...enduring them. Such disabilities or disorders may seem very challenging or impossible to overcome and become successful, however throughout this paper it will be evident that it’s not the case. It is possible to succeed, when educators and families work together to provides services to students so they can become the best them. The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Emotional or Behavioral Disorders and how to help such learners. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Description & Characteristics Intellectual and developmental disabilities [ID and DD] are defined as those having “significant limitations, both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. This disability originates before age 18” (Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, 2009, p. 178). There are different levels of ID and DD depending on a person’s intellectual quote [IQ]. Mild is an IQ between 50-70, moderate is an IQ between 35-50, severe is an IQ between 20-35, and profound is an IQ below 20 (Hallahan et al., 2009, p. 149). Theoretically 2.27% of the population would be expected to have ID or DD. However, only one percent of the school-age population are labeled as such. One reason for the low prevalence is that parents want their child labeled as learning disabled because this label has a less negative stigma. The causes of ID and DD can be categorized...
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...Childhood physical and sexual abuse has long been recognized as detrimental to the development of those subjected to it. This paper will outline some of the damaging effects of maltreatment on learning and cognitive processing, the difficulties of assessing risk in children who have been maltreated, and summarize the theoretical basis for the present study. A great deal of research has focused on re-victimization, the likelihood of victims to become abusers and the long-term negative psychological and physical effects that abuse has on people (Sunday, Kline, Labruna, Pelcovitz, Salzinger, & Kaplan, 2011; Easton, Coohey, O’Leary, Zhang, & Hua, 2010; Garrido, Culhane, Petrenko, & Taussig, 2011; Loeb, Gaines, Wyatt, Zhang, & Liu, 2010). Child abuse may lead to internalizing behaviors and externalizing behaviors (Buckner, Bearslee and Bassuk, 2004; Feiring, Simon & Cleland, 2007; Moylan, Herrenkohl, Sousa, Tajima, Herrenkohl, & Russo, 2010). Internalizing behaviors include emotional issues such as posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression. Externalizing behaviors include actions such as aggression and delinquent behaviors. All of these internal and external conflicts can severely damage a child’s ability to navigate a variety of social contexts which may in turn decrease their likelihood of thriving within an academic environment. Previous research has found that children who are maltreated tend to have overall lower levels of intelligence, higher instances of learning...
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...Running Head: Postoperative Pediatric Pain Management Postoperative Pediatric Pain Management: A Multidisciplinary Concept Analysis Postoperative Pediatric Pain Management: A Multidisciplinary Concept Analysis Acute pain following a surgical procedure is one of the most common stimuli experiences by pediatric patients. Pediatric postoperative pain management has long been overlooked and treated differently than adult pain management. There tend to many misconceptions when it comes to pediatric pain management stemming from the belief that children do not experience pain the same way as adults. Since the pediatric population is not legally allowed to make medical decisions, guardians must make these decisions for them. Postoperative pain in the pediatric patient may be hard to assess and therefore healthcare professionals have begun to involve family members and caregivers in the pain management process. Pain can stem from many sources and thus must be holistic, involve multiple disciplines, provide education and apply to each individual patient. In practice, advocacy for these young children is important in helping them and their families understand about the situation and make education decisions on how to proceed with care. The concept of postoperative pediatric pain management must be analyzed to help resolve these misconceptions and not ignore the population who at times cannot speak for themselves. Review of Literature After a surgical procedure, the pediatric...
