...very subtle and not obvious like the previous forms of racism were. Matthew Desmond and Mustafa Emirbayer are two sociologists who wrote “Race in America”. In the book, they discuss how they believe that racial domination and institutionalized racism are the prevailing problems with racial disparities in the twenty-first century (Desmond and Emirbayer, 2016). Racial domination has been happening for centuries but it has changed how it happens. Racial domination is when one race has more opportunity and privilege in everyday life than another race. In America white people are known as the dominants and minorities are typically the dominated (Desmond and Emirbayer, 2016). Desmond and Emirbayer define institutionalized racism as a “systematic white domination of people of color,...
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...n The Flinders University of South Australia St liool of Social Sciences A Report on a Study of Vandalism in Two Selected Regions in Adelaide by Allan Patience Senior Lecturer in Sociology A REPORT ON A STUDY OF JUVENILE VANDALISM IN TWO SELECTED REGIONS IN ADELAIDE Allan Patience Senior Lecturer in Sociology School of Social Sciences The Flinders University of South Australia Bedford Park, S.A. 5042 Australia CONTENTS Acknowledgements I II III IV V VI INTRODUCTION AIMS OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY Acknowledgements This research has been funded by generous grants from the Criminology Research Council and The Flinders University of South Australia. The difficult task of interviewing (the central part of the research) was performed with exemplary sensitivity and skill by Pamela McNeil and Robyn Schutte. This report should be read in conjunction with the report by Robyn Schutte (Schutte, 1982) which is a comprehensive and intelligent reflection on part of the research. Sue Manser has coped with the onerous task of typing up an unreadable manuscript with her usual forebearance and good humour. INTRODUCTION Juvenile delinquency is - in very broad terms - the non-conformity of legally "irresponsible" adolescents to prevailing norms, customs and views on law and order in society. In the West the period of adolescence has come to be viewed as one of stress and crisis as children adjust themselves, and are required...
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...© Kamla-Raj 2011 Stud Home Com Sci, 5(2): 93-98 (2011) A Study of Elderly Living in Old Age Home and Within Family Set-up in Jammu Aruna Dubey*, Seema Bhasin**, Neelima Gupta* and Neeraj Sharma* * P.G. Department of Home Science, Govt. College for Women, Parade, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India ** Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India KEYWORDS Elderly. Old Age Home. Family. Modernization. Urbanization. Life Expectancy ABSTRACT The last century has witnessed a rapid increase in the population of the elderly people in the developed and industrialized countries. This phenomenon is not restricted to the western world only, but many countries such as ours are now feeling the impact of this transaction. This situation could be attributed to a combination of factors such as increase in age, longevity and decreased death rates due to advancement in the field of medicine, improvement of life expectancy at birth, and enhancement in the average span of life. India ranks 4th in terms of absolute size of elderly population .The country is not adequately equipped to look after their special health needs and the changing traditional value system. A feeling is now growing among the aged persons that the attitude of the younger generation towards them is not as desired. In the above context, a study was conducted to understand the feeling of the elderly residing in the old age homes and within the family setup in Jammu. The sample...
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... Abstract What is considered discrimination? Discrimination is the practice of unfairly treating an individual or group differently from other individuals or groups of people. (Merriam-Webster.) Discrimination is not right or fair to the individuals that are being targeted. We have seen in the last few years that law enforcement officials have been accused of discrimination against minorities especially African-Americans. We will be discussing and comparing three forms of discrimination used today by our policing agencies; institutionalized, contextual and individual acts of discrimination. Our discussion group discussed growing up what races targeted who when committing crimes. The discussion and the data provided by the Department of Justice is almost the same when discussing crimes and what each ethnic group targets to commit the crimes. Institutionalized Discrimination Institutionalized discrimination refers to the unwarranted and discrimination mistreatment of an individual or group of individuals by society and within the institutions as a whole. (Flat World Knowledge) At times when someone is being discriminated against it can be mindful and intentional by the individual that is doing it. Institutional discrimination is already built into the culture or institution and the individual that is perpetuating the discrimination may not even know that they are doing it. Institutional discrimination is already found in the normal...
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...Patterns of Discrimination in Police Agencies George Phillip CJS/221 October 13, 2015 LaTishia Wheaton Introduction Purpose Different Forms of Discrimination Patterns Discrimination refers to the arbitrary denial of opportunities, rights and privileges on the basis race, gender, sex and other aspects. Discrimination can be both legal and illegal depending on the situation. In a real-estate contract, for example, a land lord can legally discriminate against someone depending on the applicant’s situation. If the rent contract mentioned “NO PETS”, the landlord can deny the applicant and then turn around and accept an applicant with no pets. If the landlord on the other hand, refused rent to a female applicant because of her gender and gives rent to a male applicant, this type of discrimination is illegal. Discrimination is classified into individual discrimination, institutional discrimination and structural discrimination. In this paper, we will define each form of discrimination and compare them to see differences and similarities they have. In this paper, we will talk mainly about racial discrimination however, keep in mind all three forms of discrimination apply not only to race but also to gender, ethnicity, sexual preferences, religion marital status and other things. Institutional Discrimination Institutional Discrimination is defined as unjust and discriminatory mistreatment of an individual or group of individuals by society and its institutions as a whole...
