...Research Article: IMPACT OF INTEREST RATE ON INVESTMENT Farhan Nawaz UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT, PAKISTAN Waqas Akram UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT, PAKISTAN Abstract: The main aim of this study is to investigate “the impact of interest rate on investment” in an economy. For this purpose three main variables are selected which are Interest rate, Income level and Investment. Two variables are independent (Interest rate and Income level) and One variable is dependent (Investment). The hypothesis of this study is that the Investment has a negative association with interest rate and Investment has positive relationship with income. Interest rate has negative effect on investment and investment has a positive relation with the income level. We use questionnaire for finding our results and questionnaire are filled by different students of business studies. We find that there is a Negative relation between the interest rate and investment. If our finding matches with economic theory and others researchers finding than policy makers can make better policies for the economy. Impact of interest rate on Investment Introduction: An interest rate is the rate at which interest is paid by borrowers for the use of money that they borrow from a lender. Interest rate is the cost of borrowing money. When interest rate increases the overall investment is reduces. Most of the businesses invest partially or wholly is credited. When increases in the interest rate companies have to put more...
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...Commercial Paper Market in India D O N O T This case was written by Nitya Nand Tripathi, IBS Center for Management Research and D.S. Chary, IBS, Hyderabad. It was compiled from published sources, and is intended to be used as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a management situation. 2011, IBS Center for Management Research. All rights reserved. To order copies, call +91-08417-236667/68 or write to IBS Center for Management Research (ICMR), IFHE Campus, Donthanapally, Sankarapally Road, Hyderabad 501 504, Andhra Pradesh, India or email: info@icmrindia.org www.icmrindia.org FINC/070 Commercial Paper Market in India “Volumes of commercial papers will increase because it will be cheaper for companies to raise money through this route rather than loans from banks.”1 - Paritosh Kashyap, www.livemint.com, in March 2010 CO PY “Close to $210 billion have flown into the Indian debt market this calendar year alone. Investment by local banks in commercial paper has surged from Rs 25.188 billion in March 2010 to Rs 37.863 billion in August. Is the moribund Indian debt market finally showing signs of life 18 years after it was opened up to global money?… The current sets of circumstances have been favorable for the Indian bond market.”3 - Abheek Barua, The Economic Times4, November 2010 “CP issuances are going to rise in the future, mainly because of t he base rate regime. The...
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...Chapter 15 Current Liabilities Management ( Learning Goals 1. Review the key components of credit terms, accounts payable, and the procedures for analyzing them. 2. Understand the effects of stretching accounts payable on their cost and on the use of accruals. 3. Describe interest rates and the basic types of unsecured bank sources of short-term loans. 4. Discuss the basic features of commercial paper and the key aspects of international short-term loans. 5. Explain the characteristics of secured short-term loans and the use of accounts receivable as short-term-loan collateral. 6. Describe the various ways in which inventory can be used as short-term-loan collateral. ( True/False 1. Accounts payable are spontaneous secured sources of short-term financing that arise from the normal operations of the firm. Answer: FALSE Level of Difficulty: 1 Learning Goal: 1 Topic: Accounts Payable 2. Notes payable can be either spontaneous secured or spontaneous unsecured financing and result from the normal operations of the firm. Answer: FALSE Level of Difficulty: 1 Learning Goal: 1 Topic: Notes Payable 3. Accounts payable result from transactions in which merchandise is purchased but no formal note is signed to show the purchaser’s liability to the seller. Answer: TRUE Level of Difficulty: 1 Learning Goal: 1 Topic: Accounts Payable 4. In credit terms, EOM (End-of-Month) indicates that the accounts...