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...Child Neglect 1 Running Head: CHILD NEGLECT Child Neglect Sahar Taki American University of Culture and Education Eng 260 Child Neglect 2 Abstract Study results found evidence that the apparent negative effects of maltreatment on children’s tendency to engage in crime were real. Being maltreated was found to almost double the probability of engaging in many types of crime and the effects were worst for children. Sexual abuse appeared to have the largest effects on crime. This paper focuses on the effect of child maltreatment and neglect. The study examined the effects of different types of abuse and the effect of child neglect. For many decades, the act of child abuse has been a major problem in or society. While most people take the issue lightly, there are more leading cases as the year's progress. This paper review examines child neglect as whole as well as a briefing of each type. The paper includes the effect child abuse has on a society and hope to cope with the abuse. Predicated on these premises, the research question eventually emerged: "What are the causes of child neglect and in what way it affects on children behavior?" I propose to show the causes of child neglect and I will be showing the maltreatment of children by adults in daily life. In attempt to unravel the research question, the method of analysis that would be eventually employed is discourse analysis and observational techniques. Child Neglect 3 Child Neglect ...
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...who identifies himself as a girl (Adisa will be referred as “she” in this paper). Adisa and her family recently move to the home country, the United States from Belgium. After the relocation and starting the school, she becomes a target of the peer bullying in the school settings due to their gender identity. As a result of prolonged bullying, she started presenting internalizing problems, such as sadness, anxiety, poor appetite, sleep disturbance, and persistent restlessness. In considering her presenting problems, an appropriate treatment plan should be developed based on Adisa’s developmental stage, gender identity, ethnicity and cultural background, bullying-peer relationships, and presenting symptoms....
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...R. Davis March 9, 2014 Liberty University Abstract This topic paper investigates ADD, and the two areas that are affected, which are cognitive, and behavioral matters. By showing the different areas of adolescence with ADD, a therapist, or parents can begin to help define, and direct solutions for a more positive outcome. The information will also show how some studies have equated medication therapy, including antidepressants, are now often part of the treatment plan. Nero-psychological assessments are beneficial, because of being more accurate, than just by observations alone, and various causes are associated with ADD, such as genes, sugar, or food additives. Lastly, it will be discussed about a Christian worldview, and how parents, grandparents, in addition, teachers should express their Christian worldview to their children. This could make children more at ease with themselves. Explaining to our children, that they are not alone can greatly affect their well being and increase productivity. Although, we cannot pinpoint just one specific event that occurs as causing ADD. We have to be diligent in our faith. ADD is the acronym for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder. It is probably the most diagnosed disorder in adolescence. Children who have this condition cannot stay on tasks easily, and have a difficult time concentrating on any one project, and are wired. Although, some children are more inattentive with their behavior, and are overlooked at times because...
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...The Military, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, and Personality Jaye Crouse Northcentral University Dr. Claire Clifford PSY8100 Jul 20, 2014 Introduction The field of personality psychology has developed out of the necessity to know why people act, feel, and think like they do, to analyze their inward and outward motivations, and to discover where behaviors originate. It is the age-old debate of nature versus nurture that is found in many psychological theories and personality is no exception. Some researchers are convinced that the structure of personality is uniform and personality traits are universal, fundamentally heritable, and comprised of broadly defined dimensions where cultural, social, and gender influences are irrelevant and personality traits are fairly stable (Cattell, Eber, & Tatsuoka, 1970; McCrae & Costa, 1997: Terracciano & McCrae, 2006). Other psychologists such as humanistic and positive psychologists believe quite the opposite and contend that humans are essentially good with free will to make choices, change outcomes, and seek out opportunities to enhance their quality of life with the goal of self-actualizing, making personality a more fluid and less deterministic perspective with a focus on values, resiliency, and subjective well-being (Cloninger, 2013). Other researchers such as Freud, Adler, Horney, and Jung believe culture, society, and environment are profoundly important influences on personality (working in tandem...
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...Childhood Development Raymond A. Nearey, III Dr. Matthew Warren PSY/375 May 26, 2013 Childhood development is something that we all go through; it starts from infancy. Infants have a natural ability to explore their surroundings this is how they learn who people are, they begin to get familiarized with their surroundings and they are such things like parents, grandparents, smells, and sounds like someone’s voice. As they begin to grow from infancy to adolescence they begin to pick up traits from parents, siblings, or even their friends. Some of these can be bad habits or they can lead to success in a child’s life. Families can affect the development of infants and adolescence, and depending on the circumstances they can be good or bad. Many young girls/boy usually look up to their older sister or older brother. Many of those children can be influences on how on many of their life choices. Relationships can be a very great tool for children, when you show children love and you teach them compassion, love, and mercy, they will typically grow up showing those same traits. They should allow their children to socialize with other children, adolescence, and adults; as infants begin to age they understand and they will question the feelings of how other children act in school, such as bullies, and love interests (a school crush.) Children would like to know the feelings and the expectations of others and as parents in order to help with their children’s development it is important...