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...Heterosexist Bias in Social Welfare Policy Frameworks Amy Lind University of Virginia Studies in Women and Gender Program This article addresses the effects of heterosexist bias in social welfare policy frameworks on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals and families in the United States. It discusses the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), federal definitions of family and household, and stereotypes about LGBT individuals. It argues that poor LGBT individuals and families lack full citizen rights and access to needed social services as a result of these explicit and implicit biases. Key words: Welfare reform; family policy; civil rights; gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (LGBT); heterosexism Welfare reform is fundamentally about family policy—about promoting and privileging particular kinds of families, and about penalizing and stigmatizing others. (Cahill and Jones 2002: 1). Two pieces of legislation were passed in 1996 that set an important tone for family policy in the United States: The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), an act that expanded welfare-to-work programs throughout the country, restricted people’s access to public assistance, and crystallized the broader restructuring of public-private boundaries; and the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which defines marriage as a legal union between a man and a woman. At first glance...
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...sociological perspective, deviance is relative. Definitions of “what is deviant” vary across societies and from one group to another within the same society. Howard S. Becker described the interpretation of deviance as, “…not the act itself, but the reaction to the act that makes something deviant.” This coincides with the symbolic interactionist view. In some cases, an individual need not do anything to be labeled a deviant. He or she may be falsely accused or discredited because of a birth defect, race, or disease. Even crime is relative when interpreting the deviance of the actor. Deviance is based on adherence to and violation of norms. Human groups need norms to exist. By making behavior predictable, norms make social life possible. Consequently, all human groups develop a system of social control, which involves formal and informal means of enforcing norms. Those who violate these norms face the danger of being labeled “deviant.” Violators can expect to experience negative sanctions for the violation of norms. Members of society who conform to societal norms, especially those who go above and beyond what is commonly expected, receive positive sanctions. In some societies, such as the Amish, shaming is a common negative sanction that acts strongly as a means of social control, minimizing deviance. Biologists, psychologists, and sociologists have different perspectives on why people violate norms. Biological explanations focus on genetic predispositions, psychologists...
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...From a sociological perspective, deviance is relative. Definitions of “what is deviant” vary across societies and from one group to another within the same society. Howard S. Becker described the interpretation of deviance as, “…not the act itself, but the reaction to the act that makes something deviant.” This coincides with the symbolic interactionist view. In some cases, an individual need not do anything to be labeled a deviant. He or she may be falsely accused or discredited because of a birth defect, race, or disease. Even crime is relative when interpreting the deviance of the actor. Deviance is based on adherence to and violation of norms. Human groups need norms to exist. By making behavior predictable, norms make social life possible. Consequently, all human groups develop a system of social control, which involves formal and informal means of enforcing norms. Those who violate these norms face the danger of being labeled “deviant.” Violators can expect to experience negative sanctions for the violation of norms. Members of society who conform to societal norms, especially those who go above and beyond what is commonly expected, receive positive sanctions. In some societies, such as the Amish, shaming is a common negative sanction that acts strongly as a means of social control, minimizing deviance. Biologists, psychologists, and sociologists have different perspectives on why people violate norms. Biological explanations focus on genetic predispositions, psychologists concentrate...
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...IRB Law Questions 1. Which of the following studies is linked most directly to the establishment of the National Research Act in 1974 and ultimately to the Belmont Report and Federal regulations for human subject protection? The Public Health Service Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male. 2. The Belmont principle of beneficence requires that: Potential benefits justify the risks of harm. 3. Humphreys collecting data for the Tearoom Trade study under the pretense that he was a lookout is an example of a violation of the principle of: Respect for persons. 4. According to the Belmont Report, the moral requirement that there be fair outcomes in the selection of research subjects, expresses the principle of: Justice. 5. Which of the following is an example of how the principle of beneficence is applied to a study involving human subjects? Ensuring that risks are reasonable in relationship to anticipated benefits. 1. Which of the following are the three principles discussed in the Belmont Report? Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice. 2. Which of the following is an example of how the Principle of Beneficence can be applied to a study employing human subjects? Determining that the study has a maximization of benefits and a minimization of risks. 3. All of the following are true regarding the Belmont Report, EXCEPT: The Belmont Report defines and delineates the differences between "Practice" and "Research". The Belmont...
