...non-random or deterministic? A) next year's cash flow projections B) future interest rates C) last year's income D) projected value of the euro next week E) projected NASDAQ index Answer: C Page Ref: 2 Topic: Types of Decision Models Difficulty: Moderate 3) Determining how much the solution will change if there are changes in the input data is part of: A) model formulation B) model solution C) model interpretation D) model development E) model assessment Answer: C Page Ref: 7 Topic: Steps Involved in Decision Modeling Difficulty: Easy 4) If all the variables in a model are under the control of the decision maker, then the model is considered to be: A) probabilistic B) random C) mathematical D) schematic E) deterministic Answer: E Page Ref: 2 Topic: Types of Decision Models Difficulty: Easy 5) Which of the following models is a picture or drawing of reality? A) physical model B) schematic model C) scale model D) mathematical model E) analytical model Answer: B Page Ref: 6 Topic: Steps Involved in Decision Modeling Difficulty: Easy 6) Acquiring input data is part of: A) model solution B) model formulation C) model interpretation D) model testing E) model identification Answer: B Page Ref: 6 Topic: Steps Involved in Decision Modeling Difficulty: Easy 7)...
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...Short Answers Page 71 1. What does a professional programmer usually do first to gain an understanding of a problem? They begin by creating a design of the program. 2. What is pseudocode? Programs used during the design process 3. Computer programs typically perform what three steps? Input process output 4. What does the term “user-friendly” mean? Programs that are easy to use Algorithm Workbench 1. Design an algorithm that prompts the user to enter his or her height and stores the user’s input in a variable named height. 1. Dim Height As Double 2. Console.writeline(“Enter your Height:”) Save height as 3. Height = Console.readline() 4. Console.writeline(“Your Height Is: “ & Height) 5. Console.writeline(“Press Enter To Close.”) 6. Console.writeline() 2. Design an algorithm that prompts the user to enter his or her favorite color and stores the user’s input in a variable named color. 1. Dim Color As Double 2. Console.write(“Enter Your Favorite Color:”) Save color as 3. color = Console.readline() 4. Console.writeline(“Your Favorite Color Is: “&color) 5. Console.writeline(“Press Enter To Close.”) 6. Console.readline() Programming Exercises 1. Personal Information Design a program that displays the following information: Your name Your address, with city, state, and ZIP Your telephone number Your college major Dim Color As Double Console.write(“Enter Your Name:”) Name = Console.readline() Console.write (“Enter your address...
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...processing of data and the advanced inputting methods. New systems help management increase their time and profits while spending less. According to the text accounting is “the information system that measures business activity, processes the data into reports, and communicates the results to decision makers” (kllkflksj). Companies use this information for lots of different reasons. For example, when deciding to take out a loan, move forward on a project, or purchase new equipment and many more scenarios. The ease and speed of modern accounting systems allows corporations and individuals to spend less time on the transactions and more time on major decisions and improvements. Modern accounting is not just for businesses. Individuals can input all of their financial information and make important decisions. People can set up spreadsheets to track checking and savings accounts. They can see where their money is actually going. Also, people can set up different spreadsheets to track financial information to even help them decide on what to do with their money. Such as, invest, save, or retire. Modern accounting also reduces costs. Traditional accounting methods use many resources, such as paper and pencil. There are programs out now so people do not have to write all of the equations down. Some programs automatically do the equation. From a company stand point employees are able to finish more in a short amount of time. This means cost reduction when it comes to employee...
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...Case 1.1 Drexler’s World Famous Bar-B-Que Drexler’s World Famous Bar-B-Que is located in Houston, Texas in an area known as the Third Ward. The Third Ward is one of the six historic wards of Houston, Texas and is located southeast of downtown Houston. Drexler’s is a family owned and operated establishment since the late 1940’s. They use unique family recipes that have been passed down generation after generation. One of the main operators is Mrs. Scott who has a major influence on Drexler’s business culture. Through the business she reflects her values of customer service, hard work, treating people fair and with respect, and a strong faith. She tries to add a personal touch to the business treating every customer like their one of the family. The Third Ward is an economically challenged are and Drexler’s feels they have an obligation to thank the community for their loyalty by reaching out to the community. 1. What role do values play in how the Drexler’s Bar-B-Que interfaces with its neighbors and customers? The reason Drexler's restaurant has been able to effectively operate for this long is because they use their family values as a part of their business approach. The business has always been family run and they use their strong family values to create a warm and friendly environment. They treat all customers as they are a part of the family and this in turn creates strong customer satisfaction. Just as the business has been handed down generation after generation...