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...Research Article: IMPACT OF INTEREST RATE ON INVESTMENT Farhan Nawaz UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT, PAKISTAN E-mail: 10050920-086@uog.edu.pk Waqas Akram UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT, PAKISTAN E-mail: 10050920-084@uog.edu.pk Abstract: The main aim of this study is to investigate “the impact of interest rate on investment” in an economy. For this purpose three main variables are selected which are Interest rate, Income level and Investment. Two variables are independent (Interest rate and Income level) and One variable is dependent (Investment). The hypothesis of this study is that the Investment has a negative association with interest rate and Investment has positive relationship with income. Interest rate has negative effect on investment and investment has a positive relation with the income level. We use questionnaire for finding our results and questionnaire are filled by different students of business studies. We find that there is a Negative relation between the interest rate and investment. If our finding matches with economic theory and others researchers finding than policy makers can make better policies for the economy. Impact of interest rate on Investment Introduction: An interest rate is the rate at which interest is paid by borrowers for the use of money that they borrow from a lender. Interest rate is the cost of borrowing money. When interest rate increases the overall investment is reduces. Most of the businesses invest partially or wholly is credited...
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...because the risk characteristics of nominal bonds are not stable over time. In this paper the authors ask how monetary policy has contributed to these changes in bond risks. They propose a model that integrates the building blocks of a New Keynesian model into an asset pricing framework in which risk and consequently risk premia can vary in response to macroeconomic conditions. The model is calibrated to US data between 1960 and 2011, a period in which macroeconomic conditions, monetary policy, and bond risks have experienced significant changes. Findings show that two elements of monetary policy have been especially important drivers of bond risks during the last half century. First, a strong reaction of monetary policy to inflation shocks increases both the beta of nominal bonds and the volatility of nominal bond returns. Positive inflation shocks depress bond prices, while the increase in the Fed funds rate depresses output and stock prices. Second, an accommodating monetary policy that smooths nominal interest rates over time implies that positive shocks to long-term target inflation cause real interest rates to fall, driving up output and equity prices, and nominal long-term interest rates to increase, decreasing bond prices. The paper shows empirical evidence that the Fed monetary policy followed an anti-inflationary stance after 1979, but it has moved to a more accommodating, nominal interest rate smoothing policy since the mid 1990's. Consistent with the predictions of the model...
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...market instruments range from one day to one year and are often less than 90 days. It comprises of the call and notice money market, repo market and the market for debt instruments. There is no physical "money market." Instead it is an informal network of banks and traders linked by telephones, fax machines, and computers. Banks financial institutions, companies and government are the key participants in the money market. The size of the transactions in the money market typically is large ($100,000 or more). At the center of this web is the central bank whose policies have an important bearing on the interest rates in the money markets. The money market provides an equilibrium mechanism for levelling out the demand and supply of short term funds and serves as a focal point for the intervention by the central bank (RBI in India) for influencing the liquidity and interest rates in the financial systems.The money market is important for businesses because it allows companies with a temporary cash surplus to invest in short-term securities; conversely, companies with a temporary cash shortfall can sell securities or borrow funds on a short-term basis. In essence the market acts as a repository for short-term funds. Large corporations generally handle their own short-term financial transactions; they participate in the market through dealers. Small businesses, on the other hand, often choose to invest in money-market funds, which...
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...What Explains the Stock Market’s Reaction to Federal Reserve Policy? Ben S. Bernanke Kenneth N. Kuttner∗ February 7, 2003 Abstract This paper analyzes the impact of unanticipated changes in the Federal funds target on equity prices, with the aim of both estimating the size of the typical reaction, and understanding the reasons for the market’s response. On average over the May 1989 to December 2001 sample, a “typical” unanticipated 25 basis point rate cut has been associated with a 1.3 percent increase in the S&P 500 composite index. The estimated response varies considerably across industries, with the greatest sensitivity observed in cyclical industries like construction, and the smallest in mining and utilities. Very little of the market’s reaction can be attributed to policy’s effects on the real rate of interest or future dividends, however. Instead, most of the response of the current excess return on equities can be traced to policy’s impact on expected future excess returns. JEL codes: E44, G12. 1 Introduction The reaction of the stock market to monetary policy is clearly a topic of intense interest both to market participants and policymakers. Those holding equities would obviously like to know how possible Federal Reserve actions might affect the value of their portfolios. Similarly, an estimate of the likely effect of policy on asset prices is an important ingredient in assessing the transmission of monetary policy through the “wealth effect.” The size of and ...
