on the ground first. Use the right saw for the job.
For light trimming, a heavy chainsaw places unnecessary strain on forearms and back.

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Chainsaw safety principles
• ‘Kickback’ occurs when the upper part of the bar tip of the guide bar contacts a log or another object. You will not have time to react if this happens. Use a good working position, a functioning inertia chain brake and a properly sharpened chain to reduce the risks of danger.
• Maintain a secure position to prevent the chainsaw from moving unpredictably during cutting. If your body is stable and secure, you have far more control over the chainsaw.
• Chainsaws place considerable strain on arms and back – the further from your body, the greater the strain. There are a number of safe techniques which you should use according to the work situation. It is essential that employers provide appropriate operator training to ensure that employees know how to work safely.
• You should always use two hands. You may be tempted to operate your chainsaw with one hand to cut a branch at arm’s length, but this is not a safe practice.
• Maintain safe working distances between operators e.g. when more than one worker is crosscutting. Assess the risks each time.
• Chainsaw maintenance is important. Sharpen the saw and ensure that the chain is correctly tensioned to reduce the likelihood of mishap.

‘Kickback’ occurs when the tip of the guidebar contacts an object.

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Chippers
While use of chippers is integral to amenity tree work, they present a constant hazard when in operation, with the potential for serious injury or death if operators become entangled or if material is thrown back during feeding.
To reduce the risk of injury or death:
• guard the chipper’s drives and v-belts to prevent entanglement
• make sure the chipper has a functional braking system
• clearly mark controls and describe their function
• ensure that controls are readily accessible so that the chipper can be shut down instantly if a problem occurs
• ensure that the chipper has an emergency stop button
Chipper knives and rollers must undergo frequent maintenance. Without regular rotation and sharpening of blades, workers may be forced to push – rather than feed – material into the chipper.
All workers must know the size limits of material which can be fed into the chipper and must be able to recognise the risks of material becoming lodged or being thrown back. Chainsaws must never be used to cut material in the infeed chute.
You must have a safe system in place for clearing any blockage in the throat of the chipper. This will involve disabling the conveyor or infeed rollers while material blocking the chipper is removed.
All workers must follow noise protection measures and wear hearing protection suitable to the noise level when the chipper is in operation. Workers should never operate a chipper alone. All chipper activity should be performed by a crew of at least two workers.
Clear up debris as you go. The build-up of this material creates a tripping and slipping hazard and makes feeding the chipper more hazardous.
Beware of inadvertently feeding stones or other objects into the chipper.
Any remaining leaves and twigs may need to be removed by trailer.

Stump grinders
Stump grinders generate hazards for workers and others nearby. Work must be appropriately isolated to prevent injury from flying material.
Erecting a protective screen around the stump is an essential preventative measure, but this will not protect the operator so appropriate PPE must be considered.
Noise generated by this operation may also place other workers at risk.
Your risk assessment must therefore take into account all workers in the vicinity.
The grinder itself, and the size, shape or position of the stump, can lead to difficulties in positioning and operating the machine. Consider manual handling aspects of the job. Proper maintenance will help to reduce the force needed to operate the grinder and the vibration experienced by the operator.
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Elevating work platforms (EWPs)
EWPs should only be set up under stable conditions. If the slope or ground conditions are unsuitable, other options must be considered.
Use of an EWP requires a licensed operator (if boom length is 11 metres or more).
A spotter/observer who performs this function must be competent. Workers who perform traffic control must be appropriately trained.
Workers operating from EWP buckets must wear full body harnesses.
Harnesses must comply with relevant standards (see Relevant legislation and technical standards on page 47).
The basic steps below provide a guide to safely managing work from an EWP.

A basic EWP operation checklist
• Do operators have a current licence to operate an EWP (if the maximum boom length is 11 metres or more)?
• Have spotters/observers have been appropriately trained and are they aware of site hazards (e.g. overhead power lines) and the work plan?
• Have you checked the EWP prior to use? Is there a maintenance record?
Have you put in place a basic inspection process? Are crew members familiar with this process and are you confident they will follow it?
• Have you checked safety harnesses?
Have these been provided for each person who will be elevated?
• Do all crew members know the emergency arrangements?
Is the EWP equipped with emergency descent equipment?
• Have you assessed the site for unstable ground (i.e. recently filled excavations) or soft surfaces?
Note: to ensure stability you may need to create a flat, even surface
e.g. place timber beneath the outrigger pads.
• Look up – are there power lines or other overhead services, nearby structures or other trees? Have you considered these in planning the job and use of the EWP?
• Are all required signs, barriers and traffic control arrangements in place?
• Do you always chock wheels and apply the brake when the EWP is in position?
• Does the operator have all necessary equipment, tools and PPE?
• Do you continually watch for hazards – above and below – while the EWP is in operation? The spotter/observer must not be given any other tasks during operation.
• Have you locked the basket to the carrier, and retracted and locked the outriggers on completion? Have all shut down procedures been carried out?