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...Percentage of Excess 1. 1 0.00-1,499.99 0.00 15 % 2. 2 1,500.00-2,999.99 225.00 16 % 3. 3 3,000.00-4,999.99 465.00 18 % 4. 4 5,000.00-7,999.99 825.00 20 % 5. 5 8,000.00-14,999.99 1425.00 25 % Input Processes Output First Name Last Name Salary 1. Get User Input First Name Last Name Salary Salary 2. Find Range Category Salary Range Salary Range Percentage of Excess Base Tax 3. Find Base Tax and Percentage of Excess Percentage Excess Total Base Tax Salary Percentage Excess Total Base Tax 4. Find Gross Salary Gross Salary First Name Last Name Salary Gross Salary 5. Display Gross Salary First Name Last Name Salary Gross Salary Main Module Declare Name as string Declare SalaryAmt as real Declare Base as real Declare Excess as real Declare Salary as real Declare ReRun as string Call Input Data Module Call Range Module Call Salary1 Module Call Salary2 Module Call Salary3 Module Call Salary4 Module Call Salary5 Module Call Output Module End Main Module Input Data Module Write, “Insert Employee’s First Name” Input FirstName Write, “Insert Employee’s Last Name” Input LastName Write, “What is the employee’s salary?” Input SalaryAmt Call Range Module End Input Data Module Range Module If SalaryAmt < 1,499.99 Then Call Salary1 Module Else If SalaryAmt < 2,999.99 AND SalaryAmt > 1,500.00 Then Call Salary2 Module Else If SalaryAmt < 4,999.99 AND SalaryAmt >...
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...trained it is required to produce the expected target. Training is carried out in such a way that, weights of the network are trained (or adjusted or updated or modified) until the network produces the expected target. Basic steps of supervised training Weights are randomly set. Target (Expected or Desired output) is identified. Input is applied to the Network. Network Actual Output (Weighted Sum of Input) is calculated. Calculate the Error (Error = Target ~ Actual Output). Weights are updated until the Error is minimized 2 TAKE HOME ASSISGNMENT GROUP 09 Dalta Rule – Wnew - Wold η – Learning rate parameter δ – Error (target – actual output) x – input In a feed forward back propagation network the signals are traveled on the forward direction and inputs have no feedback from the output. And the error is propagated backwards from the output nodes to the input nodes. There can be hidden layers as well and the output of a layer is weighted and given to the next layer. Here are the abstract steps of the neural network. Build the network (newff) Train the Network (train) Test the Network (sim) Inputs...
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...Knowledge, skill and ability, by themselves, can not guarantee performance. The linking factor is motivation. Performance is a vital link in Expectancy Theory. There are linkage between effort and performance, performance and reward, rewards and value, as perceived by people. Hence performance evaluation or appraisal plays a vital role in “Expectancy Model” of employees’ motivation. Does this word performance means effectiveness, efficiency or productivity of things like less numbers of accidents, less absence or grievances? Effectiveness is the achievement of objectives, efficiency is the ratio of output to input in terms of money or effort. Productivity is again number of items produced. But there are jobs where all these factors are not explicit or quantifiable. For example, a supervisor who is a task- master may get better productivity but the workers are unhappy and non-cooperative. Elsewhere morale and motivation of workers are very high but outputs in terms of numbers are less. Does this mean the second supervisor is less effective than the first? Systemic performance appraisal, has been adopted by various organizations, as a means of helping the supervisors/managers to evaluate the work of their subordinates. This will also assist the workers/juniors to come up in their career through promotion, based on their objective assessment of their performance. It also serve the purpose of knowing the effectiveness of recruitment and selection process as well as training and development...