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...Federal Reserve paper Julio L. Aguilera ECO/372 October 17, 2012 Charles Meyers Federal Reserve paper The author of this paper will be providing you the reader with information on the United States Federal Reserve so that you have a better understanding of it and how they operate. With the information provided from the author’s research hopefully you the official will make the decision of doing business with United States Federal Reserve system after you read this paper. This paper will cover the following: what are the factors that would influence the Federal Reserve and adjusting the discount rate, how the federal funds rate affect the decisions of banks in setting their specific interest-rate, how monetary policy aims to avoid inflation and control money supply, and last but not least what indicators are evident that there is too much or too little money within the economy and how monetary policy is aiming to adjust this problem. The Federal Reserve System is the United States Central banking system which was created on December 23, 1913. Federal Reserve System was created due to financial turmoil that was occurring in early 1900's. One example of financial turmoil the nation experienced was the Great Depression which resulted in the Federal Reserve making changes to their system. The members of the Board of Governors are nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. By law, the appointments must yield a "fair representation...
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...Financial Management Pillar Strategic Level Paper 19 November 2008 – Wednesday Morning Session Instructions to candidates You are allowed three hours to answer this question paper. You are allowed 20 minutes reading time before the examination begins during which you should read the question paper and, if you wish, highlight and/or make notes on the question paper. However, you will not be allowed, under any circumstances, to open the answer book and start writing or use your calculator during the reading time. You are strongly advised to carefully read ALL the question requirements before attempting the question concerned (that is all parts and/or subquestions). The question requirements are highlighted in a dotted box. ALL answers must be written in the answer book. Answers or notes written on the question paper will not be submitted for marking. Answer the ONE compulsory question in Section A on pages 2 to 5. The question requirements are on page 5, which is detachable for ease of reference. Answer TWO of the four questions in Section B on pages 8 to 15. Maths Tables and Formulae are provided on pages 17 to 21. These pages are detachable for ease of reference. The list of verbs as published in the syllabus is given for reference on the inside back cover of this question paper. Write your candidate number, the paper number and examination subject title in the spaces provided on the front of the answer book. Also write your contact ID and name in the space provided in the...
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...with $1,000 face value that sells for $2,000. Assume yearly coupons. $2000 $100/(1 i) $100/(1 i)2 $100/(1 i)20 $1000/(1 i)20 2. If there is a decline in interest rates, which would you rather be holding, long-term bonds or short-term bonds? Why? Which type of bond has the greater interest-rate risk? You would rather be holding long-term bonds because their price would increase more than the price of the short-term bonds, giving them a higher return. 3. A financial advisor has just given you the following advice: “Long-term bonds are a great investment because their interest rate is over 20%.” Is the financial advisor necessarily correct? No. If interest rates rise sharply in the future, long-term bonds may suffer such a sharp fall in price that their return might be quite low, possibly even negative. 4. If mortgage rates rise from 5% to 10%, but the expected rate of increase in housing prices rises from 2% to 9%, are people more or less likely to buy houses? People are more likely to buy houses because the real interest rate when purchasing a house has fallen from 3 percent (5 percent –2 percent) to 1 percent (10 percent 9 percent). The real cost of financing the house is thus lower, even though mortgage rates have risen. (If the tax deductibility of interest payments is allowed for, then it becomes even more likely that people will buy houses.) Chapter 3 - Quantitative Questions 1. Calculate the present value of a $1,000 zero-coupon...
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... September 9, 2010 Paul L. Worthey, MBA, MA.Ed, BSIT The Fisher Hypothesis The long-term Fisher hypothesis relates the long-term nominal interest rate to an expected one period inflation rate. The analysis explores interest rates and inflation and the non-stationary process. The Fisher hypothesis tests the long-term coupon-bearing bonds when presuming nominal interest rates and inflation to be non-stationary stochastic processes. In the article descriptions on the issues of whether interest rates are measuring in pre-tax or after-tax terms. The hypothesis questions the usefulness that interest rates contain regarding future inflation and if it is a concern for policy-makers. Second, it questions whether monetary authorities are good indicators of pressures from inflation on the economy. The paper written in 1975 by Fama on the implications of the Fisher hypothesis expectations has caused several investigations with the relationship between nominal interest rates and expected inflation. Fama’s analysis offered fundamental insight under the assumption that a constant expected real rate and the efficiency that the bond market implies that a one-period nominal interest rate would be a possible indicator of a one-period inflation rate. The methods of this hypothesis were applied to the annual Danish postwar data 1948-1989. The first test was the non-stationary and tax effects in the long term. When using...