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Hazards add up and create bigger risks
The combined effect of other hazards can increase risks faced by plant operators.
For example, heat, noise and fatigue combined could affect a chainsaw operator’s concentration, causing a decline in attention to safety.

Noise
Reduces ability to hear overhead falling objects or verbal warnings
May increase fatigue Makes routine communication with other workers difficult

Fatigue

Heat

Reduces physical ability to operate chainsaw safely

Requires increased physical effort to operate chainsaw or feed chipper

Reduces concentration and may impair judgement

Can lead to heat stress if symptoms are not recognised

Manual handling Awkward or prolonged working postures increase the risk of musculoskeletal damage Dragging, lifting or throwing branches may result in injury

The information provided here is basic and provides examples only of the cumulative effect of hazards. More detailed guidance can be obtained from hazard-specific codes of practice and booklets.

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2.6 Noise
Hearing loss caused by long-term exposure to excessive noise cannot be reversed.
Noise in amenity tree work often reaches levels where action must be taken to reduce it, or to limit worker exposure.
To reduce risks, purchase the quietest plant and equipment available. Employers should request information about noise levels from suppliers and consider this information prior to purchase.
Regular equipment maintenance and appropriate organisation of tasks and rest breaks will also help to reduce noise levels. Hearing protection will be required for many operations, but there are other measures to limit noise that you should examine first.
The table below can be used to help employers to identify noise hazards.
A risk assessment must be carried out to determine exposure if noise potentially exceeds these levels.
Maximum daily exposure without likely hearing loss

Noise level (example)

8 hours

85 dB (A)

The level at which a person must raise their voice to be heard 300 mm away

4 hours
2 hours
1 hour

88 dB (A)
91 dB (A)
94 dB (A)

Noise levels found inside cabs of most heavy trucks

30 minutes
15 minutes
8 minutes

97 dB (A)
100 dB (A)
103 dB (A)

Noise levels found in the proximity of high revving heavy machinery

4 minutes
2 minutes
1 minute
30 seconds

106 dB (A)
109 dB (A)
112 dB (A)
115 dB (A)

Levels to which operators of petrol driven chainsaws are exposed (without hearing hearing protection)

Source: based on NZ Arboriculture Code of Practice 1994

This table shows that significant noise attenuation is required for most amenity tree work. The level of hearing protection must be adequate to overcome risks created by particular plant and specific jobs.

Employers must arrange audiometric testing for workers who may be at risk of exposure to noise. The Occupational Health and Safety (Noise) Regulations 1992 set out the requirements for hearing tests and for reducing exposure to noise.

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2.7 Manual handling
Manual handling injuries include those sustained as a result of lifting, pushing, pulling, grabbing, holding, reaching or carrying objects.
Manual handling injuries often develop gradually over time, and damage may become apparent suddenly through a particular action which results in back, neck or shoulder pain.
Amenity tree work involves many manual handling tasks and the type of work varies frequently. Handling log wood carries a significant risk of back strain, crushing and pinching injuries.
Exposure to sustained hand-arm vibration can occur when using a chainsaw.
Plant and equipment that operate with minimum vibration should be considered when purchasing.
The Occupational Health and Safety (Manual Handling) Regulations 1999 and
Code of Practice – Manual Handling 2000 provide a systematic approach to managing manual handling problems.
You must eliminate or, as far as practicable, reduce risks of injury. Plan each job with its manual handling tasks in mind. Do not depend on individual workers to compensate for poor planning of tasks.
For example
The use of hydraulic cranes, bobcats or trolleys to move heavy logs will reduce the risk of injury. Cutting fallen material to a size and weight which can be safely lifted and carried will further limit the potential for harm.
For larger cut sections, you may introduce a ‘team lift’ policy that stipulates that two or more people are required to lift the material.