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...institutions, foster care or adoptive families. Measurements included the Observational Record of the Caregiving Environment, Strange Situation Procedure, Disturbances of Attachment Interview, and the Preschool Aged Psychiatric Assessment (Smyke, et. al. 2012), the Reynolds Adolescent Adjustment Screening Interview (Cone, et. al., 2009) in addition to the Reactive Affective Disorder Checklist (RAD-C) and the Relationships Problem Questionnaire (RPQ), in the diagnosis of Reactive Attachment Disorder (Thrall, et al., 2009). These measurements were not only utilized to discover the existence of RAD, but to test the validity of the methods. Additionally, treatment studies including holding, narrative therapy, parenting skills training, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, psychodrama, and/or neurofeedback (Wimmer, et. al.,2009) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (Cone, et. al.,2009) are examined. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) lists Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) as a serious, directly linked outcome of early infant–mother attachment difficulties (American Psychiatric Association 2000). According to the DSM-IV-TR, Reactive Attachment Disorder is ‘‘the psychological disturbance of the relationship between a child and his parent(s) or primary caregiver based on pathogenic care’’ (American Psychiatric Association 2000, p 128). It is characterized by ‘‘markedly disturbed and...
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...translational research linking basic knowledge about vulnerabilities that underlie mood disorders to the development of effective preventive interventions. This paper highlights research about risk factors for depression in children and adolescents and links it to current knowledge about interventions aimed at preventing depression in youth. Basic epidemiologic and clinical research indicates that increased risk for depression is associated with being female; a family history of depression, particularly in a parent; subclinical depressive symptoms; anxiety; stressful life events; neurobiological dysregulation; temperament/personality (e.g., neuroticism); negative cognitions; problems in self-regulation and coping; and interpersonal dysfunction. These vulnerabilities both increase individuals’ chances of encountering stress and decrease their ability to deal with the stress once it occurs. Although several existing depression-prevention studies have targeted one or more of these risk factors, the efficacy of these various prevention programs for youth with different combinations of these risk factors needs to be investigated further. Most existing depression-prevention programs in youth have used cognitive– behavioral techniques, with some success. Other depressionprevention strategies have included training in coping, social problem solving, social skills, communication skills, and parenting. A comprehensive prevention program is recommended that includes multiple intervention components...
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...Paper 3 - Victims of Bullying, Mental Health, and Nursing Victims of bullying are at a high risk of developing various types of mental illnesses, and the evidence on this topic in the research literature can be used to inform psychiatric nursing practice. The available studies on mental health and its connection to bullying victims shows that preventing mental illness and promoting mental health involves a comprehensive approach, using combination of techniques that must be implemented by many stakeholders. The information that comes from these studies suggests that psychiatric nursing must take research findings into account. It also suggests that nurses have a definite role to play in terms of providing direct patient care, referring the patient to other helpful medical and community resources, offering education to the patient and family, and providing follow-up care. Specific interventions based on this evidence could also be adopted by Registered Nurses (RNs) after they graduate. Literature Review There is a wealth of literature available on the subject of bullying. This literature demonstrates that there is a clear link between bullying victimization and many types of mental health issues. However, it also suggests ways that mental health could be promoted among this population, and how rehabilitation could be administered. Studies have shown that bullying victims are at a higher risk for certain types of mental illness, and that issues of symptom severity, compared...