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...Monetary Polic Introduction Behavior of term structure is a major source of interest rate risk and influences the decision making process of the participants in money market and government securities (G-Sec) market regarding holding and trading. Monetary policy is a major determining factor of term structure. The first quarter of the current financial year found hikes in monetary policy rates in India to be followed by upward shifts in the domestic term structure, which adversely affected the G-Sec portfolios of the market participants. This paper wants to find out how term structure responds to monetary policy actions in India. Literature Review There are a number of studies in USA on how term structure responds to the expectations about the central bank’s monetary policy actions. Cook et al (1989) found that changes in the federal funds target rate (FFTR) in the 1970s caused large movements in short term interest rates, moderate movements in medium term rates, and small movements in long term rates. Kuttner (2001) estimated that the bond rate’s response to expected changes in monetary policy is negligible, while their response to unexpected changes is significant. Faust et al (2002), as reported by Goukasian et al (2006), using prices from federal funds futures contracts derived the unexpected component of Federal Reserve policy decisions and assessed their impact on the future trajectory of interest rates. 1 Goukasian et al (2006) measured the expected and unexpected components...
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...there are a number of arguments about other areas of Central Bank’s involvement. This paper will explore the different areas, including the role of Central Bank in effecting monetary policy and intervening body in exchange rate trades, Central Bank as a Last Lender Resort (LLR), and Central Bank as a regulatory body of the financial sector. Prior to further discussion, it is important to stress that the role of Central Bank and the scope of its involvement may vary due to the effect of different legislations and the presence of various stakeholders. Thus, US Central Bank does not act as a regulatory body of the financial sector (Driffill et al., 2005), whereas the intervention activity of Japan Central Bank requires the approval of other governmental bodies (Fujiwara, 2005). This paper discusses the importance of Central Bank's publications of economic forecasts and other information related to Central Bank's views of the further state of macroeconomic trends. The discussion shows that this information is highly important for other market players and forecasting agencies as it reduces the information asymmetry. The role of Central bank in macroeconomic stabilization Chandavarkar (1996 cited in Geraats, 2002) claims that macroeconomic stabilization is the pivotal role of the Central Bank. The stabilization duties include such aspects as the stabilization of the domestic price level and exchange rate as well as domestic payment systems. The entry and operations of MNEs on the domestic...
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...MP A R Munich Personal RePEc Archive Impact of Interest Rates on Islamic and Conventional Banks: The Case of Turkey Erge¸ Etem Hakan and Arslan Bengul Gulumser c ¨ ¨¨ January 2011 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/29848/ MPRA Paper No. 29848, posted 4. April 2011 06:17 UTC Impact of Interest Rates on Islamic and Conventional Banks: The Case of Turkey Etem Hakan Ergeça* and Bengül Gülümser Arslanb Abstract Identifying the impact of the interest rates upon Islamic banks is key to understand the contribution of such institutions to the financial stability, designing monetary policies and devising a proper risk management applicable to these institutions. This article analyzes and investigates the impact of interest rate shock upon the deposits and loans held by the conventional and Islamic banks with particular reference to the period between December 2005 and July 2009 based on Vector Error Correction (VEC) methodology. It is theoretically expected that the Islamic banks, relying on interest-free banking, shall not be affected by the interest rates; however, in concurrence with the previous studies, the article finds that the Islamic banks in Turkey are visibly influenced by interest rates. JEL classification: G21; E52 Keywords: Interest-free banking, monetary policy I. Introduction Islamic banks1 are defined as financial institutions that rely on the principle of Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS) with the entrepreneurial partners in their relevant banking...
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