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Solving manual handling problems
• When purchasing, look for vehicles, plant and equipment that meet ergonomic design principles and standards to reduce risks to operators.
• Consult with employees and health and safety representatives at all stages.
• Reassess work practices when you introduce new equipment or employ different work methods.
• Ensure hand held items of plant such as chainsaws are well maintained to allow for the most efficient and least strenuous cutting.
• Adjust existing vibration dampening mechanisms regularly and ensure that vibration is covered in regular servicing of equipment.
• Rotate operators through different tasks where practicable to minimise repetitive actions and postures or vibration hazards.
• Plan for regular breaks and rest periods.
• Where practicable, ensure working areas are clear of obstacles to minimise awkward working postures.
• Assess difficult tasks (e.g. moving branches) and reduce the load where possible e.g. cut branches to a smaller size.
• If a heavy or awkward load cannot be reduced, direct workers to seek assistance. • Monitor signs/symptoms of manual handling injury and modify tasks to prevent further damage.

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2.8 Hazardous substances
Herbicides, pesticides and other chemicals such as fuels may be classified as hazardous substances and/or dangerous goods. Where there is a requirement to use a chemical at work, you must be aware of its hazards. Take steps to prevent risk of adverse health effects arising from exposure to chemicals and other risks such as fires or explosions.

The Occupational Health and Safety (Hazardous Substances) Regulations
1999, the Code of Practice – Hazardous Substances 2000, the Dangerous
Goods Act 1985, the Dangerous Goods (Storage and Handling) Regulations
2000 and the Code of Practice – Storage and Handling of Dangerous Goods
2000 provide guidance on how to manage risks associated with handling these and other chemicals.

Important information about hazardous workplace substances can be found in material safety data sheets (MSDSs) and on container labels.

The Occupational Health and Safety (Hazardous Substances) Regulations
1999 require employers to obtain MSDSs, to make them available to workers and to ensure containers are labelled.

Employers also have a duty to ensure that members of the public are not exposed to unacceptable chemical-related risks.
Manufacturers and suppliers of hazardous workplace substances are required by law to provide MSDSs. These will explain:
✔ the toxicity of the chemicals in use
✔ any special precautions for handling, storage and disposal
✔ first aid to be administered in the event of exposure
✔ contact details for the chemical’s manufacturer/supplier
The best way to limit chemicals’ potential to harm workers is to seek out chemicals which present least risk but still do the job. Compare information on MSDSs provided by potential suppliers and choose the safest available substance.

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Workers must have ready access to MSDSs and must be made aware of relevant information contained in MSDSs. Use the points below to communicate information at your crew meetings.

Safe working with hazardous substances
All workers must:
• be familiar with the MSDS and relevant first aid instructions for each chemical they use
• recognise the importance of labelling containers, particularly if chemicals are decanted from large containers to small containers for use on the job
• inform householders (and others in the vicinity) of any operation involving chemicals and prevent their exposure to such operations
• be familiar with the safest ways to handle and use chemicals
e.g. ensure that wind will not cause chemical drift during spraying
• wash thoroughly before eating, drinking or smoking after handling chemicals
• be aware of, and use, the required PPE before handling, pouring or spraying chemicals
• be aware of disposal requirements and use appropriate disposal procedures to protect the community and the environment. e.g. hazardous substances cannot be ‘poured away’ into gutters or drains, or where children or pets could come into contact with them

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3. Common hazards of outdoor work
This section provides guidance on hazards likely to affect all outdoor operations.
These hazards can have both immediate and long term health consequences, and may increase the risk of danger associated with operations detailed in the previous sections of this guide.

3.1 Heat and cold
The effects of heat and cold on the body depend on the way in which several things interact. The environmental factors are:
• air temperature – how hot or cold the surrounding air is
• humidity – the moisture content in the air. Higher humidity will increase the effects of high air temperature
• air movement – including air speed (or wind speed) and air circulation. Increased air movement will reduce the effect of high air temperature and increase the effect of low temperature e.g. wind chill
• radiant heat – heat radiating from the sun, or emitted by plant or a work process
These factors act in combination with the physical condition and capability of the worker, the physical effort required of the worker, and the clothing (including PPE) which the worker is required to wear. Tree work is physically demanding and wearing cut-resistant trousers, boots, hearing and eye protection, and a safety helmet will increase the effects of heat.
Similarly, prolonged periods in cold, wet and windy conditions could increase the effect of fatigue from physical effort and the risk of harmful effects of exposure to cold.
The tendency is always to ‘press on’ to finish a job, rather than to take a break, particularly in emergency situations. But in taxing weather conditions, the safe option is to take regular rest breaks rather than risk the consequences of heat- or cold-related illness.