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...National Aviation University Computer Systems and Networks Department Term Project on Basics of Computer Aided Design Performed by : group FCS-405 Checked by: Nadtochiy V.I. Kyiv 2011 Contents Introduction 2 1. Description of the work process of the device “Automobile guard with alarm system” 4 1.1. Description of the input and output values of the device 4 1.2. States of the system : 4 2. Design of a finite state machine 5 3. State diagram design 6 4. State table design 6 5. Design of the full – adder 7 5.1. Creation of project in Quartus II 8 5.2. Creation of a block diagram file in Quartus II 11 5.3. Compiling and simulating of our design in Quartus II 17 5.4. Design of full adder on VHDL 21 Conclusions 24 Reference list 25 Appendix 1 : VHDL-code for full-adder 26 Appendix 2 : VHDL-code for test bench of full-adder program 27 Introduction This year we’ve started studing the new course,that’s named “Basics of Computer Aided Design”.Actually,I find this discipline really interesting and useful to learn.That’s really pity that we don’t have much time for being able to study the designing of the computer devices more precisely. In my term work I’m going to try describing few first steps in designing the own project of a device.We...
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...Chapter 12 Standard Costs and Variance Analysis Solutions to Questions 12-1 A quantity standard indicates how much of an input should be used to make a unit of output. The quantity might be measured either in terms of units of direct materials or hours of direct labour time. A price standard indicates what the cost of the input should be. 12-2 Ideal standards do not allow for any imperfections or inefficiencies. Thus, ideal standards are rarely, if ever, attained. Practical standards allow for normal inefficiency, machine breakdown time, etc., and can be attained by employees working at a reasonable, though highly efficient pace. 12-3 Inability to meet a standard is likely to be demoralising to employees, and may result in decreased productivity. 12-4 A budget is a total concept, whereas a standard is a unit concept. A standard might be viewed as the budgeted cost for one unit of product. 12-5 A variance is the difference between what was planned or expected and what was actually accomplished. In a standard cost system, there are at least two types of variances. The price variance focuses on the difference between standard and actual prices. The quantity variance is concerned with the difference between the standard quantity of input allowed for the actual output and the actual amount of the input used. 12-6 Under the management by exception approach, managers focus their attention on operating results that deviate from expectations. It is assumed that the ...
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...with the design, operation and improvement of the production system that create the firm’s primary products or services. * Operations include any process that accepts inputs and use resources to transform these inputs into valuable outputs- strategic (next 20 years), tactical (next 1 or 2 years) and operational (now) decisions. * All physical products used and all services used was created/impacted by operations. Importance of OM * Bottom line and profitability of every business are affected by how well it manages its operations, be it a manufacturing or service organisation. * Improving and streamlining and business processes and operations can have a significant impact to the shareholder value. * Good operations can contribute to the top line (corporate sales/revenue). Challenges facing OM * Product proliferation (variety: customers may not always see the difference) * Decreasing profit margins * Short product life cycles (new products produced quickly) * Long supply chains- coordination issues * Continuous new product launches to meet market place requirements * Being on top of innovation curve OM in the organisation * Marketing: generates sales revenue from product and service outputs * Finance: acquires financial resources and capital for inputs * Operations: translates materials and service into outputs * Support functions: accounting, info systems, engineering, HR. Operations strategy * Involves configuring...
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...PRODUCTION PROCESS BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE TYPE OF MATERIAL AND RESOURCES USED TO PRODUCE YOUR END PRODUCTS (INPUTS AND OUTPUTS) There are many inputs and outputs needed to produce a product. In review of a corporate retail strategy the inputs needed to produce a corporate retail strategy consisting of a business portfolio, strategies and guidelines, an operational plan, market info, customer trends and positioning are customer information, competition, trends and influences. Inputs to seasonal trend research are trading performance, research materials whereby it goes through the process of confirming the fabric direction, trend direction, and material and customer strategies so that the product can be produced and the company will know what color direction, material direction and product shifts are needed or taken place so the organization can have an idea or input of what the customer wants. When looking at the product strategy they need to use a corporate retail strategy as an input including our trend direction and brand strategy producing an output of what materials and how the materials should be used. The design and development of the product needs to go through a color palette sign off, an art work approval as well as the materials and product strategy; it then needs to go through a materials review, items in clothing, home and beauty needs to be initiated, product workshops with sketching and reviewing so that the approval of samples, approval of seasonal colors, approval...