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...TOPIC: ENHANCING TEACHERS EFFECTIVENESS Developing nations generally spend a fairly large component of their national budgets on education. Of that, a large proportion is spent on paying up teachers’ salaries. In Indian States, the share of teacher salaries in elementary education expenditure is estimated, on an average, to be 97 per cent (World Bank 1996). In the prevailing economic crisis world over, most developing nations are forced to contain their public expenditure. Given this scenario, it is unlikely that most developing nations will be able to increase their educational budgets in the future. This leaves very little hope for any increase in the expenditure on teachers’ salaries, teacher numbers. At the same time, the requirement of teachers is going up. Several conditions are continuously impacting on the need for primary teachers e. g., increasing enrolments, retiring teachers etc. Notwithstanding the scarcity of funds to appoint additional teachers needed, any quality improvement will be only possible through more efficient use of the available resources – both human and physical. Teachers are the most important human resource in any educational programme. Therefore, the real challenge is to enhance teacher effectiveness without increasing costs. TEACHER’S EFFECTIVENESS To define and measure teacher effectiveness is a difficult task. To put it simply, one may say that what students learn is the basic “output” of schooling; the more students learn...
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...Psychiatric Association, 2013). Military officials explained that many soldiers do not report their symptoms because of the fear of being viewed as weak (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). However, the incidence of PTSD can be as common among civilians as it is for those in the military. Barlow and Durand (2013) reported recent studies showing that those who are “raped, held captive, tortured, or kidnapped, or badly assaulted” are more at risk for developing PTSD than those who experienced military combat. While the reports conveying “zero” conditional risk of PTSD from exposure to military combat seem to need clarification, PTSD remains to be a debilitating condition for those who have the proclivity to develop the disorder. This paper will discuss the diagnostic criteria, etiology, effective treatment, and outcome research pertaining to PTSD. PTSD: A trauma and stressor-related disorder PTSD now belongs in the group of trauma and stressor-related disorders as published in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Other disorders included in this group are: reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorders. Previously, these disorders were classified under anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (American Psychiatric...
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...Adolescence…….…………………………………………….4. Causes ...............................................................................................................................…...5. Symptoms………………………………………………………………………………….…6. Diagnosis….…………………………………………………………………………………. 7. Treatment……………………………………………………………………………………..7. Epidemiology of Depression in Youth……………………………………………………….9. Contextualised issues pertaining to Depression in Adolescence……………………………10. The impact of Culture on Adolescent Depression…………………………………………...10. Abnormal behaviours associated with Adolescent Depression….…………………………..11. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………...11. References…………………………………………………………………………………...12. DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENTS 3. This research paper will address depression in adolescents. Depression is often labelled as ‘the sickness of our time’ due to its prolific nature. Some of the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of depression in adolescents as well as the contextualised issues, cultural implications and other abnormal behaviour associated with the disorder will be discussed. DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENTS 4. Background of Depression in Adolescence Adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood, a stage of major growth and development in which significant physiological, cognitive, psychological and behavioural changes take place. Understandably then, adolescence is a time of excitement and of anxiety; of happiness and of troubles; of discovery...
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...and the parent-adolescent relationship have been found to be related to adolescent well-being (Forehand, Middleton, & Long, 1987; Buchanan, Maccoby, & Dombusch 1991). There is a wide diversity of outcomes among both groups of children from divorced and intact families, and the adjustment of children following divorce depends on a wide range of other factors. Pryor and Rodgers (2001) show that the risk of poor social adjustment is twice as great for children whose parents are separated or divorced (Amato, 2000; Simons, Lin, Gordon, Conger, and Lorenz, 1999; Emery, 1999; Kelly, 2000; Hetherington and Kelly, 2002). Among other things, children from divorced families 2 PAGE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS showed increased problems in social and close relationships (Hetherington 1997), were two to three times more likely to associate with antisocial peers (Amato and Keith, 1991), engaged in earlier commencement of sexual activity, including being twice as likely to encounter teenage pregnancy (McLanahan, 1999), and were at a greater risk of substance...
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