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Working in hot conditions
• Inform and train workers to recognise symptoms of heat-related illness and to understand the need to drink cool, non-alcoholic fluids.
• Allow workers time to acclimatise to working in heat. This takes several days.
• Make sure workers take frequent rest breaks in hot or humid conditions.
• Provide shade where possible, at least for break periods.
• Provide water and make sure workers drink sufficient amounts to offset the body fluid lost through sweating. One litre per hour may be required in hot and arduous work situations.
• Schedule heavy work and tasks which require use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for cooler times of day.
• Cease work if conditions become unsafe to continue.

Working in cold and wet conditions
• Train workers to be aware of, and recognise, the effects of exposure to cold conditions and the symptoms of cold-related illness.
• Assess the risks that may arise in cold conditions and determine whether workers can continue to perform required tasks safely in such conditions.
• Workers should wear light, loose-fitting layered clothing. A waterproof outer layer will provide protection from rain.
• Provide regular breaks and shelter.
• Cease work if conditions become too cold or wet to continue.

Further information on heat stress is available on the Victorian WorkCover Authority website: www.workcover.vic.gov.au under Publications – ‘Working in Heat’.

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3.2 Fatigue
Physical or mental fatigue can erode a worker’s ability to undertake tasks in a safe manner, increasing risks to health and safety.
In amenity tree work, where many jobs are physically demanding, the ‘heaviest’ jobs are often left until the end of the day. Workers who have climbed and cleared branches throughout the day may find that the trunk of a tree requires cutting up using large chainsaws and sections may then have to be lifted onto a truck or trailer.
The term ‘last cut syndrome’ refers to the practice of pressing on to finish a job in spite of fatigue. The job would be more safely completed the following day when workers are rested.
Physical fatigue can be managed by:
✔ adopting work practices that reduce effort and strain
✔ ensuring that there are enough workers to do the job safely
✔ utilising better designed equipment to reduce physical fatigue
✔ taking breaks to avoid build up of fatigue
✔ fluid replacement and nutritious food
Mental fatigue has been described as a loss of alertness that ends in sleep and is associated with the following factors:
✘ lack of sleep
✘ time of day
✘ work demands (e.g. time on task)

Fatigue
Factors that may increase risk of fatigue include:
• insufficient sleep over a period of days
• delays caused by weather, resulting in an increased work rate and fewer breaks • poor scheduling of work; underestimating the time required to perform a task which results in longer work hours and fewer breaks
• inadequate crew numbers
• emergency work, which requires long (or unusual) working hours to clear trees and limbs e.g. following storm damage

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3.3 UV radiation
UV radiation is a constant threat to outdoor workers. A worker does not need to be feeling the effects of heat to be at risk of the dangers of UV radiation. Similarly, risk from exposure to UV rays on a cool and cloudy day can also be significant.
Employers should provide protective clothing or sunscreen protection, which must be used by workers.
Even in operations where a safety helmet may not be required (such as clearing up when all cutting has ceased), workers should use some form of head covering.
Your procedures for use of PPE should spell out which equipment is deemed mandatory. UV protection should fall in this category.

3.4 Insects, animals and plant allergies
Spiders, bees, wasps, bull ants and other insects are a constant threat to amenity tree workers. A single bee or wasp sting can be fatal in the event of an allergic reaction and some workers may be particularly vulnerable.
Workers may also be susceptible to allergies caused by contact with plants.
Plane trees and grevillea are common species that can cause severe reactions.
Employers and workers should be aware of sensitivities and allergies and these must be accounted for in the emergency planning process.
Climbers in particular risk disturbing insect colonies and are not in a position to take immediate evasive action if attacked.
Your initial assessment of risk should always include an inspection of the tree
(crown, branches, trunk and surrounds) for insect activity.
Possums, birds, cats and rats are also found in trees, and possum or bird nests may be obscured by branches, leaves or creepers.
If there is a likelihood of attack, inform the owner of the tree or the responsible authority. Do not proceed with work until the problem has been addressed.
This may require calling in expert assistance to remove the animals and/or insects.
Your first aid arrangements should cater for animal and insect bites and stings.
Domestic animals, particularly on private premises, can also present a risk to tree workers. Pre-start checklists (conducted at the time of quoting for a job) should consider the presence of animals. Arrangements should be made with owners to ensure animals are kept indoors, clear of the work area and workers.