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...term trends at play and getting the organization ready to respond to it. They were very careful in terms of responding according to the need of the customers. That’s why before customers starts complaining about trans fat, Panera bread voluntarily eliminate it from the menu. So their strategy is hitting the bulls’ eye. Question 2: How well has Ron Shaich utilized the open system model of organizations in moving Panera Bread Company forward in its competitive environment? We know, an open system is a system which constantly interacts with its environment. In business, the open system model focuses on the impact of external factors in an organization. This system regularly exchanges feedback with its external environment. In an open system, inputs, processes, outputs, goals, assessment...
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...external and internal inputs to produce outputs. (McShane & Steen, 2009). Further, there is a nonlinear relationship between different components of an organization. Meaning, a small change in one variable can cause enormous changes in another, and conversely, large changes in one variable may have a small effect on another. Therefore, organizations are in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Thus, organizations are seen as open systems which continually interact with their external environment (rather than being closed and independent units). Clearly, in the case of Napanee Beer Co., a communication failure in one department affected different parts of the organizational subsystem. One part of the organization, the marketing department, did not inform another component of the organization, the production department, that there was a new marketing campaign. Due to this lack of communication, the production department was not prepared to produce the higher priced specialty beer, which was now at higher demand, due to the work efforts of the marketing department. This dilemma relates back to the organizational efficiency, where the amount of output is directly related to the number of inputs (McShane & Steen, 2009). The input that was lacking in the case of Napanee Beer Co. was information. The marketing department, by failing, to provide up to date information to the production department, resulted in the production department not being able to turn the input of the marketing...
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...0)-63000-18000 204000-96000-24000-63000-18000=3000 #2a Variable Fixed (15000-12000)*(8.0+63000/18000) 3000*11.5= Total Cost $34500 2b. Total Incurred 120000+63000+24000+18000=225000 Operating Income=Sales-(total-cost in inventory) # units + (fixed mfg/fixed non mfg * # units) 3000+ (63000/18000 * 3000) 3000+10500= $13500 operating income 13-48 Factory Overhead | Fixed | Variable | Actual Incurred | 14200 | 13300 | Budget for standard hours allowed for output achieved | 12500 | 11000 | Applied | 11600 | 11000 | Budget for actual hours of input | 12500 | 11400 | | Overhead | Fixed | Variable | Flexible-Budget Variance | 4000 U | 17000 U | 2300 U | Production- Volume Variance | 900 U | 900 U | NA | Spending Variance | 3600 U | 1700 U | 1900 U | Efficiency Variance | 4000 U | NA | 400 U | Spending Variance- Acctual Incurred-budgeted allowed of hours of input Fixed 14200-12500= 1700 1700+1900=3600 Variable 13300-11400= 1900 Flexible-Budget Variance-Actual Results from flexible budget-level of output achieved Fixed 14200-12500=1700 1700+2300=4000 Variable 13300-11000=2300 Efficiency...
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...costs: input prices- evaluate what portion, if any, of that increase was controllable or avoidable, productivity of inputs- measuring productivity has become increasingly important in the healthcare industry as a result of the emphasis on cost containment, and output levels- any increase in the number of services required per unit of output directly affects costs. Cost increases could have resulted from higher prices paid for inputs such as wage and salary” (Cleverley, Song, & Cleverley, p. 384). Supplies came within budget with profit of $1,040. In general, the primary reason for a cost change at the departmental level between two periods can be stated as a function of the following three factors (Cleverley et al., 2011, p. 386): 1. Changes in input prices 2. Changes in input productivity (efficiency) 3. Changes in departmental volume Below is the breakdown of salaries and supplies: Actual Cost for Nursing Unit Actual Month’s Cost Nursing Unit Number 6 Actual Patient Days 600 Resource Quantity Used Unit Cost Total Cost Head nurse 180 $36.00 $6,480 RN 1,800 32.00 57,600 LPN 1,200 16.20 19,440 Aides 2,400 10.60 25,440 Supplies 1,300 5.20 6,760 Total $115,720 Price variance is the difference between the actual and standard prices of one product unit multiplied by how much input was used. The price variance can be used by a business to assess the change between expected and actual input prices...
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