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...------------------------------------------------- The Belmont Report Office of the Secretary Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research April 18, 1979 AGENCY: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. ACTION: Notice of Report for Public Comment. SUMMARY: On July 12, 1974, the National Research Act (Pub. L. 93-348) was signed into law, there-by creating the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. One of the charges to the Commission was to identify the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects and to develop guidelines which should be followed to assure that such research is conducted in accordance with those principles. In carrying out the above, the Commission was directed to consider: (i) the boundaries between biomedical and behavioral research and the accepted and routine practice of medicine, (ii) the role of assessment of risk-benefit criteria in the determination of the appropriateness of research involving human subjects, (iii) appropriate guidelines for the selection of human subjects for participation in such research and (iv) the nature and definition of informed consent in various research settings. The Belmont Report attempts to summarize the basic ethical principles identified...
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...Sociological Association, Goffman's greatest contribution to social theory is his study of symbolic interaction in the form of dramaturgical perspective that began with his 1959 book The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. In 2007 Goffman was listed as the 6th most-cited intellectual in the humanities and social sciences by The Times Higher Education Guide, behind Anthony Giddens and ahead of Jürgen Habermas.” Goffman’s builds his theories in the book based on a starting ideea which attests that in the everyday socialization, every person has a repertory of verbal and nonverbal acts constructed of an individual point of view about situations, persons and most of all, about himself. A person must know that the people with whom he interacts make an opinion and clasify him based on his actions and perspectives about certain subjects in an encounter. Another major fact that defines a person is the impression of self, named by Goffman „ the face”. His definition of this term is that „ ... the face may be defined as the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the lines others assume he has taken during a particular contact”. The image a person shows tends to be an institutionalized one and it’s based on emotions and feelings the person is encountering at that certain point of social confrontation. The face is in a state of continuously changes and depinding on the group of persons an individual interacts with or the the subject sustained in a discution, the...
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...Deviant Behavior Social disorganization BIBLIOGRAPHY Both “deviant behavior” and “social disorganization” have been variously defined, but there have been few efforts to distinguish between the two concepts. In fact, it has been suggested that they are not different, that along with “social problems*’ and the somewhat outmoded “social pathology,” they signify only a potpourri of conditions that are considered undesirable from the standpoint of the observer’s values, conditions that vary at different times and with different observers. According to this view, these terms have no scientific value and no legitimate status as sociological concepts. Such nihilism and counsel of despair are not justified. True, there is no consensus on the meaning of these terms, and they are, indeed, burdened with value connotations. However, they point to a number of distinctions that sociology must take into account. Concept of deviance. Turning first to the concept of deviant behavior, we must distinguish among the several definitions of the term, which are discussed below. Behavior that violates norms. Deviant behavior is behavior that violates the normative rules, understandings, or expectations of social systems. This is the most common usage of the term and the sense in which it will be used here. Crime is the prototype of deviance in this sense, and theory and research in deviant behavior have been concerned overwhelmingly with crime. However, normative rules are inherent in...
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...would try to eliminate it as a profession in society. However, in practice, the medieval church did not go to great lengths to punish prostitutes. Considering this fact, what was Christianity’s and more generally society’s attitude toward prostitution? In what ways did the church and the legal authorities face the morally unacceptable practice of prostitution? Based on the laws of the late Medieval period and evidence of the abundance of prostitutes in Europe, it is clear that society had an ambiguous standpoint towards prostitution, denouncing it as immoral while simultaneously accepting it as a necessary evil. The understanding of the definition of a prostitute has not always been the same. Usually, a prostitute is understood as a person who engages in sexual activity in exchange for money or other material compensation. However, the church historically defined women who were simply promiscuous as prostitutes, even when no payment had been made. From...
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...Legal rights, in contrast, are “rights based on a society's customs, laws, statutes or actions by legislatures” (Merriam-Webster, 2013). An example of a legal right is the right to vote of citizens. “Citizenship, itself, is often considered as the basis for having legal rights, and has been defined as the "right to have rights"(Broidy and Agnew, 1997), Legal rights are sometimes called civil rights or statutory rights which Broidy and Agnew (1997) believe are “culturally and politically relative”, since they depend on a specific societal context to have meaning. In layman terms, a “right” is something that is due to a person or governmental body by law, tradition, or nature. The pursuit of happiness, for example, is a right defined by human nature. A “privilege” is a special benefit, exemption from a duty, or immunity from penalty, given to a particular person, a group or a class of people. The main difference...
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...There were also requests made to integrate residential and public schools, which would have potentially prepared native students to become ‘citizens’ if they wished. Any positive changes the Special Joint Committee desired to implement, especially integration, were shot down by the revisions made to the Indian Act in 1951 which essentially did not allow for the alteration of native education (Miller, 1996). Roman Catholics also supported the disallowance of integrated schools, on one hand claiming that native students had inherent “psychological handicaps” that prevented them from being able to learn, and on the other hand also stated that it would “deprive the reserves of their best and brightest,” shorthand for ‘we do not want you and we will use any excuses possible’ (Miller, 1996, p. 391). Calls for increased funding during the 1950s were ignored, and by the 1960’s, the system began to collapse markedly, and in 1973, the federal government agreed to give control over whichever schools remained to aboriginal leaders (Miller, 1996). In 1996, the last...
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