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4. Maintaining a safe and healthy operation
All crew members must be familiar with emergency procedures, as there are many incidents and situations that could require emergency action.
Rescue and first aid training must form an integral part of your induction program for all new workers. Workers must know your arrangements from day one.

4.1 Rescue
If a climber is injured or overcome, the rescue process should be ‘automatic’. Every worker on site must know what to do and must act according to rescue procedures and without delay. At least two workers in each crew should be trained in aerial rescue.
All climbers must know how to perform a tree rescue and crews should be well rehearsed in the procedure.

Tree rescue: the key steps to remember
1. Install an access line in a tree before work begins, particularly in larger trees. This is good practice.
2. Rescuers should not place themselves at risk. Assess the situation and the hazards e.g. is there an electrical hazard that could place you at risk?
3. Communicate. Talk to the injured climber to determine if they are they capable of self recovery or whether an assisted (climbing) rescue is necessary. 4. The worker on the ground may need to contact emergency services while the rescue is in progress.
5. When you reach the injured climber, reassure them and assess their condition. Are they conscious? What is the extent of their injury or disability? Can they assist in their own rescue?
6. Check the injured climber’s gear for damage.
7. If a second climbing line is crotched above the injured climber, the anchor point and the rope must be able to support both the climber and the rescuer. 8. The rescuer should support the victim while descending.
9. If necessary, apply first aid until assistance arrives.

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4.2 First aid
First aid provides initial medical attention to a person suffering from an injury or illness.
In extreme cases, a quick first aid response could mean the difference between life and death. In many cases, first aid can reduce the severity of the injury or illness.
Working out what first aid arrangements will meet your needs involves a number of factors, which are highlighted in the guide below.

First aid plan assessment
Factors to consider in determining first aid requirements

Recommended first aid requirements for the situation

Type of work performed
Feeding chipper
Lifting/dragging branches
Observing climbers
Maintaining traffic awareness to ensure vehicles and pedestrians remain clear

At least one trained first aider (minimum
Level 2) on site and available at all times while work is underway

Types of injury/illness likely to be sustained
Cuts and bruises (if the branch kicks back when it is being fed into the chipper)
Back sprains and strains, shoulder, arm and hand strains
Cuts, crushing (if struck by a falling branch or object)

Well maintained first aid kits stocked with supplies relevant to typical injuries or illnesses likely to be experienced. Kits should be stored in the truck in a location known and accessible to all crew members

Number and distribution of employees
Two climbers engaged in trimming, two ground workers clearing branches and feeding chipper

Emergency communication system in place
All crew briefed on first aid procedures so that if an injury occurs, every worker knows what to do.

Size and layout of work area
Work area – 1.5 hectares.
Chipper – parked at roadside within
30 metres of tree work

All crew members briefed to dial 000 in the event of a serious medical emergency

Location of work area
Council parkland, nearest medical centre
10 minutes away

Contact numbers of nearest medical centre and/or hospital displayed in location accessible to first aider and other workers (e.g. on the work sheet for the job, the lid of the first aid kit, or the truck’s sun visor)

Use the Code of Practice – First Aid in the Workplace 1995 to work out your first aid needs. There are several factors to consider, and these may vary from job to job.

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4.3 Documenting your OHS system
Effective management of health and safety will always require some paperwork to meet legislative requirements, to demonstrate to others that you are following standard procedures, and to allow effective induction and training to be undertaken.
Basic documentation should be used to build up a record of your system for managing health and safety.
Determine what you need to have in writing. Documentation of essential information should be kept to a minimum so that you can concentrate your time and effort on doing your job safely.

Questions to help you decide what paperwork is needed
•

•

Does WorkCover require certain details to be documented?

•

Is there written information which I need to pass on to workers and health and safety representatives?

•

Will written records help me to run a safer business?

•

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Is there a requirement in the OHS legislation to keep records relating to this area of the business?

Is documentation the only way I can demonstrate that I have safe systems of work?

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4.4 Paperwork guide
Type/importance
Specific legislative requirements where records must be kept

Common examples

How often and in what format?

