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Int T3

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Can the surface tension of water be affected by common household chemicals?

Project design plan
Water is composed of two Hydrogen molecules which are covalently bonded to an Oxygen molecule. In this configuration the Hydrogens electrons are located closest to the oxygen molecule, while the oxygen’s electrons are on the opposite side of the atom away from the Hydrogen molecules. This causes the Hydrogen side of the water molecule to have a negative charge and the hydrogen side of the atom to have a positive charge, also known as a dipole. (StickyWater. n.d.). Because of the dipole nature of the water molecule it is attracted to other water molecules, this attraction creates surface tension. (Water and its structure. n.d.)
Literature review
Altering the surface tension of water has many practical applications, particularly in the area of pharmaceuticals where surface tension affects “the chemical activity, adsorption, dissolution, and bioavailability of a drug” (Fathi-Azarbayjani, A., Jouyban, A., & Yung Chan, S. 2008, December 12)
In the late 19th century Macallum tested the effects of several chemicals effects on the surface tension of water and noted that hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, liquid ammonia, benzol, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and ether all lowered surface tension. Macallum’s study also noted that organic salts and alkalies can raise surface tension in water. (Macallum, A. 1900, a). Surface tension and vital phenomena)
For this experiment 3 samples of distilled water will be altered by adding water, common salt (sodium chloride), and liquid detergent. The 3 solutions will then be placed one drop at a time onto the surface of a penny until overflow occurs in order to test surface tension. These results will be compared with a sample of unaltered distilled water so that a conclusion can be drawn about the effects of these variables on

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