Whenever a substance is supplied or a MSDS is updated.
Keep in a folder in a location easily accessible to all workers and health and safety representatives

Record of audiometry
(hearing) tests

Keep for the duration of a worker’s employment plus
20 years. May be kept by a testing agency body on the employer’s behalf

Risk assessments

You should undertake a general risk assessment for all work activities or operations. This will form the basis of your safe work procedures. Update when new equipment or processes are introduced.
Documentation is mandatory under OHS regulations for the assessment of manual handling and hazardous substances. Risk assessments

Documentation of risk assessments is recommended.
Your record should detail the assessment process and the steps you have taken.

Training

documented

Immediately – in the form provided by your
WorkCover agent

MSDSs for chemicals

Specific procedures which should be

Immediately – in the form suggested in the regulation

Register of injury and illness

OHS processes which should be documented Reporting and notification of death, injury, illness or serious incident to WorkSafe Victoria

Keep records of training

Climbing gear check – pre-start procedure

These are examples of critical health and safety procedures which will apply at virtually all work sites

Emergency communication

Many procedures should be implemented daily
e.g. climbing gear check

Establishment and maintenance of exclusion zone

All procedures should be reviewed regularly to ensure that they remain appropriate to your current operations

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5. Putting what you have read to use
5.1 Writing a work procedure
A safe work procedure should provide clear directions on who should do what when.
You can develop a procedure from this guidance material by selecting a statement from any of the boxes with the signpost symbol:

and rewriting it by asking who, what and when.
Using the example of maintaining climbing equipment and other personal equipment:
What?
Who?
Workers who use climbing gear

Ropes, karabiners, pole belts and harnesses must be stored securely and checked for integrity

When?
Before the equipment is used EVERY time

Maintenance of climbing equipment

Sample procedure (key points)
1. Climbers employed by XYZ Tree Trimmers are responsible for storing their climbing equipment and their personal protective equipment securely.
2. Each worker will be provided with a heavy duty duffel bag for storage of personal gear. No equipment is to be used by any worker other than the person to whom it has been issued.
3. All gear must be checked on site prior to use to ensure it is in safe and serviceable condition.
4. Faults must be reported immediately. Gear showing signs of damage or wear must not be used.
Involve crew members in developing your procedures. Consultation with workers and health and safety representatives is the best way to guarantee that your requirements will be understood and followed.
Procedures can be broken down into more specific work instructions if necessary.
If the procedure is to be part of an auditable system, these additional questions should be asked:
•
•

is the procedure current? When is it due for review?

•

who is responsible for making sure the procedure is complied with?

•

what do we need to see to satisfy ourselves that the procedure is being complied with?

•
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has the procedure been communicated to all workers?

what action should be taken if the procedure is not being complied with?

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5.2 Creating a hazard inspection checklist
If you have established a basic OHS system, you can check how it is working by developing a hazard inspection checklist. Use this guidance material to create a hazard inspection checklist by selecting statements from any of the boxes with the procedures symbol:

and turning them into questions.
For example, using ‘climbing and chainsaws’ on page 19:
• are the climbers using a second point of attachment when using chainsaws?
• before each cut, are the climbers establishing a stable and secure position which allows them to hold the chainsaw in both hands?
• are the climbers operating chainsaws below shoulder height wherever possible?
• are the chain brakes on when saws are left running?
The checklist should be completed at a work site by observing the work as it happens. If you notice any immediate risks to health and safety, you must take immediate action and ensure that the problem is addressed to avoid reoccurrence.

5.3 Holding a crew meeting to discuss OHS issues
You should provide information to crews either on site or during off-site meetings.
You can use information in this guidance material as the basis for your message.
For example, the diagram on page 31 containing information about noise levels could be used to:
• encourage employers and workers to consider the level of hearing protection required and how noise was assessed
• explain the personal impact of noise-induced hearing loss
• explain the procedures to be used to communicate with other workers during periods of significant noise
• stress the need to care for PPE and to replace it without delay when necessary for it to remain effective
• explain disciplinary action if a procedure is not followed
Crew meetings should be used not only to convey important messages but also to provide opportunities to discuss problems, ideas and concerns.

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Training and training resources Training is available for the key amenity tree work functions described in this publication. Often a worker will develop competence through experience, observing others at work or completing formal training.
It is important that a worker’s competence is assessed before he/she starts work.
An employer should be satisfied that a worker is able to perform the required task without risk to their own safety or health, or that of others.
Where applicable, a worker should be assessed for competence against the National
Industry Competency Standards for each of the work functions that he/she might be expected to carry out. When a worker is deemed competent by a registered assessor, a record of competence will be issued.
A worker who is assessed as being ‘not yet competent’ requires further training in the particular work function before he/she can be expected or required to perform the particular type of work.
When a worker’s competence is doubted, employers should ensure that proper training is provided so that the worker can perform the work without risk to his/her health and safety, or that of others in the workplace.
Examples of amenity tree work functions for which competency based training is available are:
• tree access
• operation of Elevating Work Platforms (EWPs)
This training is mandatory, as operation of an EWP requires that the worker is licensed (for booms 11 metres or longer). Competency to perform the required tasks will be assessed before a licence is issued
• spotting/observing work in the vicinity of overhead power lines
• chainsaw operation
Different levels of training covering all aspects of safe chainsaw use are available, including site preparation, chainsaw maintenance, crosscutting and tree felling.
Requirements for basic or advanced training depend on the types of jobs workers are required to perform
• worksite traffic management and traffic control
• tree work near power lines training course approved by the Office of the Chief Electrical Inspector (OCEI) for work near power lines. Contact OCEI, telephone 9203 9700.
Several training providers deliver these and similar courses. Contact your employer organisation, union or a registered training organisation for further information.

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Relevant legislation and technical standards
Occupational Health and Safety Act 1985
Dangerous Goods Act 1985
Dangerous Goods (Storage and Handling) Regulations 2000
Code of Practice – Storage and Handling of Dangerous Goods 2000
Occupational Health and Safety (Plant) Regulations 1995
Code of Practice – Plant 1995
Occupational Health and Safety (Manual Handling) Regulations 1999
Code of Practice – Manual Handling 2000
Occupational Health and Safety (Noise) Regulations 1992
Code of Practice – Noise 1992
Occupational Health and Safety (Hazardous Substances) Regulations 1999
Code of Practice – Hazardous Substances 2000
Occupational Health and Safety (Incident Notification) Regulations 1997
Code of Practice – First Aid in the Workplace 1995

Relevant Australian Standards
AS 4373 – 1996
Pruning of amenity trees
AS/NZS 1891.1 – 1995
Industrial fall arrest systems and devices – safety belts and harnesses
AS 4142.1 – 1993
Fibre ropes
Part 1: Care and safe usage
AS 2727 – 1997
Chainsaws – guide to safe working practices AS/NZS 4453.3 – 1997
Protective clothing for users of hand-held chainsaws
Part 3: Protective leg wear
AS/NZS 1801 – 1997
Occupational protective helmets
AS/NZS 2210.1 – 1994
Occupational protective footwear
Part 1: Guide to selection, care and use
AS/NZS 1337 – 1992
Eye protectors for industrial applications

AS 2726.2 – 1995
Chainsaws – safety requirements
Part 2: Chainsaws for tree service

AS 1742.3
Traffic control devices for works on roads AS 2726.2 – 1995
Chainsaws – safety requirements
Part 2: Chainsaws for tree service

AS 1742.10
Pedestrian control and protection

This list provides a guide to some of the broadly applicable legislation and technical guidance relevant to amenity tree work. Codes of practice are available from WorkSafe Victoria. Visit or contact your nearest WorkSafe Victoria office or telephone (03) 9641 1555. Acts and regulations are available from Information
Victoria, telephone 1300 366 356.
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WorkSafe Victoria offices
WorkSafe Victoria

Local offices

WorkSafe Victoria offers a complete range of health and safety services:

Ballarat

5337 1400

Bendigo

5443 8866

•

emergency response

Dandenong

8792 9000

•

advice, information and education

Geelong

5223 2300

•

inspections

Melbourne

9628 8115

•

licensing and certification

Mildura

5021 4001

•

publications

Mulgrave

9565 9444

Preston

9485 4555

Shepparton

5831 8260

Traralgon

5174 8900

Wangaratta

5721 8588

Warrnambool

5562 5600

For further assistance and information, contact your nearest WorkSafe
Victoria office.

Head office
Victorian WorkCover Authority
24th Floor
222 Exhibition Street
Melbourne Victoria 3000
GPO Box 4306
Melbourne Victoria 3001
Phone 9641 1555
Fax
9641 1222
Toll-free 1800 136 089

Publications
Phone 9641 1333
Fax
9641 1330

Website www.workcover.vic.gov.au Email info@workcover.vic.gov.au WorkCover Advisory Service
24th Floor
222 Exhibition Street
Melbourne Victoria 3000
Phone 9641 1444
Fax
9641 1353
Toll-free 1800 136 089

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